CN116944682B - Laser surfacing process of wear-resistant cutter ring of shield machine and wear-resistant cutter ring - Google Patents
Laser surfacing process of wear-resistant cutter ring of shield machine and wear-resistant cutter ring Download PDFInfo
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- CN116944682B CN116944682B CN202311212660.1A CN202311212660A CN116944682B CN 116944682 B CN116944682 B CN 116944682B CN 202311212660 A CN202311212660 A CN 202311212660A CN 116944682 B CN116944682 B CN 116944682B
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/06—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining
- E21D9/08—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining with additional boring or cutting means other than the conventional cutting edge of the shield
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The embodiment of the application provides a laser overlaying process of a wear-resistant cutter ring of a shield machine and the wear-resistant cutter ring, wherein a laser overlaying method is utilized to form a plurality of wear-resistant composite layers of wear-resistant alloy materials on a cutter ring body; the side surface of the cutter ring body and the top surface of the cutter ring body respectively form different wear-resistant composite layers by utilizing different laser build-up welding processes to form a wrapping design of the cutter ring body, different wear-resistant composite layers are formed aiming at different parts of the cutter ring body, the surface finish degree, the bonding strength, the compactness and the toughness of the wear-resistant composite layers are high, and the wear-resistant cutter ring is effectively ensured to have higher wear resistance and longer service life when tunneling stratums and complicated stratums with stronger abrasive property, such as quartzite, sandstone, weathered red rock, broken conglomerate and the like, and the replacement or maintenance cost is reduced; and the bonding strength of the wear-resistant alloy material and the cutter ring body is high, and the phenomena of cracking and failure peeling of the wear-resistant composite layer can not occur.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of shield cutter manufacturing, in particular to a laser surfacing process of a wear-resistant cutter ring of a shield machine and the wear-resistant cutter ring.
Background
The shield machine is widely applied to operations such as underground engineering, tunneling and the like, and has the advantages of high working efficiency, good safety performance, economy and environmental protection. The cutter head of the shield machine is provided with the cutter, when the shield machine is used for tunneling operation, a disc hob or a tooth cutter is used for breaking rocks, an auxiliary scraper is used for scraping broken rocks and scraping tunnel walls, in the tunneling process, the shield cutter is not only subjected to great rock breaking force, but also subjected to long-term abrasion of the rocks, the rock breaking efficiency and the excavation diameter of the tunneling machine are seriously reduced due to abrasion of the cutter, and the shield cutter must be replaced frequently, so that the consumption of vulnerable parts and the workload of equipment maintenance are increased, and finally the unit excavation cost is improved.
However, in order to increase the wear resistance of the cutter, one method is to increase the hardness of the cutter ring body, but the toughness of the cutter ring is inevitably reduced, and in engineering practice, the toughness of the cutter is sacrificed by simply increasing the hardness of the material to meet the requirements of strata for strata such as quartz rock, sandstone, weathered red rock, broken conglomerate and the like with stronger abrasive property and complicated strata; the other method is to build up a wear-resistant layer on the cutter, so that the surface of the cutter is further enhanced while the impact toughness of the existing cutter is maintained or improved. The surfacing is an economical and rapid process for surface enhancement and is widely applied to the manufacturing and remanufacturing processes of mechanical parts.
The existing overlaying method is mainly applied to oxyacetylene flame overlaying, plasma overlaying and laser overlaying, wherein the flame overlaying process needs to preheat and heat a substrate to a higher temperature, a sample is severely heated, a heat affected zone is large, and therefore thermal deformation and stress are large; the preheating temperature of the plasma surfacing matrix is slightly low, but the plasma beam is wider, so that the thermal influence and stress deformation of the cutter ring body are easy to cause. In contrast, the laser surfacing technology has the characteristics of concentrated energy, high cooling speed, small deformation, low dilution rate of the wear-resistant composite layer and the like, and the influence of heat source on the cutter ring body or stress deformation is effectively avoided. The cutter ring is reinforced by adopting a laser surfacing technology to melt a preset surfacing material at the cutting part of the cutter ring, so that the cutting part of the cutter ring has high hardness and wear resistance and the toughness of the cutter ring base material, the contradiction between the hardness and the toughness of the cutter ring is better solved, and the service life of the cutter ring is prolonged. However, when the cutter ring of the shield machine in the prior art is subjected to laser overlaying, a single-layer or multi-layer wear-resistant composite layer is formed on the cutter ring by the wear-resistant material, and the formed wear-resistant composite layer is easy to cause a crack problem due to stress concentration, so that the wear-resistant composite layer is invalid and peeled off.
Disclosure of Invention
The present application aims to solve, at least to some extent, one of the technical problems in the related art. The purpose of this application is when solving among the prior art shield machine cutter ring and utilizing the laser build-up welding, forms wearing material on the cutter ring wearing composite layer of individual layer or multilayer, and the wearing composite layer of formation easily stress concentration appears the crackle problem, and then appears wearing composite layer inefficacy and peels off.
In order to achieve the above object, according to a first aspect of the present application, a laser surfacing process for a wear-resistant cutter ring of a shield machine is provided, which includes the following steps:
performing sand blasting on the outer part of the cutter ring body and cleaning the cutter ring body;
preheating the cleaned cutter ring body at 180-200 ℃ for 2-3 hours, then clamping the cutter ring body on a positioner with a chuck, and positioning a machining origin of the cutter ring body;
adjusting laser overlaying process parameters, and respectively carrying out laser overlaying on the side surface and the top surface of the cutter ring body according to a single-spiral scanning track in a protective atmosphere to form a wear-resistant composite layer; the wear-resistant alloy material comprises 33-67% of bonding extension particles and 33-67% of wear-resistant particles by mass percent;
and (3) preserving the heat of the cutter ring body after the laser overlaying is finished, covering and slowly cooling by utilizing ceramic fiber heat preservation cotton, and naturally cooling the cutter ring body indoors when the temperature of the cutter ring body reaches 60 ℃.
In some embodiments, the parameters of the laser overlay are: the power is 3.5-4.5kW, the spot diameter is 3-5mm, the line scanning speed is 750-950 mm/min, the overlap joint amount is 20-30%, the powder feeding speed is 10-20g/min, and the single-channel forming thickness is 0.5-1.5mm.
In some embodiments, the protective atmosphere is an inert gas, wherein the inert gas has a flow rate of 1.0-2.0L/min; the pressure is 0.1-0.2Mpa.
In some embodiments, the wear-resistant composite layer on the side surface of the cutter ring body is formed by pre-laying powder and overlaying, and comprises a first transition layer, a first functional layer and a first covering layer which are arranged from inside to outside; the wear-resistant composite layer formed by powder feeding and overlaying on the top surface of the cutter ring body comprises a second transition layer and a second functional layer which are arranged from inside to outside.
In some embodiments, the cohesive and ductile particles comprise a CuAlFe alloy atomized into a spherical structure having a particle size of 45 μm to 150 μm and a hardness of not less than HRC35; the CuAlFe alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 9% -11% of Al, 0.7% -1.5% of Fe, 0.5% -1% of Mn, 0.5% -1% of Ni, 0.1% -0.25% of Si and the balance of Cu.
In some embodiments, the wear resistant particles are spheroidized tungsten carbide by a spherical casting process, the tungsten carbide having a particle size of 45 μm to 150 μm and a hardness greater than 2700HV.
In some embodiments, the wear resistant particles have a particle size D of 20% -30% 125 μm < D < 150 μm, 55% -65% 75 μm < D < 125 μm, and 10% -20% 45 μm < D < 75 μm.
In some embodiments, the mass ratio of wear resistant particles to the bonded ductile particles in the wear resistant alloy material of the first transition layer is 1:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles in the wear-resistant alloy material of the first functional layer to the bonding extension particles is 2:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the wear-resistant alloy material of the first covering layer is 0:1.
In some embodiments, the mass ratio of wear resistant particles to the bonded ductile particles in the wear resistant alloy material of the second transition layer is 1:2; the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles of the wear resistant alloy material of the second functional layer to the bonding extension particles is the same as the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles in the first functional layer to the bonding extension particles.
According to a second aspect of the application, a shield wear-resistant ring is provided, and the shield wear-resistant ring is prepared by adopting any one of the laser surfacing processes.
The purpose of the application is to provide a laser overlaying process of a wear-resistant cutter ring of a shield machine and the wear-resistant cutter ring, wherein a laser overlaying method in the embodiment is utilized to form a plurality of wear-resistant composite layers of wear-resistant alloy materials on a cutter ring body; the side surface of the cutter ring body and the top surface of the cutter ring body respectively form different wear-resistant composite layers by utilizing different laser build-up welding processes to form a wrapping design of the cutter ring body, different wear-resistant composite layers are formed aiming at different parts of the cutter ring body, the surface finish degree, the bonding strength, the compactness and the toughness of the wear-resistant composite layers are high, and the wear-resistant cutter ring is effectively ensured to have higher wear resistance and longer service life when tunneling stratums and complicated stratums with stronger abrasive property, such as quartzite, sandstone, weathered red rock, broken conglomerate and the like, and the replacement or maintenance cost is reduced; and the bonding strength of the wear-resistant alloy material and the cutter ring body is high, and the phenomena of cracking and failure peeling of the wear-resistant composite layer can not occur. In addition, the wear-resistant alloy material in the embodiment of the application not only can improve the wear resistance of the cutter ring body, but also has higher crack resistance, so that the service life of the cutter ring is prolonged, the consumption of the cutter ring and the workload of equipment maintenance are reduced, and the unit excavation cost is reduced.
Additional aspects and advantages of the application will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the application.
Drawings
The foregoing and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present application will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a wear-resistant cutter ring of a shield machine according to an embodiment of the present application;
wherein 1 is a cutter ring body; 2 is a wear-resistant composite layer;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing separation of a second transition layer and a second functional layer in a shield machine wear ring according to comparative example 6 of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a physical view showing the falling of the abrasion-resistant composite layer in comparative example 7 of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a physical diagram of a wear-resistant cutter ring of a shield machine proposed in comparative example 8 of the present application;
FIG. 5 is a physical diagram of a wear-resistant cutter ring of a pre-heated surfacing shield machine according to embodiment 1 of the present application;
FIG. 6 is a physical diagram of an abrasion-resistant cutter ring of an unreheated overlaying shield machine according to example 9 of the present application;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a wear-resistant cutter ring 1 and a wear-resistant cutter ring 2, which are prepared by 33% and 67% of tungsten carbide in mass percent according to an embodiment of the present application, before abrasion;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the wear resistant insert ring 1 and wear resistant insert ring 2 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of weld overlay effects at different scan line speeds according to one embodiment of the present application;
fig. 10 is a graph of hardness data for the sample test of fig. 9.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions, and advantages of the present application more apparent, the present application will be further described in detail with reference to examples. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are only some, but not all, of the embodiments of the present application. All other technical solutions obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the examples in the present application fall within the scope of protection of the present application.
According to a first aspect of the application, a laser surfacing process of a wear-resistant cutter ring of a shield machine is provided, and the process comprises the following steps:
s1, carrying out sand blasting on the outer part of the cutter ring body 1 and cleaning the cutter ring body 1;
s2, preheating the cleaned cutter ring body 1180-200 ℃ for 2-3 hours, then clamping on a positioner with a chuck, and positioning a machining origin of the cutter ring body 1;
s3, adjusting laser overlaying process parameters and respectively carrying out laser overlaying on the side surface and the top surface of the cutter ring body 1 according to a single-spiral scanning track in a protective atmosphere; taking the wear-resistant alloy material as a reference, the wear-resistant alloy material comprises 33-67% of bonding extension particles and 33-67% of wear-resistant particles by mass percent;
and S4, preserving heat of the cutter ring body 1 after laser overlaying is finished, covering and slowly cooling by utilizing ceramic fiber heat preservation cotton, and naturally cooling the cutter ring body indoors when the temperature of the cutter ring body is 1 to 60 ℃.
Specifically, in this embodiment S1, the outside of the cutter ring body 1 is firstly sandblasted, rust spots, greasy dirt and oxide skin on the outer edge surface of the cutter ring body 1 are removed, the adhesion force between the parts and the pattern layer is increased, the cleaning treatment of the cutter ring body 1 is realized, the shape of the cutter ring body 1 is specifically taken as a ring shape, the material can be alloy steel as an example, and the steps of the sandblasting treatment are as follows: the cutter ring body 1 is horizontally placed on a rotary table of a sand blasting machine; the sand blaster is started by stepping on a sand blaster pedal, the spray heads are used for sand blasting aiming at the areas to be overlaid on the top surface and the side surface of the cutter ring body 1, and the steel gray of the cutter ring body 1 is used as a cleaning standard. The sand blasting material is 60 mesh white corundum, and the pressure of a sand blaster is 0.5-0.6Mpa; reversing the cutter ring, and carrying out sand blasting on the other side of the cutter ring in the same way; after the blasting is completed, the surface is cleaned using an air gun.
In the present embodiment, the working surface of the cutter ring body 1 is defined as the surface of the cutter ring body facing one side in the direction to be tunneled after being mounted on an assembly shaft described below.
S2, a clamping and positioning step, namely placing the cutter ring body 1 cleaned in the step S1 into a heating furnace for preheating at 180-200 ℃ for 2-3 hours, then clamping on a positioner with a chuck, starting a laser and a mechanical arm to position a cutter ring processing origin, and adjusting surfacing technological parameters of the laser and the mechanical arm;
s3, a laser overlaying step is adopted, and the parameters of the laser overlaying are set as follows: the power is 3.5-4.5kW, the spot diameter is 3-5mm, the linear scanning speed is 750-950 mm/min, the lap joint amount is 20-30%, the powder feeding speed is 10-20g/min, the single-channel forming thickness is 0.5-1.5mm, wherein the protective atmosphere is an inert gas protective environment, namely, the laser overlaying of the wear-resistant alloy materials on the side surface and the top surface of the cutter ring is respectively carried out according to a single spiral scanning track under the inert gas protective environment; wherein the flow rate of the inert gas is 1.0-2.0L/min; the pressure is 0.1-0.2Mpa.
It can be appreciated that the power in the laser overlaying process in this embodiment may be 3.5kW, 3.6kW, 3.7kW, 3.8kW, 3.9kW, 4.0kW, 4.2kW, 4.5kW or any range therebetween, and if the power in the laser overlaying process in the embodiment is too small, such as less than 3.5kW, the efficiency of the cutter ring overlaying will be greatly reduced; the power is too high in the process of laser overlaying, for example, the power is more than 4.5kw, the high-power laser overlaying technology is unstable, the overlaying effect is not stable, the high-power overlaying is suitable for carbon steel or low alloy steel overlaying, and the cutter ring body 1 is influenced by the excessive power to cause crack fracture. While the spot diameter may be 3mm, 3.5mm, 4mm, 4.5mm, and 5mm or any range therebetween; the laser can obtain larger light spots by adjusting the focal length of the laser, but if the light spots are increased by more than 5mm under the condition of certain power, the energy is not concentrated, so that the wear-resistant alloy material cannot be melted; and the light spot is too small, such as less than 3mm, so that the light spot is easy to cause that the wear-resistant alloy material cannot be covered, the waste is serious, and the welding efficiency is reduced. Therefore, small light spots are generally used for laser quenching, the light spots are required to have small energy concentration, the surface of an object is rapidly quenched at a large linear speed, and the method is not suitable for laser cladding. The line scanning speed can be 750mm/min, 800mm/min, 850mm/min, 900mm/min, 950mm/min or any range therebetween; the overlap joint amount can be 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30% or any range in between, if the overlap joint amount is less than 20%, pits exist before the welding bead, the surface is uneven, and the raised welding bead is easy to be impacted and peeled off; if the overlap is more than 30%, particularly more than 50%, the heat influence between the front and rear weld beads is serious, and the abrasion-resistant composite layer is liable to be over-burned, so that cracks are generated. The powder feeding speed can be 10g/min, 12g/min, 14g/min, 16g/min, 18g/min, 20g/min or any range in between, and the powder feeding speed needs to be matched with the line scanning speed and the lap joint amount, so that the thickness of the wear-resistant composite layer is controlled to be 0.5-1.5mm; the thickness of the single-channel molding can be 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 0.9mm, 1.0mm, 1.3mm and 1.5mm or any range therebetween, wherein the wear-resistant composite layer is too thin, so that the wear resistance of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 is limited, and the wear-resistant composite layer is easy to peel off from the body when too thick; the flow rate of the inert gas can be 1.0L/min, 1.1L/min, 1.2L/min, 1.3L/min, 1.5L/min, 1.7L/min, 1.9L/min, 2.0L/min or any range therebetween; the pressure may be 0.1Mpa, 0.12Mpa, 0.15Mpa, 0.18Mpa, 0.2Mpa or any range therebetween; in the embodiment, the flow rate of the powder is mainly controlled by controlling the flow and the pressure of the inert gas, so that the powder is splashed when the powder spraying speed is too high, the powder utilization rate is reduced, and the powder cannot be fully accumulated in a molten pool when the powder spraying speed is too low, and the powder utilization rate is also reduced.
The parameters of the laser overlay welding in the exemplary embodiment are preferably: the power is 4kW, the diameter of a light spot is 5mm, the linear scanning speed is 800mm/min, the overlap joint amount is 25%, the powder feeding speed is 18g/min, and the single-channel forming thickness is 1mm; the flow rate of the inert gas is 1.5L/min; the pressure was 0.2MPa. In the embodiment, after the wear-resistant alloy material is deposited on the working surface of the cutter ring body 1, a wear-resistant composite layer 2 is formed on the working surface of the cutter ring body 1; in the process of overlaying the wear-resistant alloy material, the melting point of the bonding extension particles in the wear-resistant material is lower and the bonding extension particles are changed into a molten state, so that the wear-resistant particles are bonded, and the wear-resistant material forms a stable wear-resistant composite layer 2 on the working surface of the cutter ring main body.
The wear-resistant alloy material in this embodiment includes: 33-67% by mass of binding extension particles and 33-67% by mass of wear-resistant particles; without being limited by any theory, the mass percentage of the binding extension particles and the wear-resistant particles are regulated, so that the mass percentage of the binding extension particles and the mass percentage of the wear-resistant particles are 33% -67%, and a good synergistic effect is formed between the binding extension particles and the wear-resistant particles, thereby being beneficial to improving the wear resistance and the impact toughness of the wear-resistant alloy material.
Illustratively, the mass percent value of the bond extension particles may be 33%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 67% or any range therebetween, based on the wear-resistant alloy material, with the impact toughness of the wear-resistant alloy material being adjustable by adjusting the content of the bond extension particles; when the mass percentage of the bonded extension particles is lower, for example, when the mass percentage is lower than 33%, the brittleness of the wear-resistant alloy material formed by matching the bonded extension particles with the wear-resistant particles is larger; when the mass percentage of the bonded and extended particles is higher, if the mass percentage is higher than 67%, the wear-resistant alloy material formed by matching the bonded and extended particles with the wear-resistant particles is more flexible. Similarly, the mass percentage of the wear-resistant particles can be 33%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 67% or any range therebetween, and the effect thereof is not repeated.
In the embodiment, a laser surfacing process is adopted, so that the combination strength of the wear-resistant alloy material and the cutter ring body 1 is high, the surfacing cladding speed is high, the dilution rate is low, the tissue obtained by rapid solidification is very fine, the surface finish, the bonding strength, the compactness and the toughness are high, and the wear-resistant particles and the bonding extension particles are metallurgically combined on both sides and the top of the outer edge of the cutter ring body 1 through a wrapping type design, so that the combination strength is high; in addition, wear-resisting particles and bonding extension particles can protect the cutter ring body 1, so that the shield cutter has higher wear resistance and longer service life when tunneling stratums and complicated stratums such as quartz rock, sandstone, weathered red rock, broken conglomerate and the like with stronger abrasive property are effectively ensured, and replacement or maintenance cost is reduced.
And S4, a heat preservation and cooling step, namely placing the cutter ring body 1 in a heat preservation furnace for heat preservation for two hours, setting the temperature of the heat preservation furnace to be 180-200 ℃, transferring the cutter ring body 1 into a heat preservation box after heat preservation is completed, covering and slowly cooling by using ceramic fiber heat preservation cotton for at least 24 hours, taking out the cutter ring body 1 after the temperature of the cutter ring body 1 is cooled to be lower than 60 ℃, and naturally cooling the cutter ring body 1 on a bracket.
In the embodiment, a laser overlaying process is adopted to enable the wear-resistant alloy material to be overlaid on the outer circumferential surface of the cutter ring body 1 to form the wear-resistant composite layer 2, and the unique processing process in the embodiment is adopted to enable the cutter ring body 1 and the wear-resistant composite layer 2 to have extremely high stripping resistance; the abrasion-resistant composite layer 2 in the embodiment has high compressive strength, hardness and abrasion resistance, so that the rock can be easily broken, the service life is extremely long, and the construction tunneling efficiency is greatly improved. Meanwhile, the laser surfacing technology has the characteristics of concentrated energy, high cooling speed, small deformation, low dilution rate of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 and the like, and the influence of heat sources of other surfacing modes on the cutter ring body 1 or stress deformation is effectively avoided.
In some embodiments, a preset powder-spreading surfacing is adopted on the side surface of the cutter ring body 1 to form a first transition layer, a first functional layer and a first covering layer which are arranged from inside to outside; the top surface of the cutter ring body 1 adopts powder feeding and overlaying to form a second transition layer and a second functional layer which are arranged from inside to outside.
The mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the first transition layer, the first functional layer and the first covering layer in the wear-resistant composite layer 2 on the side surface of the cutter ring body 1 is different, wherein the wear-resistant particles in the first transition layer have lower mass percent compared with the first functional layer and are in transitional bonding effect, and the wear-resistant particles in the first functional layer have higher wear-resistant performance; in addition, the first coating layer should reduce the mass percentage content of wear-resistant particles as much as possible, plays a role in toughness connection, and the side surface of the cutter ring body 1 is subjected to the surfacing of the first transition layer, the first functional layer and the first coating layer by adopting a preset powder paving surfacing process, so that the utilization rate of alloy powder can be greatly improved, and the alloy powder is basically not lost in the surfacing process.
It should be explained that the top surface is arc-shaped and is not suitable for preset powder-spreading and overlaying, so that a synchronous powder-feeding and overlaying process is adopted, and the two layers of overlaying are divided into a second transition layer and a second functional layer which are sequentially arranged from inside to outside; wherein the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles in the second transition layer and the second functional layer to the bonding extension particles is also different, wherein the mass percentage of the wear resistant particles in the second transition layer is lower than the second functional layer and is smaller than the mass percentage of the wear resistant particles in the first transition layer; the second functional layer has higher wear resistance due to higher mass percentage of the wear-resistant particles, and the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the second functional layer is the same as the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the first functional layer. Therefore, the wear-resistant composite layer 2 in the embodiment effectively avoids the easy failure of the joint surface between the high-hardness carbide alloy and the high-hardness cutter ring matrix through the multilayer structure design, and meanwhile, the tungsten carbide content in the wear-resistant composite layer 2 can be increased in a targeted manner, so that the wear resistance of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 is improved.
Illustratively, the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles to the bond extending particles in the first transition layer is 1:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the first functional layer is 2:1; the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles to the bond extending particles in the first cover layer is 0:1. The mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the second transition layer is 1:2; the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles to the binder extension particles in the second functional layer is the same as the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles to the binder extension particles in the first functional layer. The abrasion resistance of the shield cutter can be improved, and the service life of the cutter ring can be prolonged.
In order to ensure that the abrasion resistance of the cutter ring in tunneling has higher abrasion resistance and longer service life, different abrasion-resistant composite layers are formed at different positions of the cutter ring body 1 according to the service condition of the cutter ring in tunneling, wherein the cutter ring body 1 is divided into the side surface of the cutter ring body 1 to form the abrasion-resistant composite layers and the top surface of the cutter ring body 1 to form the abrasion-resistant composite layers 2, the cutter ring body 1 is formed into a wrapping design, and the abrasion-resistant composite layers 2 have high surface finish, bonding strength, compactness and toughness of the cutter ring body 1, so that the abrasion resistance and service life of the cutter ring body 1 are greatly improved.
In some embodiments, the cohesive and ductile particles comprise a CuAlFe alloy atomized into a spherical structure having a particle size of 45 μm to 150 μm and a hardness of not less than HRC35; the CuAlFe alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 9% -11% of Al, 0.7% -1.5% of Fe, 0.5% -1% of Mn, 0.5% -1% of Ni, 0.1% -0.25% of Si and the balance of Cu.
Specifically, the method of atomizing the CuAlFe alloy is a conventional technical means for those skilled in the art, and the atomizing process is not described in detail, wherein the particle size of the CuAlFe alloy is 45 μm to 150 μm, and may preferably be 50 μm to 80 μm, i.e., the particle size of the CuAlFe alloy has a value of 45 μm, 50 μm, 55 μm, 60 μm, 67 μm, 70 μm, 85 μm, 90 μm, 100 μm, 112 μm, 120 μm, 130 μm, 140 μm, 150 μm or any range therebetween, wherein when the particle size of the CuAlFe alloy is adjusted to be too large, such as greater than 150 μm, the CuAlFe alloy particles are not easily melted, and after the self weight is too large, unmelted particles strike the surface to be overlaid, are ejected everywhere, loose holes are overlaid, and the powder loss is large; when the particle size of the CuAlFe alloy is adjusted to be too small, for example, less than 45 mu m, powder is extremely easy to adhere to the inner wall of an automatic powder feeding device and the inner wall of a powder feeding pipe, thereby causing a Dusai and surfacing repair flow. In addition, the CuAlFe alloy powder particles are too small, gaps among the particles are small, laser penetration and heating are difficult, insufficient melting of the CuAlFe alloy powder can be caused, and accordingly loose holes of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 are caused.
The impact resistance and hardness of the wear-resistant alloy material can be adjusted by optimizing the proportion content of each component in the CuAlFe alloy, wherein copper element is used as a main bonding alloy in the embodiment to provide the strength and toughness of the wear-resistant composite layer 2; the aluminum element increases the oxidation resistance in the surfacing process and plays a role in refining particles and improving impact toughness; the iron element plays a part in increasing the hardness of the bonding alloy, and the cutter ring body 1 is made of iron, so that the metallurgical fusion effect is increased; the nickel element increases the wettability of the powder, and can partially increase the strength, plasticity and toughness of the wear-resistant composite layer 2; the manganese element and the silicon element have deoxidizing capability, so that the wear-resistant composite layer 2 is prevented from being cracked.
In some embodiments, the wear resistant particles are spheroidized tungsten carbide by a spherical casting process, the tungsten carbide having a particle size of 45 μm to 150 μm and a hardness greater than 2700HV.
Wherein the particle size of the wear resistant particles is 45 μm to 150 μm, which may preferably be 100 μm to 100 μm, i.e. the particle size values are 45 μm, 50 μm, 55 μm, 60 μm, 67 μm, 70 μm, 85 μm, 90 μm, 100 μm, 112 μm, 120 μm, 130 μm, 140 μm, 150 μm or any range therebetween, wherein the particle size of the wear resistant particles is adjusted. The hardness of the wear-resistant particles is limited, the smoothness of automatic powder feeding and the compactness of the surfacing effect can be adjusted, wherein the wear-resistant particles are ejected everywhere when the granularity of tungsten carbide is overlarge, for example, larger than 150 mu m, and the powder loss is large; and if the granularity of the tungsten carbide is too small, powder is very easy to adhere to the inner wall of the automatic powder feeding device and the inner wall of the powder feeding pipe, so that the flow of the Dusai and the surfacing repair is caused.
In some embodiments, the wear resistant particles have a particle size D of 125 μm < D < 150 μm of 20% -30%, a particle size D of 75 μm < D < 125 μm of 55% -65%, and a particle size D of 45 μm < D < 75 μm of 10% -20%.
The powder feeding efficiency, the powder feeding continuity and the forming quality of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 in the overlaying process can be improved, meanwhile, the wear-resistant composite layer 2 can be more uniform, the size and the proportion of wear-resistant particles are optimally designed, particle gap filling is plumter, the tissue structure is compact, and the wear-resistant composite layer is applied to a shield wear-resistant ring under the condition that the hardness of the material is not reduced, and the toughness is improved by utilizing the extensibility and the cohesiveness of CuAlFe alloy, so that the wear resistance and the impact toughness of the material are improved.
Experimental example
Reciprocating sliding abrasion test: the strain gauge sensor was attached to the ball test specimen by an upper clamp and the flat test specimen was mounted in a lower clamp on the CETR UMT-3 frictional wear tester of America. When the test starts, the two-dimensional moving platform descends to drive the ball sample to move downwards to contact with the plane sample, and the normal load is applied to a certain value (the normal load is regulated and kept stable in real time through the feedback system in the test process), and then the plane sample reciprocates to realize reciprocating friction with the ball sample. The main test parameters are as follows: normal load Fn:5N, 10N, 20N; reciprocating displacement amplitude D:4mm; reciprocation frequency f:3Hz; cycle number N:15000 times.
Impact and slip composite wear test: the impact sliding composite wear test is carried out on a self-made impact sliding composite wear test machine, an impact shaft is connected with a spring piece and an upper clamp, a ball sample is arranged on the upper clamp, and the impact shaft is guided by a linear sliding rail; the lower clamp for installing the planar sample is directly fixed on the dynamic piezoelectric sensor and is connected with the precise lifting platform. During the test, the servo motor is used as a power source to drive the eccentric disc, so that the ball sample can perform reciprocating impact on the plane sample at a set frequency f and times N; the spring leaf is stressed and bent in the impact process, so that impact-sliding composite abrasion is realized between the impact sample and the plane sample, and the structural rigidity of the impact-sliding abrasion can be adjusted by changing the actual effective working length and thickness of the spring leaf; the dynamic piezoelectric sensor at the bottom of the plane sample can monitor the dynamic load applied to the plane sample in the process of the impact abrasion test; the main test parameters are: thickness h of the spring piece: 0.5mm, 0.8 mm, 1.2 mm; flexural rigidity EI:85.83 ×10 -3 N∙m 2 、351.58×10 -3 N∙m 2 、1186.57×10 -3 N∙m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The impact angle alpha is 45 degrees; the sliding amplitude S is 2mm; the sliding frequency f is 3Hz; the cycle number N is 9000.
In-situ tunneling test: the wear-resistant knife ring according to any one of the embodiments is assembled to the shield machine, wherein the wear-resistant knife ring is mounted on the assembly shaft through the rotating shaft, the wear-resistant knife ring is sleeved on the outer side portion of the rotating shaft, the rotating shaft is provided with the assembly hole along the axis of the rotating shaft, the rotating shaft is assembled with the assembly shaft of the shield machine through the assembly hole after the wear-resistant knife ring is sleeved on the outer side portion of the rotating shaft, and the wear-resistant knife ring is mounted on the shield machine. The stratum in the area where the wear-resistant cutter ring is in-situ tunneling in the in-situ tunneling test is mainly the weathered granite, a small amount of fully weathered granite is mixed, part of the stratum contains silt, the uniaxial compressive strength of the stratum is 40-90Mpa, and the quartz content is high.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present application will be described in more detail with reference to examples and comparative examples. The various tests and evaluations were carried out according to the following methods. Unless otherwise specified, "parts" and "%" are mass references.
Example 1
< preparation of wear-resistant alloy Material >
Preparing binding extension particles and wear-resistant particles respectively; the bonding extension particles are CuAlFe alloy, and the CuAlFe alloy in the embodiment comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 10% of Al, 1% of Fe, 0.5% of Mn, 0.8% of Ni, 0.1% of Si and the balance of Cu, and is atomized to form a spherical structure, wherein the particle size is 100 mu m, and the hardness is HRC35; wherein the wear-resistant particles are tungsten carbide, the tungsten carbide is spheroidized, the hardness is 3000HV, wherein the mass percentage of the tungsten carbide with the granularity D of 130 mu m is 20%, the mass percentage of the tungsten carbide with the granularity D of 100 mu m is 60%, and the mass percentage of the tungsten carbide with the granularity D of 60 mu m is 20%. The bonding extension particles and the wear-resistant particles in the embodiment are respectively mixed in proportion to obtain the wear-resistant alloy material in the embodiment.
< preparation of wear-resistant knife Ring >
A first transition layer, a first functional layer and a first covering layer are respectively formed on the side surface of the cutter ring body 1 from inside to outside by adopting preset powder laying overlaying; wherein the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the first transition layer is 1:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the first functional layer is 2:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the first covering layer is 0:1; the top surface of the cutter ring body 1 adopts powder feeding overlaying to respectively carry out multi-layer overlaying to respectively form a second transition layer and a second functional layer from inside to outside; wherein the mass ratio of the wear resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the second transition layer is 1:2; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the second functional layer is 2:1, and the obtained physical diagram of the wear-resistant knife ring is shown in fig. 5.
Wherein the surfacing technological parameters are as follows: the laser power is 4kW, the light spot diameter is 5mm, the line scanning speed is 800mm/min, the lap joint amount is 30%, the powder feeding speed is 15g/min, the single-channel forming thickness is 1mm, the flow rate of inert gas is 2.0L/min, and the pressure is 0.15Mpa.
< preparation of shield machine >
In this embodiment, the wear-resistant cutter ring is sleeved on the outer side portion of the rotating shaft, the rotating shaft is provided with an assembly hole along the axis of the rotating shaft, the wear-resistant cutter ring is sleeved on the outer side portion of the rotating shaft, the assembly portion of the assembly shaft is approximately square, the rotating shaft is assembled with the assembly shaft of the shield machine through the assembly hole, the assembly is achieved through the assembly of the assembly hole and the assembly shaft of the shield machine in an interference fit mode, and then the wear-resistant cutter ring is installed on the shield machine.
In the embodiment, the abrasion mark depth of the abrasion-resistant composite layer 2 in the reciprocating abrasion test is 1.75 mu m, and compared with the abrasion mark depth of the H13 die steel, the abrasion-resistant composite layer 2 is 3.7 mu m, so that the abrasion-resistant performance of the alloy material is better; the maximum wear depth of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 in the impact-sliding composite wear test is about 2 mu m, and H13 steel is more severely worn than WC coating in different wear stages; in the field tunneling test, under the condition that the abrasion-resistant cutter ring and a common cutter tunnel 107 rings (160.5 meters) at the same time, the abrasion resistance of the abrasion-resistant cutter ring is 11mm on average, and the abrasion resistance of the abrasion-resistant cutter ring is 28mm on average, wherein the abrasion resistance of the abrasion-resistant cutter ring is 2.5 times that of the abrasion-resistant cutter ring.
In examples 2 to 6, and comparative examples 1 to 9, the procedure was the same as in example 1 except that the preparation of the wear-resistant alloy material and the preparation of the wear-resistant ring were adjusted according to table 1. The results of the reciprocating wear test, the impact and slip composite wear test and the in-situ tunneling test obtained in each of examples 1 to 4 are shown in table 1 below; the wear-resistant insert ring results in examples 5-6 and each comparative example are also shown in table 1.
Table 1 results of performance tests at different stages in examples and comparative examples
Specifically, as shown in table 1, in comparative example 1, the content of Fe element in CuAlFe alloy was increased relative to example 1, so that the hardness of the bonded and expanded particles could be suitably increased, but embrittlement of the build-up process was caused, and 2-3 sounds of embrittlement were generated per turn during the build-up process, so that the welding performance was unstable. The particle size of the CuAlFe alloy particle size in comparative example 2 is smaller, and the powder is waste powder in the alloy screening process, and because the particle size of the CuAlFe alloy particle size powder is too small, gaps among the CuAlFe alloy particle size powder are small, laser penetration in the surfacing process is not facilitated, and insufficient melting of the wear-resistant alloy material is caused. In the comparative example 3, the shield wear-resistant ring formed by laser overlaying has poor weldability, is easy to gasify and emit rolling dense smoke when encountering high-energy laser beams, and has the density far less than that of CuAlFe alloy, so that the wear-resistant composite layer 2 is easy to be layered. In comparative example 4, the nickel-based alloy can be welded on the quenching cutter ring by laser overlaying to couple tungsten carbide, the content of tungsten carbide is reduced along with the addition of the nickel-based alloy, wherein the crack defect of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 is more and more obvious along with the increase of the content of tungsten carbide, namely when the content of tungsten carbide exceeds 30 percent by taking wear-resistant particles as a reference, the overlaying process can hear continuous obvious brittle fracture sound, and the improvement of the wear resistance of the cutter ring is limited when the content of tungsten carbide is below 30 percent. The first coating layer was not present in comparative example 5, and cracks were easily caused in the surface of the abrasion-resistant composite layer 2. In comparative example 6, the content ratio of the abrasion resistant particles, i.e., tungsten carbide, in the first transition layer and the second transition layer was changed, and there was no problem in the welding performance in the first transition layer and the second transition layer, but the second functional layer on the second transition layer was insufficient in the bonding performance due to the too high tungsten carbide content in the second transition layer, resulting in peeling, as shown in fig. 2. In comparative example 7, there was a phenomenon that the cutter wear-resistant composite layer 2 was peeled off due to the high tungsten carbide content in the wear-resistant alloy material and poor fusion property with the cutter ring body 1 of high hardness, and the formed wear-resistant composite layer 2 was an unstable coating and was easily peeled off, as shown in fig. 3. In comparative example 8, since the wear-resistant alloy material itself contains Al and Si and has a certain oxidation resistance, but the oxidation of the metal during the welding process is not sufficiently prevented, and therefore, an inert gas protection is required to be added, if no inert gas protection is provided, the surface of the wear-resistant composite layer 2 is partially blackened and not smooth, and as shown in fig. 4, the welding bead has residues and blackens. In comparative example 9, when there is no preheating before welding, the temperature difference between the wear-resistant alloy material and the cutter ring body 1 is large, so that welding cracks are easy to be caused, particularly, cracks are caused by the first ring of welding beads, and as the welding process is carried out, the temperature of the cutter ring body 1 is slowly increased, and the cracks gradually disappear, as shown in fig. 6, wherein a schematic diagram of the wear-resistant cutter ring of the shield machine in the embodiment 1 when there is preheating before welding is shown in fig. 1.
In order to further verify that the tungsten carbide proportion can directly influence the wear resistance of the wear-resistant composite layer 2, on the premise of ensuring the surfacing quality (no cracks and smooth surface of the wear-resistant composite layer), the tungsten carbide proportion is improved as much as possible, the mass percentages of the tungsten carbide are 33% and 67% respectively based on the wear-resistant alloy material, the 1# wear-resistant knife ring and the 2# wear-resistant knife ring are respectively a knife ring body 1, then the wear-resistant composite layer 2 is clad on the surface of the knife ring body, and the 1# wear-resistant knife ring, the 2# wear-resistant knife ring and the sample steel body are subjected to a simple grinding wheel wear test; the grinding wheel in the experiment is a conventional white corundum grinding wheel, and the abrasion ratio is measured by firstly grinding the abrasion-resistant composite layer 2 of the abrasion-resistant ring 1 #; then grinding the wear-resistant knife ring of the No. 1 sample on the basis of grinding the wear-resistant composite layer 2 of the No. 1 sample and the influence area, and measuring the wear ratio; finally, the abrasion ratio of the abrasion-resistant cutter ring # 2 is measured. In the embodiment, the surface grinder is used for grinding the 1# wear-resistant cutter ring and the 2# wear-resistant cutter ring which are equal in size, the ratio of the abrasion loss volume of the grinding wheel to the abrasion loss volumes of the 1# wear-resistant cutter ring and the 2# wear-resistant cutter ring is compared, and the larger the ratio is, the more wear-resistant is.
Table 2 performance of wear-resistant cutter ring of shield machine formed under different tungsten carbide ratios
The results are shown in Table 2 and FIGS. 7-8, and from the analysis of the results in Table 2, it can be seen that: the wear-resistant composite layer 2 of the No. 2 wear-resistant knife ring has the highest wear resistance which is 9.13 times that of the steel body of the sample. When the proportion of tungsten carbide exceeds 70%, the wear-resistant alloy material is difficult to melt gradually, and the surface of the wear-resistant composite layer has weld flash and holes, so that no build-up welding significance exists at the moment, and no wear-resistant test is performed.
In addition, four groups of line scanning speeds of 960mm/min, 900mm/min, 800mm/min and 700mm/min are adopted to build up welding samples, the influence of the welding speed on the wear-resistant composite layer is tested, and the results are shown in figures 9-10. FIG. 9 is a graph showing the hardness test of 2 weld overlays per set of line scan speeds, visual inspection of weld overlay surface and cross section for visual defects, 1 weld overlay in each set of line scan speed samples, and summary hardness data as in FIG. 10; as can be seen from fig. 10, the surface hardness change tendencies were the first rise and then fall (coating region, about 2mm thick) and then tended to stabilize (substrate region) at 700H; the hardness of the coating area is the hardness of the bonding alloy, and basically increases along with the increase of the linear velocity; the hardness of the transition zone of the substrate is substantially unaffected by the line speed. In addition, when the linear speed exceeds 1000mm/min, the welding device belongs to the category of rapid laser welding, is not suitable for build-up welding any more, is usually used for laser quenching, and can reduce the welding efficiency when the linear speed is lower than 700 mm/min.
In the description of the present specification, a description referring to terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present application. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
Although embodiments of the present application have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the application, and that variations, modifications, alternatives, and variations may be made to the above embodiments by one of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the application.
Claims (5)
1. The laser surfacing process of the wear-resistant cutter ring of the shield machine is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
performing sand blasting on the outer part of the cutter ring body and cleaning the cutter ring body;
preheating the cleaned cutter ring body at 180-200 ℃ for 2-3 hours, then clamping the cutter ring body on a positioner with a chuck, and positioning a machining origin of the cutter ring body;
adjusting laser overlaying process parameters, and respectively carrying out laser overlaying on the side surface and the top surface of the cutter ring body according to a single-spiral scanning track in a protective atmosphere to form a wear-resistant composite layer; the wear-resistant composite layer on the side surface of the cutter ring body is formed by pre-arranged powder paving and overlaying and comprises a first transition layer, a first functional layer and a first covering layer which are arranged from inside to outside; the top surface of the cutter ring body is formed into a wear-resistant composite layer by powder feeding and overlaying, and the wear-resistant composite layer comprises a second transition layer and a second functional layer which are arranged from inside to outside; the wear-resistant alloy material comprises 33-67% of bonding extension particles and 33-67% of wear-resistant particles by mass percent;
the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the wear-resistant alloy material of the first transition layer is 1:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the wear-resistant alloy material of the first functional layer is 2:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the wear-resistant alloy material of the first covering layer is 0:1; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the wear-resistant alloy material of the second transition layer is 1:2; the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles of the wear-resistant alloy material of the second functional layer is the same as the mass ratio of the wear-resistant particles to the bonding extension particles in the first functional layer;
the bonding extension particles comprise CuAlFe alloy which is atomized into a spherical structure, the particle size of the CuAlFe alloy is 45-150 mu m, and the hardness of the CuAlFe alloy is not less than HRC35; the CuAlFe alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 9% -11% of Al, 0.7% -1.5% of Fe, 0.5% -1% of Mn, 0.5% -1% of Ni, 0.1% -0.25% of Si and the balance of Cu; the wear-resistant particles are tungsten carbide subjected to spheroidization by a spherical casting process, the particle size of the tungsten carbide is 45-150 mu m, and the hardness is more than 2700HV;
and (3) preserving the heat of the cutter ring body after the laser overlaying is finished, covering and slowly cooling by utilizing ceramic fiber heat preservation cotton, and naturally cooling the cutter ring body indoors when the temperature of the cutter ring body reaches 60 ℃.
2. The laser overlay process according to claim 1, wherein the parameters of the laser overlay are: the power is 3.5-4.5kW, the spot diameter is 3-5mm, the line scanning speed is 750-950 mm/min, the overlap joint amount is 20-30%, the powder feeding speed is 10-20g/min, and the single-channel forming thickness is 0.5-1.5mm.
3. The laser surfacing process according to claim 1, wherein the protective atmosphere is an inert gas introduced, wherein the flow rate of the inert gas is 1.0-2.0L/min; the pressure is 0.1-0.2Mpa.
4. The laser surfacing process according to claim 1, wherein the wear-resistant particles have a particle size D of 125 μm or less and D < 150 μm of 20% -30%, a particle size D of 75 μm or less and D < 125 μm of 55% -65%, and a particle size D of 45 μm or less and D < 75 μm of 10% -20%.
5. A shield wear-resistant ring prepared by the laser build-up welding process of any one of claims 1-4.
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