CN116958982A - Single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on paper marking system - Google Patents
Single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on paper marking system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN116958982A CN116958982A CN202310874576.XA CN202310874576A CN116958982A CN 116958982 A CN116958982 A CN 116958982A CN 202310874576 A CN202310874576 A CN 202310874576A CN 116958982 A CN116958982 A CN 116958982A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- page
- blank
- image
- examination
- blank page
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
- G06V30/10—Character recognition
- G06V30/14—Image acquisition
- G06V30/146—Aligning or centring of the image pick-up or image-field
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q50/00—Systems or methods specially adapted for specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
- G06Q50/10—Services
- G06Q50/20—Education
- G06Q50/205—Education administration or guidance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
- G06V30/10—Character recognition
- G06V30/14—Image acquisition
- G06V30/146—Aligning or centring of the image pick-up or image-field
- G06V30/1463—Orientation detection or correction, e.g. rotation of multiples of 90 degrees
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
- G06V30/10—Character recognition
- G06V30/14—Image acquisition
- G06V30/148—Segmentation of character regions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V30/00—Character recognition; Recognising digital ink; Document-oriented image-based pattern recognition
- G06V30/10—Character recognition
- G06V30/19—Recognition using electronic means
- G06V30/191—Design or setup of recognition systems or techniques; Extraction of features in feature space; Clustering techniques; Blind source separation
- G06V30/19173—Classification techniques
Abstract
The invention discloses a single page scanning blank page processing system and method based on an examination paper reading system, wherein the system comprises the following steps: the examination information module: the system is used for storing student information which should take an examination and student information which is uploaded in advance by each school and is lack of examination; and an image acquisition module: the method is used for collecting the rolled surface image; blank page detection module: the method is used for detecting whether the acquired rolled image has blank pages or not; and a recording module: the blank page detection module is used for recording the blank page related data when the blank page detection module detects a blank page; and a verification module: the method is used for checking whether the detected blank page has the possibility of the reverse page or not according to the following process, wherein the reverse page is the page image obtained by the wrong reverse test paper or answer sheet. The invention automatically identifies the blank pages in the rolled image, judges whether the reversed pages exist, and when the risk of the reversed pages is found, the staff can find and verify the blank pages, and can efficiently position the blank pages, so that the workload of the staff can be greatly reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent paper marking, in particular to a single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on a paper marking system.
Background
In the process of intelligent paper reading, as the number of reference persons is more, the paper reading scanning working time is tense, and operation errors are easy to occur, wherein one frequent error is the condition that when a plurality of answer papers with single page having answer questions are scanned, the paper is put reversely, and blank pages on the back are put on the front, so that blank images are scanned. The current common processing method is to directly ignore the blank paper and to perform the examination lack processing according to students, which is quite unfair, but the efficiency of manually searching images or checking test paper by one page is quite low.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on an examination paper reading system.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a single page scanning blank page processing system based on an examination paper reading system, comprising:
the examination information module: the system comprises a computer, a computer and a computer, wherein the computer is used for storing student information which is about to take an examination and is pre-uploaded by each school and is lack of examination, and the student information comprises a name and a test number;
and an image acquisition module: the method is used for collecting the paper surface images of the test papers or answer sheets which are read by students in a answering way;
blank page detection module: the method is used for detecting whether the acquired rolled image has blank pages or not;
and a recording module: when the blank page detection module detects a blank page, recording related data of the blank page, wherein the related data comprises an ID of the blank page and examinee information of a previous page of the roll image and a next page of the roll image according to a scanning sequence; the ID of each rolling surface image is generated according to the scanning sequence; if the blank page is not provided with corresponding examinee information before and after, recording the previous page examinee information or the next page examinee information which is missing;
and a verification module: the method is used for checking whether the detected blank page has the possibility of the reverse page or not according to the following process, wherein the reverse page is a page image obtained by reverse test paper or answer sheet due to errors:
1) The method comprises the steps of statistically obtaining the number of examinees who should take an examination and the number of examinees who lack the examination from an examination information module;
2) Counting the total number of the collected roll surface images and the total number of the detected blank pages;
3) Calculating the difference between the total number of the rolling images and the total number of the blank pages, and recording the difference as the actual reference number; recording the sum of the actual reference number and the number of the examination-lack examinees as the number of the examined people; if the number of the tested persons is equal to the number of the testers who should take the test, judging that the detected blank pages do not have the reversed pages; if the number of the examined persons is smaller than the number of the examinees who should take the examination, it is determined that there is a possibility of a reversed page in the detected blank page.
Further, the image acquisition module is further used for preprocessing the acquired rolling surface image, wherein the preprocessing comprises one or more of rectangular correction, inversion correction and curved surface correction.
Further, the blank page detection module is configured to perform blank page detection in any one of the following manners:
(1) Ocr identifying the rolled image, and judging that the rolled image is a blank page if no effective text is extracted;
(2) Detecting whether the rolling surface image has preset positioning points or not, and if the preset positioning points are not detected, judging that the rolling surface image is a blank page;
(3) Calculating a gray level histogram of the rolling image, and judging whether the rolling image is a blank page or not according to gray level distribution of the gray level histogram;
(4) And acquiring pixel points on the rolling surface image, comparing the average value of the pixel values in a preset range on the rolling surface image with a preset pixel value threshold value, and judging the rolling surface image as a blank page if the average value of the pixel values is smaller than the preset pixel value threshold value.
The invention also provides a working method of the system, which comprises the following specific processes:
the method comprises the steps that student information which should take an examination is stored in a examination information module in advance, and the student information of the examination which is uploaded in advance by each school is stored in the examination information module in advance;
after the examination is finished, an image acquisition module is used for acquiring the paper surface images of the papers or answer sheets which are to be read by the students;
after the collection is completed, a blank page detection module detects whether a collected roll surface image has a blank page or not;
when the blank page detection module detects a blank page, the recording module records the related data of the blank page;
and then the verification module verifies whether the detected blank page has a reverse page or not according to the following process, wherein the reverse page is a page image obtained by a wrong reverse test paper or answer sheet:
1) The method comprises the steps of statistically obtaining the number of examinees who should take an examination and the number of examinees who lack the examination from an examination information module;
2) Counting the total number of the collected roll surface images and the total number of the detected blank pages;
3) Calculating the difference between the total number of the rolling images and the total number of the blank pages, and recording the difference as the actual reference number; recording the sum of the actual reference number and the number of the examination-lack examinees as the number of the examined people; if the number of the tested persons is equal to the number of the testers who should take the test, judging that the detected blank pages do not have the reversed pages; if the number of the examined persons is smaller than the number of the examinees who should take the examination, judging that the detected blank pages have the possibility of reverse page arrangement;
when the verification module detects that the blank pages are likely to be inverted, a worker is prompted, and searches the test paper or the answer sheet according to the blank page data recorded by the recording module to verify whether each blank page is actually the inverted page.
Further, the image acquisition module further carries out preprocessing on the acquired rolled surface image after acquiring the rolled surface image, wherein the preprocessing comprises one or more of rectangular correction, inversion correction and curved surface correction.
Further, the blank page detection module performs blank page detection by any one of the following modes:
(1) Ocr identifying the rolled image, and judging that the rolled image is a blank page if no effective text is extracted;
(2) Detecting whether the rolling surface image has preset positioning points or not, and if the preset positioning points are not detected, judging that the rolling surface image is a blank page;
(3) Calculating a gray level histogram of the rolling image, and judging whether the rolling image is a blank page or not according to gray level distribution of the gray level histogram;
(4) And acquiring pixel points on the rolling surface image, comparing the average value of the pixel values in a preset range on the rolling surface image with a preset pixel value threshold value, and judging the rolling surface image as a blank page if the average value of the pixel values is smaller than the preset pixel value threshold value.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention automatically identifies the blank pages in the rolled image, judges whether the reversed pages exist, and when the risk of the reversed pages is found, the staff can find and verify the blank pages, and can efficiently position the blank pages, so that the workload of the staff can be greatly reduced.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described below, and it should be noted that, while the present embodiment provides a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process on the premise of the present technical solution, the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the present embodiment.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a single page scanning blank page processing system based on an examination paper reading system, which comprises the following steps:
the examination information module: the system is used for storing student information which is about to take examination and student information which is about to lack examination and is uploaded in advance by each school, wherein the student information comprises names and examination numbers and can also comprise more detailed information such as schools, grades and the like;
and an image acquisition module: the method is used for collecting the paper surface images of the test papers or answer sheets which are read by students in a answering way;
blank page detection module: the method is used for detecting whether the acquired rolled image has blank pages or not;
and a recording module: when the blank page detection module detects a blank page, recording related data of the blank page, wherein the related data comprises an ID of the blank page and examinee information of a previous page of the roll image and a next page of the roll image according to a scanning sequence; the ID of each roll image is generated according to its scanning order (e.g., the IDs of the roll images, such as image_00001, image_00002, may be generated with a preset prefix and scanning order). If the blank page is not provided with corresponding examinee information before and after, recording the previous page examinee information or the next page examinee information which is missing;
and a verification module: the method is used for checking whether the detected blank page has the possibility of the reverse page or not according to the following process, wherein the reverse page is a page image obtained by reverse test paper or answer sheet due to errors:
1) The method comprises the steps of statistically obtaining the number of examinees who should take an examination and the number of examinees who lack the examination from an examination information module;
2) Counting the total number of the collected roll surface images and the total number of the detected blank pages;
3) Calculating the difference between the total number of the rolling images and the total number of the blank pages, and recording the difference as the actual reference number; recording the sum of the actual reference number and the number of the examination-lack examinees as the number of the examined people; if the number of the tested persons is equal to the number of the testers who should take the test, judging that the detected blank pages do not have the reversed pages; if the number of the examined persons is smaller than the number of the examinees who should take the examination, it is determined that there is a possibility of a reversed page in the detected blank page.
In this embodiment, the image acquisition module is further configured to perform preprocessing on the acquired rolling surface image, where the preprocessing includes one or more of rectangular correction, inversion correction, and curved surface correction.
In the present embodiment of the present invention, in the present embodiment, the blank page detection module performs blank page detection in any one of the following modes:
(1) Ocr identifying the rolled image, and judging that the rolled image is a blank page if no effective text is extracted;
(2) Detecting whether the paper surface image has preset positioning points (such as a plurality of small black square blocks preset on a test paper or an answer sheet), and if the preset positioning points are not detected, judging that the paper surface image is a blank page;
(3) Calculating a gray level histogram of the rolling image, and judging whether the rolling image is a blank page or not according to gray level distribution of the gray level histogram;
(4) And (3) acquiring pixel points on the rolling surface image, comparing a pixel value average value in a preset range (for example, a preset answer area is represented by coordinate data) on the rolling surface image with a preset pixel value threshold value, and judging that the rolling surface image is a blank page if the pixel value average value is smaller than the preset pixel value threshold value.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a working method of the system described in embodiment 1, which specifically includes the following steps:
the method comprises the steps that student information which should take an examination is stored in a examination information module in advance, and the student information of the examination which is uploaded in advance by each school is stored in the examination information module in advance;
after the examination is finished, an image acquisition module is used for acquiring the paper surface images of the papers or answer sheets which are to be read by the students;
after the collection is completed, a blank page detection module detects whether a collected roll surface image has a blank page or not;
when the blank page detection module detects a blank page, the recording module records the related data of the blank page;
and then the verification module verifies whether the detected blank page has a reverse page or not according to the following process, wherein the reverse page is a page image obtained by a wrong reverse test paper or answer sheet:
1) Statistical acquisition of the participation from the examination information module examination examinees and examination-missing examinees;
2) Counting the total number of the collected roll surface images and the total number of the detected blank pages;
3) Calculating the difference between the total number of the rolling images and the total number of the blank pages, and recording the difference as the actual reference number; recording the sum of the actual reference number and the number of the examination-lack examinees as the number of the examined people; if the number of the tested persons is equal to the number of the testers who should take the test, judging that the detected blank pages do not have the reversed pages; if the number of the examined persons is smaller than the number of the examinees who should take the examination, it is determined that there is a possibility of a reversed page in the detected blank page.
When the verification module detects that the blank pages are likely to be inverted, a worker is prompted, and searches the test paper or the answer sheet according to the blank page data recorded by the recording module to verify whether each blank page is actually the inverted page.
Specifically, the staff can accurately and efficiently lock the test paper or the answer sheet corresponding to the blank page by combining the blank page id and the examinee information respectively corresponding to the front page and the rear page of the blank page.
Further, the image acquisition module further carries out preprocessing on the acquired rolled surface image after acquiring the rolled surface image, wherein the preprocessing comprises one or more of rectangular correction, inversion correction and curved surface correction.
Further, the blank page detection module performs blank page detection by any one of the following modes:
(1) Ocr identifying the rolled image, and judging that the rolled image is a blank page if no effective text is extracted;
(2) Detecting whether the rolling surface image has preset positioning points or not, and if the preset positioning points are not detected, judging that the rolling surface image is a blank page;
(3) Calculating a gray level histogram of the rolling image, and judging whether the rolling image is a blank page or not according to gray level distribution of the gray level histogram;
(4) And acquiring pixel points on the rolling surface image, comparing the average value of the pixel values in a preset range on the rolling surface image with a preset pixel value threshold value, and judging the rolling surface image as a blank page if the average value of the pixel values is smaller than the preset pixel value threshold value.
Various modifications and variations of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing teachings and are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (6)
1. A single page scanning blank page processing system based on an examination paper reading system, which is characterized by comprising:
the examination information module: the system comprises a computer, a computer and a computer, wherein the computer is used for storing student information which is about to take an examination and is pre-uploaded by each school and is lack of examination, and the student information comprises a name and a test number;
and an image acquisition module: the method is used for collecting the paper surface images of the test papers or answer sheets which are read by students in a answering way;
blank page detection module: the method is used for detecting whether the acquired rolled image has blank pages or not;
and a recording module: when the blank page detection module detects a blank page, recording related data of the blank page, wherein the related data comprises an ID of the blank page and examinee information of a previous page of the roll image and a next page of the roll image according to a scanning sequence; the ID of each rolling surface image is generated according to the scanning sequence; if the blank page is not provided with corresponding examinee information before and after, recording the previous page examinee information or the next page examinee information which is missing;
and a verification module: the method is used for checking whether the detected blank page has the possibility of the reverse page or not according to the following process, wherein the reverse page is a page image obtained by reverse test paper or answer sheet due to errors:
1) The method comprises the steps of statistically obtaining the number of examinees who should take an examination and the number of examinees who lack the examination from an examination information module;
2) Counting the total number of the collected roll surface images and the total number of the detected blank pages;
3) Calculating the difference between the total number of the rolling images and the total number of the blank pages, and recording the difference as the actual reference number; recording the sum of the actual reference number and the number of the examination-lack examinees as the number of the examined people; if the number of the tested persons is equal to the number of the testers who should take the test, judging that the detected blank pages do not have the reversed pages; if the number of the examined persons is smaller than the number of the examinees who should take the examination, it is determined that there is a possibility of a reversed page in the detected blank page.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the image acquisition module is further configured to pre-process the acquired rolling image, the pre-processing including one or more of rectangular correction, inverted correction, and curved correction.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the blank page detection module is configured to perform blank page detection by any of:
(1) Ocr identifying the rolled image, and judging that the rolled image is a blank page if no effective text is extracted;
(2) Detecting whether the rolling surface image has preset positioning points or not, and if the preset positioning points are not detected, judging that the rolling surface image is a blank page;
(3) Calculating a gray level histogram of the rolling image, and judging whether the rolling image is a blank page or not according to gray level distribution of the gray level histogram;
(4) And acquiring pixel points on the rolling surface image, comparing the average value of the pixel values in a preset range on the rolling surface image with a preset pixel value threshold value, and judging the rolling surface image as a blank page if the average value of the pixel values is smaller than the preset pixel value threshold value.
4. A method of operating a system as claimed in claims 1-3, characterized in that the specific process is:
the method comprises the steps that student information which should take an examination is stored in a examination information module in advance, and the student information of the examination which is uploaded in advance by each school is stored in the examination information module in advance;
after the examination is finished, an image acquisition module is used for acquiring the paper surface images of the papers or answer sheets which are to be read by the students;
after the collection is completed, a blank page detection module detects whether a collected roll surface image has a blank page or not;
when the blank page detection module detects a blank page, the recording module records the related data of the blank page;
and then the verification module verifies whether the detected blank page has a reverse page or not according to the following process, wherein the reverse page is a page image obtained by a wrong reverse test paper or answer sheet:
1) The method comprises the steps of statistically obtaining the number of examinees who should take an examination and the number of examinees who lack the examination from an examination information module;
2) Counting the total number of the collected roll surface images and the total number of the detected blank pages;
3) Calculating the difference between the total number of the rolling images and the total number of the blank pages, and recording the difference as the actual reference number; recording the sum of the actual reference number and the number of the examination-lack examinees as the number of the examined people; if the number of the tested persons is equal to the number of the testers who should take the test, judging that the detected blank pages do not have the reversed pages; if the number of the examined persons is smaller than the number of the examinees who should take the examination, judging that the detected blank pages have the possibility of reverse page arrangement;
when the verification module detects that the blank pages are likely to be inverted, a worker is prompted, and searches the test paper or the answer sheet according to the blank page data recorded by the recording module to verify whether each blank page is actually the inverted page.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the image acquisition module further performs preprocessing on the acquired rolling surface image after the rolling surface image is acquired, wherein the preprocessing comprises one or more of rectangular correction, inversion correction and curved surface correction.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the blank page detection module performs blank page detection by any of:
(1) Ocr identifying the rolled image, and judging that the rolled image is a blank page if no effective text is extracted;
(2) Detecting whether the rolling surface image has preset positioning points or not, and if the preset positioning points are not detected, judging that the rolling surface image is a blank page;
(3) Calculating a gray level histogram of the rolling image, and judging whether the rolling image is a blank page or not according to gray level distribution of the gray level histogram;
(4) And acquiring pixel points on the rolling surface image, comparing the average value of the pixel values in a preset range on the rolling surface image with a preset pixel value threshold value, and judging the rolling surface image as a blank page if the average value of the pixel values is smaller than the preset pixel value threshold value.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310874576.XA CN116958982A (en) | 2023-07-17 | 2023-07-17 | Single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on paper marking system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310874576.XA CN116958982A (en) | 2023-07-17 | 2023-07-17 | Single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on paper marking system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN116958982A true CN116958982A (en) | 2023-10-27 |
Family
ID=88457725
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310874576.XA Pending CN116958982A (en) | 2023-07-17 | 2023-07-17 | Single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on paper marking system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN116958982A (en) |
-
2023
- 2023-07-17 CN CN202310874576.XA patent/CN116958982A/en active Pending
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN108537218B (en) | Answer sheet identification processing method and device | |
| CN202939608U (en) | Test paper inspecting system | |
| CN110659584B (en) | Intelligent mark-remaining paper marking system based on image recognition | |
| CN110597806A (en) | Wrong question set generation and answer statistics system and method based on reading and amending identification | |
| CN107590495B (en) | Answer sheet picture correction method and device, readable storage medium and electronic equipment | |
| CN104809575A (en) | Examination system and examination method | |
| CN108388895A (en) | A kind of paper answering card automatic processing method based on machine learning | |
| CN106599887A (en) | Test paper answering area identifying and test question marking method and system | |
| CN108830267A (en) | A kind of method and system goed over examination papers based on image recognition | |
| CN107798301A (en) | A kind of signature detection system and method for vehicle annual test | |
| CN112163529A (en) | System and method for uniformly dividing test paper | |
| CN106815814B (en) | Image pollution processing method applied to paper marking system | |
| CN115187435A (en) | Smart campus management method, device, equipment and storage medium | |
| CN107066939A (en) | A kind of paper cutting process method of online paper-marking system | |
| CN112348019B (en) | Answer sheet correction method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium | |
| CN116958982A (en) | Single-page scanning blank page processing system and method based on paper marking system | |
| CN211294357U (en) | Printing device for online paper marking results | |
| CN116629270B (en) | Subjective question scoring method and device based on examination big data and text semantics | |
| CN115482535A (en) | Test paper automatic correction method, storage medium and equipment | |
| CN101013471A (en) | Method for auto-processing the type selection of evaluating paper | |
| US20040202992A1 (en) | Electronic test answer record quality assurance system and method | |
| CN107045635A (en) | A kind of paper image paging sub title processing method of online paper-marking system | |
| CN112733644A (en) | Filling point identification system and method based on scanning identification | |
| CN106803238B (en) | Answer sheet image noise reduction processing method | |
| Raundale et al. | Optical mark recognition using Open CV |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |