CN116940276A

CN116940276A - Apparatus, system and method for measuring corneal topography

Info

Publication number: CN116940276A
Application number: CN202180061638.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 扎迦利·博德纳; 约亨·库姆; 尼科莱·斯特克罗夫; 阿纳托利·特拉菲姆克
Original assignee: Ansli Co ltd
Current assignee: Ansli Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-07-09
Filing date: 2021-07-09
Publication date: 2023-10-24

Abstract

Devices, systems, and methods configured to uniformly illuminate a biological sample with a patterned illumination source and determine a contour of the biological sample are provided.

Description

Apparatus, system and method for measuring corneal topography

Cross reference

The present application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No. 63/049,631 filed on 7/9 and U.S. provisional patent application No. 63/141,203 filed on 25/1 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Background

Corneal topography (corneal topography) has become a valuable diagnostic parameter for routine ophthalmic examinations, preoperative planning and evaluation of laser refractive surgery (e.g., LASIK and PRK), contact lens wear, cataract and evaluation of many corneal diseases (e.g., keratoconus). Commercially available corneal topography systems (i.e., keratometers) are typically complex, expensive desktop systems located in the offices of corneal professionals, laser vision correction surgeons, cataract surgeons, and eye care professionals (e.g., ophthalmologists or optometrists), who often measure the topography of their patient's cornea. Unfortunately, these systems are relatively costly (over $8,000 to $ 50,0000) and require specially trained medical personnel, which makes keratometers unavailable to medical professionals in rural areas and in resource-limited areas. In these rural areas, patients who need an ophthalmic examination to measure corneal topography need to go to the nearest large town or metropolitan, which may not be feasible or convenient to repeat or follow-up, if necessary. Enabling local general practitioners in rural and low-resource communities to screen the corneal topography of their patients would avoid such inefficiency and provide rapid screening and accessibility for local longitudinal monitoring of their corneal disease. Thus, there is a need for a rapid, low cost point-of-care system and apparatus configured to measure and monitor corneal topography without the need for expensive equipment and specialized medical personnel.

Disclosure of Invention

Provided herein are devices, systems, and methods of their use that can instantly measure corneal topography of a subject's cornea at the bedside without the need for expensive corneal curvature measurement devices or trained medical personnel. In one aspect, the low cost aspect may be achieved by using a common smart phone to transmit, detect and process optical signals to determine a corneal topography of a cornea of a subject. In another aspect, a low cost light source may be coupled to the smart phone to detect and process the reflected light signal. By providing low cost, user friendly point-of-care devices, systems and methods for measuring corneal topography, a larger patient population may, for example, undergo frequent corneal topography screening to monitor and prevent the development of corneal diseases (e.g., keratoconus) that would otherwise seek medical care only when symptomatic.

Aspects disclosed herein provide an apparatus for corneal topography measurement, comprising: a panel configured to be releasably coupled to the mobile device, wherein the panel is further configured to (a) project a light pattern onto a cornea of the eye to generate a reflected light pattern, and (b) facilitate transfer of the reflected light pattern from the cornea to an imaging device on the mobile device for generating a plurality of light signals, wherein an optical axis of the imaging device is offset from either (i) the patterned region or (ii) an illumination source on the panel. In some embodiments, the offset between the optical axis of the imaging device and the pattern area or illumination source on the panel is about 1mm to about 10mm. In some embodiments, the offset between the optical axis of the imaging device and the pattern area or illumination source on the panel is about 5 degrees to about 360 degrees. In some implementations, the panel is configured to act as a protective case for the mobile device. In some embodiments, the panel light pattern includes a plurality of lines. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines are linear. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines are circular or radial. In some implementations, the panel includes a quick release mechanism that enables the panel to be releasably coupled to the mobile device. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines are disposed on a surface of the panel. In some embodiments, the panel is transparent or translucent. In some embodiments, the panel has an absorption coefficient of at least 1 cm-1. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines are opaque.

Aspects disclosed herein provide a system comprising: the apparatus described above; and one or more processors configured to process the plurality of light signals by (i) comparing the projected light pattern with the reflected light pattern to produce a two-dimensional elevation gradient, and (ii) generating a three-dimensional topography of the cornea using the two-dimensional elevation gradient. In some implementations, one or more processors are located on the mobile device. In some implementations, the one or more processors are located on a server remote from the mobile device. In some implementations, the system further includes a mobile device, and wherein the mobile device includes a depth sensor configured to measure a distance from the cornea to the imaging device.

Aspects disclosed herein provide a method of measuring a corneal topography, the method comprising: (a) providing a panel having a plurality of lines; (b) Coupling the panel to the mobile device in a configuration such that an optical axis of the imaging device is offset from a patterned area on the panel or an illumination source on the panel; (c) Placing a panel coupled to the mobile device near an eye of the subject; (d) Projecting a light pattern onto the cornea using the panel and the illumination source to generate a reflected light pattern; (e) Receiving the reflected light pattern using an imaging device on the mobile device to generate a plurality of light signals; and (f) generating a topography of the cornea based at least in part on the plurality of optical signals. In some implementations, (e) further includes detecting a distance between the panel and the eyes of the subject using a depth sensor on the mobile device. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines on the panel are linear. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines on the panel are circular or radial. In some embodiments, (e) further comprises rotating the imaging device when the imaging device receives the reflected light pattern.

Aspects disclosed herein provide an apparatus for illuminating a target, the apparatus comprising: a first surface comprising a plurality of light scattering elements and a second surface comprising a plurality of illumination elements in optical communication with the plurality of light scattering elements, wherein the first surface comprises a light inlet comprising a curved surface or waveguide configured to (i) receive light emitted from a light source and (ii) direct the light to the plurality of light scattering elements, wherein the plurality of light scattering elements are configured to transfer light to the plurality of illumination elements, and wherein the plurality of illumination elements are configured to generate an illumination pattern for illuminating a target. In some embodiments, the plurality of light scattering elements comprises one or more dome reflectors, scattering particles, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the curved surface or waveguide is configured to receive light from the light source and distribute it to the plurality of light scattering elements while reducing or minimizing light hotspots at or near the light inlet or light source. In some embodiments, the optical hot spot corresponds to a concentration of light at or near the optical entrance. In some embodiments, the second surface comprises a reflective coating. In some embodiments, the plurality of lighting elements are spatially arranged in a predetermined pattern. In some embodiments, the plurality of lighting elements comprises a linear shape. In some embodiments, the plurality of lighting elements comprises a non-linear shape. In some embodiments, the nonlinear shape comprises a curve or an arc. In some embodiments, the plurality of light scattering elements comprises a two-dimensional array of light scattering elements disposed on the first surface. In some embodiments, the illumination element includes one or more surfaces for illuminating or directing light to the target. In some embodiments, the two-dimensional array includes a linear configuration, a nonlinear linear configuration, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device further comprises an optically transparent window in optical communication with the light source. In some embodiments, the light source comprises a Light Emitting Diode (LED). In some implementations, the light source is located on the mobile device. In some implementations, the device includes a panel configured to act as a protective case for the mobile device. In some implementations, the panel includes a quick release mechanism that enables the panel to be releasably coupled to the mobile device. In some implementations, the illumination pattern generated by the plurality of illumination elements is configured to provide uniform illumination. In some embodiments, the uniform illumination includes illumination of one or more regions of the target such that a first region of the target has a brightness that is within 10% of a brightness of a second region of the target. In some embodiments, the uniform illumination includes illumination of one or more regions of the target such that a first region of the target has a brightness that is within 0% of a brightness of a second region of the target. In some embodiments, the uniform illumination includes illumination of one or more regions of the target such that a first region of the target has the same or similar brightness as a second region of the target. In some embodiments, the target comprises biological tissue. In some embodiments, the biological tissue is a mammalian cornea. In some embodiments, the quick release mechanism comprises a snap fit (snap-fit).

Drawings

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings, of which:

fig. 1 illustrates a cloud-based system workflow for a bedside instant device configured to measure corneal topography and report such measurements remotely to a doctor, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 2 illustrates a device system workflow for a bedside instant corneal topography measurement user device configured to measure corneal topography offline, in accordance with some embodiments.

Fig. 3A-3B illustrate methods for determining corneal curvature along a particular axis, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 4A shows a cross-sectional geometry that is utilized in estimating the height of the cornea at the reflection of the first source of the light illumination pattern. Fig. 4B illustrates a geometry for estimating the height of the cornea at the reflection of a continuous source of light illumination patterns, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 5A-5B illustrate the location and geometry of illumination patterns relative to a corneal topography measuring device camera and depth sensor, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 6A-6B illustrate the location and geometry of a light illumination pattern on a mobile device that projects the light illumination pattern with a mobile device screen. According to some embodiments, both portrait and landscape configurations are shown.

Fig. 7A-7B illustrate passive linear and circular light pattern panels that may be releasably coupled to a mobile device according to some embodiments.

Fig. 8A-8B illustrate active linear and circular light pattern panels with integrated seed illumination sources that may be releasably coupled to a mobile device, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 9A-9C illustrate a graphical user interface and image overlays of a mobile phone application capable of guiding an object by measuring the cornea diameter of the object and measuring the corneal topography of the object, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 10 shows a workflow for measuring a corneal topography of the cornea of a given subject.

Fig. 11A-11D illustrate a user-friendly and intuitive graphical user interface that directs a subject to gradually measure the cornea diameter of the subject, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 12A-12F illustrate a user-friendly and intuitive graphical user interface for guiding a subject to gradually measure corneal topography in a horizontal orientation, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 13A-13E illustrate a user-friendly and intuitive graphical user interface for guiding a subject to gradually measure corneal topography in a vertical orientation, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary cornea image for determining a reflected illumination pattern on the cornea of a highlighted object of a corneal topography, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 15A-15B illustrate top (fig. 15A) and bottom (fig. 15B) views of a uniform illumination panel as described in some embodiments herein.

Fig. 16 illustrates an enlarged perspective view of a bottom view of a uniform illumination panel as described in some embodiments herein.

Fig. 17 illustrates a perspective view of a uniform illumination panel mounted on a smartphone as described in some embodiments herein.

Fig. 18A-18B illustrate cross-sectional perspective views of a uniform illumination panel highlighting curvature of an incident waveguide as described in some embodiments herein.

Fig. 19 shows an incident waveguide curvature geometric model.

Incorporation by reference

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Detailed Description

Measurement of corneal topography can provide a rich dataset of diagnostic and prognostic factors that can greatly impact the quality of life of a subject. For example, an object of interest to a contact lens may have its corneal curvature measured by corneal curvature to ensure proper fit and function of the contact lens. Without proper measurement of the fit of the subject's cornea and contact lens, the subject may exhibit blurred or painful vision and may potentially damage the subject's eye. In addition, measurements of corneal topography may also be used as a prophylactic diagnostic screening tool or to monitor corneal surgical results. In some embodiments, the methods of measuring corneal topography disclosed herein can be used to determine the optimal fit or function of a contact lens. In some embodiments, the methods of measuring corneal topography disclosed herein can be used to diagnose, monitor, or screen corneal conditions, corneal diseases, pre-operative corneal structures, or post-operative corneal structure changes. Examples of corneal conditions or diseases may include keratoconus, dilation, pterygium formation, limbal dermatome formation, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, prior to performing a LASIK orthokeratology procedure using laser assisted in situ keratology (LASIK), the system or method herein may be used to analyze the pre-operative corneal structure. In some embodiments, the system or method herein may be used to analyze post-operative corneal structures following LASIK surgery to monitor corneal healing and the resulting changes in corneal topography over time.

In some cases, non-invasive measurement of corneal topography by an expensive keratometer may limit the availability and frequency with which a subject can monitor corneal curvature. Accordingly, the invention disclosed herein may address this shortcoming by providing a system, method, and apparatus for measuring corneal topography and curvature at point-of-care.

I. Local and cloud-based systems

In some embodiments, aspects disclosed herein provide systems, methods, and devices that may operate locally offline or on a cloud-based platform, as shown in fig. 1. In some implementations, the illumination, acquisition, image processing, and data storage may occur locally on the mobile computing device of the subject, as shown in fig. 2. In some implementations, image illumination and acquisition may be done locally on the subject's mobile computing device 100, and image processing and analysis 105 may be done on a remote server 104 over a network 101, as may be shown in fig. 1. In some implementations, the data of the object may also be stored in a remote HIPPA compliant database 102, which remote HIPPA compliant database 102 is to be interfaced with the analysis engine 105 and physician portal 103 through the cloud-based network 101. In some implementations, the server 104 can include one or more processors that can process the cornea-reflected light pattern image of the subject. In some embodiments, medical personnel can access data of the corneal topography of the subject remotely through physician portal 103. In some embodiments, the physician portal 103 may allow medical personnel to send advice and communications after viewing patient corneal data. In some embodiments, medical personnel may use analysis engine 105 to remotely perform further analysis of the subject's cornea reflected light pattern image as desired over network 101. In some implementations, the analysis engine 105 may include a plurality of processing algorithms. In some embodiments, the plurality of processing algorithms may include processing for denoising, segmentation, deblurring, distortion correction, chromatic aberration correction, and extraction of a corneal topography from the plurality of corneal reflected light pattern images. In some embodiments, analysis engine 105, server 104, and database 106 may provide longitudinal processing and monitoring of the corneal topography data of the subject over time. In some embodiments, the longitudinal monitoring may be presented to medical personnel in an intuitive graphical user interface on the physician portal 103. In some implementations, the cloud-based system shown in fig. 1 can be integrated with a pre-existing electronic medical record system (EMR).

In some implementations, the mobile computing device may include an on-board system configured to illuminate, measure, orient, process, or store a measurement of the corneal topography of the subject, as may be shown in fig. 2. In some implementations, the on-board system may include one or more processors 207 in electrical communication with the plurality of sensors 202, the on-board memory 210, the computing algorithm 208, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the plurality of sensors 202 may include a camera 203, a gyroscope 204, an accelerometer 205, a depth sensor 206, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the camera may be a CMOS visible light camera that is sensitive to radiant energy in the visible spectrum. In some implementations, the camera 203 may be a CCD visible light camera that is sensitive to radiant energy in the visible spectrum. In some implementations, the camera 203 may be sensitive to radiant energy in the near infrared spectrum. In some implementations, the computing algorithm 208 may include an algorithm that segments portions of captured image data, filters and denoises the image data, measures a size parameter of the segmented object, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the measured size parameter may include a diameter, an area, a length, a width, a distance, a circumference, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the segmentation algorithm may include manual segmentation, elliptical and rectilinear segmentation, hough transform, color segmentation, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the segmentation may segment regions of the captured image data by similar local pixel neighborhood gradients. In some implementations, the local pixel neighborhood gradients will be aligned with each other to generate segments of smooth pixel clusters. In some implementations, adjacent smooth pixel clusters can be combined together to generate a closed contour segment. In some embodiments, the computing algorithm 208 may include an algorithm that calculates the height using a method of reflecting an illumination pattern of the cornea of the subject as described elsewhere herein. In some implementations, the computing algorithm 208 may include image processing functions that denoise, blur, smooth, binarize, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the computing algorithm may measure the length, width, distance, or any combination thereof, of the illumination pattern reflected from the cornea to measure a given topography at a given meridian. In some implementations, the computing algorithm 208 may include a highly parallel computing architecture executing on one or more parallel processors 207. In some implementations, a highly parallel computing structure may include multiple processing cores, each of which may include multiple threads. In some implementations, a first thread of the plurality of threads may be configured to perform a function concurrently with a second thread of the plurality of threads. In some implementations, the threads may perform processing, such as image acquisition, pattern illumination, image segmentation, image processing, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the computing algorithm may include a highly parallel computing structure executing on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). In some embodiments, the information of the subject's corneal topography may be stored locally in memory 210 until further processing or sharing with clinical personnel. In some embodiments, information of the corneal topography of the subject may be communicated via network 101 and stored in cloud database 102. In some embodiments, the memory 210 may be encrypted to store Personal Health Information (PHI) compliant with the health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPPA). In some embodiments, HIPPA compliant PHI can be loaded into an electronic medical record system (EMR) for further review by clinical personnel.

Measurement of cornea diameter and topography

Systems and methods for calculating a cornea diameter and topography of a subject are provided herein. In some embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure provide a method of determining a cornea diameter of a subject by graduation, geometric optics, or any combination thereof. Other aspects of the present disclosure may then determine a corneal topography by combining the measured cornea diameter with the deviation of the captured reflected signal of the illumination pattern of known size and shape.

In some embodiments, the diameter of the cornea of the subject may be determined by geometric optics and ray tracing between the subject (e.g., the cornea of the subject) and the imaging system components. In some embodiments, determining the cornea diameter of the subject by geometric optics and ray tracing may depend on the cornea diameter in pixels of the imaging sensor, the resolution of the captured image in pixels per unit length, the distance between the cornea edge of the subject and the field of view of the imaging sensor. In some embodiments, the cornea diameter in pixels of a subject may be determined by capturing an image of the cornea of the subject with an imaging sensor having a defined number of pixels. In some embodiments, the imaging sensor may include a pixel size of about 1 μm to about 10 μm. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the imaging sensor may include about 1 μm to about 2 μm, about 1 μm to about 3 μm, about 1 μm to about 4 μm, about 1 μm to about 5 μm, about 1 μm to about 6 μm, about 1 μm to about 7 μm, about 1 μm to about 8 μm, about 1 μm to about 9 μm, about 1 μm to about 10 μm, about 2 μm to about 3 μm, about 2 μm to about 4 μm, about 2 μm to about 5 μm, about 2 μm to about 6 μm, about 2 μm to about 7 μm, about 2 μm to about 8 μm, about 2 μm to about 9 μm, about 2 μm to about 10 μm, about 3 μm to about 4 μm, about 3 μm to about 5 μm, about 3 μm to about 6 μm, about 3 μm to about 7 μm, about 3 μm to about 8 μm, about 3 μm to about 9 μm about 3 μm to about 10 μm, about 4 μm to about 5 μm, about 4 μm to about 6 μm, about 4 μm to about 7 μm, about 4 μm to about 8 μm, about 4 μm to about 9 μm, about 4 μm to about 10 μm, about 5 μm to about 6 μm, about 5 μm to about 7 μm, about 5 μm to about 8 μm, about 5 μm to about 9 μm, about 5 μm to about 10 μm, about 6 μm to about 7 μm, about 6 μm to about 8 μm, about 6 μm to about 9 μm, about 6 μm to about 10 μm, about 7 μm to about 8 μm, about 7 μm to about 9 μm, about 7 μm to about 10 μm, about 8 μm to about 9 μm, about 8 μm to about 10 μm, or about 9 μm to about 10 μm. In some embodiments, the imaging sensor may include a pixel size of about 1 μm, about 2 μm, about 3 μm, about 4 μm, about 5 μm, about 6 μm, about 7 μm, about 8 μm, about 9 μm, or about 10 μm. In some embodiments, the imaging sensor may include a pixel size of at least about 1 μm, about 2 μm, about 3 μm, about 4 μm, about 5 μm, about 6 μm, about 7 μm, about 8 μm, or about 9 μm. In some embodiments, the imaging sensor may include a pixel size of up to about 2 μm, about 3 μm, about 4 μm, about 5 μm, about 6 μm, about 7 μm, about 8 μm, about 9 μm, or about 10 μm.

In some embodiments, the cornea diameter in pixels may be extracted from the captured image by a segmented image processing method. In some implementations, the segmentation method may include segmentation by intensity threshold, gradient threshold, canny edge detection, sobel edge detection, hough transform, ellipse and Line Segment Detector (ELSD), or any combination thereof. Once the shape of the cornea is segmented, in some embodiments, the diameter of the cornea may be determined by dividing the area of the cornea into a plurality of parallel horizontal and vertical segments that span the entire segmented cornea area. In some embodiments, the average of the longest lengths of the vertical and horizontal line segments may indicate the cornea diameter of the subject in pixels. In addition to the cornea diameter of the subject in pixels, the distance between the imaging sensor and the limbus can be determined to measure the cornea diameter of the subject.

The limbus is defined as the plane between the cornea (the translucent or transparent area of the eye) and the sclera (the white area of the eye). In some embodiments, the distance between the imaging sensor and the limbus may be determined by a depth sensor. In some implementations, the depth sensor may include a light detection and ranging (LiDAR), a time of flight (TOF) sensor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the distance between the camera imaging plane and the limbus may be determined by a stereoscopic imaging system comprising two or more imaging sensors separated by an angle, distance, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cornea diameter of the subject may be determined using a geometric-optical mathematical relationship combining the cornea diameter of the subject (in pixels of the imaging sensor), the imaging sensor angular field of view, the distance between the imaging sensor plane and the limbus, and the resolution of the captured image (in pixels/unit length). For example, the diameter of the cornea can be expressed by the following formula:

where d is the diameter of the cornea,

d' is the diameter of the cornea in pixels,

is the angular field of view of the camera sensor,

w is the resolution of the captured image in pixels per unit length, and

z is the distance between the camera sensor and the limbus.

In some embodiments, the diameter of the cornea may be determined by a graduated method. In some embodiments, the method of determining the diameter of the cornea by graduations comprises the steps of: (1) Placing fiducial markers of known size near the cornea of a subject; (2) capturing an image of the cornea and nearby fiducial markers; (3) segmenting the fiducial markers from the image; (4) Determining an image pixel resolution of the image from the known scale of the fiducial mark; (5) segmenting the cornea from the image; (6) The segmented cornea diameter is determined from the calculated image pixel resolution. In some embodiments, segmentation of the fiducial markers and cornea may be achieved by the segmentation methods previously disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the fiducial markers may be circular, square, rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, ellipsoidal, or other regular or irregular polygonal shapes. In some embodiments, the fiducial marks may be patterned, colored, textured, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the corneal topography may be calculated by capturing a reflected light pattern on the cornea of the subject with a light sensor. In some embodiments, a method of measuring a corneal topography may comprise the steps of: (a) Providing a panel 301, as shown in fig. 3A-3B, having a plurality of lines 504 (fig. 5B); (b) Coupling the panel to a mobile device configured such that an optical axis of the imaging device 503 (fig. 5A-5B) is offset from a patterned area on the panel or an illumination source on the panel 504; (c) A panel for positioning a mobile device coupled to a near side of an eye of a subject; (d) Projecting a light pattern onto the cornea using the panel and the illumination source to generate a reflected light pattern; (e) Receiving a reflected light pattern 1301 (as shown in fig. 14) using an imaging device 503 on a mobile device to generate a plurality of light signals; and (f) generating a topography of the cornea based at least in part on the plurality of optical signals.

In some embodiments, generating a topography of the cornea may be accomplished by comparing the known spacing of the illumination pattern sources to the spacing of the reflected light patterns received from the cornea 1301 of the subject, as shown in fig. 14. In some embodiments, the imaging device may rotate as the imaging device receives the reflected light pattern to generate a three-dimensional topography of the corneal surface. In some embodiments, the imaging device may acquire a series of individual images as the imaging device rotates. In some embodiments, the imaging device may acquire a continuous stream of high-speed video as the imaging device rotates. In some implementations, the high-speed video may be up to about 30 frames per second, about 60 frames, about 100 frames, or about 120 frames per second (fps). In some implementations, the mobile device gyroscope and accelerometer may record euler angles relative to the beginning of the acquired series of images as the device rotates. In some embodiments, the acquired series of images may then be stitched together along a corneal meridian corresponding to the euler angles recorded during the acquisition. In some embodiments, post-processing of cross-correlation, gaussian blur, median filtering, or any combination thereof may be used to smooth the stitched image.

Turning attention to fig. 3A-3B, the orientation of the lighting panel and the mobile device in some embodiments disclosed herein will be described. In some embodiments, an illumination panel as shown in fig. 3A may include an imaging axis perpendicular to the cornea normal of the subject. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 3B, the illumination panel 301 may be angled at an angle θ 303 relative to a horizontal axis of the cornea 302 of the subject. In some embodiments, the angle θ may be about 10 degrees to about 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle θ may be about 10 degrees to about 20 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 30 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 90 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 30 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 90 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 40 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 90 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 90 degrees, about 50 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 50 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 90 degrees, about 60 degrees to about 90 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 90 degrees to about 90 degrees, about 60 degrees, or about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle θ may be about 10 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, about 80 degrees, or about 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle θ may be at least about 10 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, or about 80 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle θ may be up to about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, about 80 degrees, or about 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the orientation of the illumination panel relative to the cornea may be determined by an on-board sensor of a mobile device that includes the illumination panel. In some implementations, the on-board sensor may include an inertial gyroscopic sensor, an accelerometer, or any combination thereof.

Referring to fig. 4A-4B, the geometry and relationship between the illumination panel 401, the mobile computing device 400, the camera sensor 402, and the cornea 403 of the subject are next described to calculate a corneal topography. In some embodiments, an illumination panel 401 comprising an illumination pattern may be transmitted onto a cornea 403 of a subject. In some embodiments, the pattern illumination may include parameters such as size, geometry, thickness, spacing, area, or any combination thereof previously known. The camera sensor 402 on the mobile computing device 400 may then capture a reflected illumination pattern on the cornea 403 of the subject. In some embodiments, deviations from known parameters of the illumination pattern may be used to measure corneal topography.

In some embodiments, the illumination pattern may include a series of illumination sources. In some implementations, the illumination source may be at an offset relative to the camera sensor 402. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be about 1mm to about 10mm. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the optical axis of the pattern area or illumination source on the panel may be about 1mm to about 2mm, about 1mm to about 3mm, about 1mm to about 4mm, about 1mm to about 5mm, about 1mm to about 6mm, about 1mm to about 7mm, about 1mm to about 8mm, about 1mm to about 9mm, about 1mm to about 10mm, about 2mm to about 3mm, about 2mm to about 4mm, about 2mm to about 5mm, about 2mm to about 6mm, about 2mm to about 7mm, about 2mm to about 8mm, about 2mm to about 9mm, about 2mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 4mm, about 3mm to about 5mm, about 3mm to about 6mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 3mm to about 9mm, about 3mm to about 10mm, about 4mm to about 5mm, about 4mm to about 6mm, about 4mm to about 7mm to about 8mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 10mm to about 6mm, about 10mm to about 8mm, about 10mm to about 5 mm. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be at least about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, or about 9mm. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be at most about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm.

In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be about 5 degrees to about 360 degrees. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the optical axis of the pattern area or illumination source on the panel may be about 5 degrees to about 40 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 120 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 160 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 200 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 240 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 280 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 320 degrees, about 5 degrees to about 360 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 120 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 160 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 200 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 240 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 280 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 320 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 360 degrees, about 80 degrees to about 120 degrees, about 80 degrees to about 160 degrees, about 80 degrees to about 200 degrees, about 80 degrees to about 240 degrees, about 80 degrees to about 320 degrees, about 80 degrees to about 360 degrees, about 120 degrees to about 160 degrees, about 280 degrees to about 200 degrees, about 240 degrees to about 240 degrees, about 240 degrees to about 320 degrees, about 160 degrees to about 320 degrees. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be about 5 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 160 degrees, about 200 degrees, about 240 degrees, about 280 degrees, about 320 degrees, or about 360 degrees. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be at least about 5 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 160 degrees, about 200 degrees, about 240 degrees, about 280 degrees, or about 320 degrees. In some embodiments, the offset between the imaging device and the pattern area on the panel or the optical axis of the illumination source may be at most about 40 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 160 degrees, about 200 degrees, about 240 degrees, about 280 degrees, about 320 degrees, or about 360 degrees.

In some embodiments, the first illumination source may be the illumination source that is the shortest distance from the camera sensor. In some embodiments, the captured height (y ₀ ) May be the distance (x ₀ ) And a function of an angle (θ) between a normal to the corneal reflection of the first illumination source and the y-axis. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 4A, the angle (θ) between the normal to the corneal reflection of the first illumination source and the y-axis may be the distance (l ₀ ) Distance (d) between camera sensor and corneal vertex, distance (x) of corneal reflection of first illumination source closest to camera ₀ ) Is a function of (2). For example, the following mathematical relationship may provide the height of the first illumination:

in some embodiments, each subsequent height (y ₁ 、y ₂ 、…y _n ) The calculation may be iterative as shown in fig. 4B. In some embodiments, (x _n-1 ，y _n-1 ) And (x) _n ，y _n ) The corneal segment in between is considered as an arc segment along a circle. For example, in some embodiments, the nth subsequent height (y _n ) Can be determined by the following mathematical relationship:

wherein t is _n Is (x) _n ，y _n ) The angle between the tangent line and the horizontal axis

In some embodiments, t _n Can be initially estimated as a/2, where a is the angle I between the nth illumination source and the vertical axis _n . In some embodiments, the estimate may be refined numerically until Δy _n ＝y _n -y _n ' settle below a preset threshold. For example, a pair t may be provided _n The mathematical relationship of the estimates of (a) is as follows:

Δl＝l ₀ -l _n

Δy＝d-y _n

in some embodiments, the threshold may be in the range of about 0.000001 to about 0.001. In some embodiments, the threshold may be in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.0001, about 0.001 to about 0.00001, about 0.001 to about 0.000001, about 0.0001 to about 0.00001, about 0.0001 to about 0.000001, or about 0.00001 to about 0.000001. In some embodiments, the threshold may be in the range of about 0.001, about 0.0001, about 0.00001, or about 0.000001. In some embodiments, the threshold may be at least in the range of about 0.001, about 0.0001, or about 0.00001. In some embodiments, the threshold may be at most in the range of about 0.0001, about 0.00001, or about 0.000001.

III, cornea topography measuring equipment

In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein include devices capable of measuring corneal topography without the need for expensive corneal curvature measurement machines or trained clinical personnel. Because of the ubiquity of mobile computing devices, the present invention may utilize a combination of sensors and computing capabilities of a mobile computing device platform. For example, many mobile computing devices (smartphones) may include cameras, inertial sensors, onboard graphics processing units, and sufficient processing power to carry out image capture and processing of known spatial orientations. In addition, some mobile computing devices may also have built-in depth or LiDAR sensors 601, which in some implementations, may be used with other sensors to measure corneal topography.

In some embodiments, the device is configured to measure corneal topography by projecting a light pattern 603 from a panel 605 onto the cornea. The purpose of projecting a light pattern having a known geometry onto the cornea is to measure the difference in reflected light pattern captured from the cornea. In some embodiments, the differences in the captured reflected light patterns may be used to measure corneal curvature at a given meridian. In some embodiments, the light panel may include a plurality of wires coupled to a surface of the panel. In some embodiments, the lines may be linear. In some embodiments, the lines may be circular, radial, parallel, converging, diverging, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the length of the wire may be about 5mm to about 30mm. In some embodiments, the length of the wire may be about 5mm to about 10mm, about 5mm to about 15mm, about 5mm to about 20mm, about 5mm to about 25mm, about 5mm to about 30mm, about 10mm to about 15mm, about 10mm to about 20mm, about 10mm to about 25mm, about 10mm to about 30mm, about 15mm to about 20mm, about 15mm to about 25mm, about 15mm to about 30mm, about 20mm to about 25mm, about 20mm to about 30mm, or about 25mm to about 30mm. In some embodiments, the length of the wire may be about 5mm, about 10mm, about 15mm, about 20mm, about 25mm, or about 30mm. In some embodiments, the length of the wire may be at least about 5mm, about 10mm, about 15mm, about 20mm, or about 25mm. In some embodiments, the length of the wire may be up to about 10mm, about 15mm, about 20mm, about 25mm, or about 30mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be about 1mm to about 10mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be about 1mm to about 2mm, about 1mm to about 3mm, about 1mm to about 4mm, about 1mm to about 5mm, about 1mm to about 6mm, about 1mm to about 7mm, about 1mm to about 8mm, about 1mm to about 9mm, about 1mm to about 10mm, about 2mm to about 3mm, about 2mm to about 4mm, about 2mm to about 5mm, about 2mm to about 6mm, about 2mm to about 7mm, about 2mm to about 8mm, about 2mm to about 9mm, about 2mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 4mm, about 3mm to about 5mm, about 3mm to about 6mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 4mm to about 6mm, about 4mm to about 7mm, about 4mm to about 8mm, about 4mm to about 9mm, about 2mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 4mm to about 7mm, about 3mm to about 8mm, about 3mm to about 6mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 3mm to about 9mm, about 3mm to about 10mm, about 4mm to about 7mm, about 5mm to about 7mm, about 10mm to about 8 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be at least about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, or about 9mm.

In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be up to about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be about 1mm to about 10mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be about 1mm to about 2mm, about 1mm to about 3mm, about 1mm to about 4mm, about 1mm to about 5mm, about 1mm to about 6mm, about 1mm to about 7mm, about 1mm to about 8mm, about 1mm to about 9mm, about 1mm to about 10mm, about 2mm to about 3mm, about 2mm to about 4mm, about 2mm to about 5mm, about 2mm to about 6mm, about 2mm to about 7mm, about 2mm to about 8mm, about 2mm to about 9mm, about 2mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 4mm, about 3mm to about 5mm, about 3mm to about 6mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 4mm to about 6mm, about 4mm to about 7mm, about 4mm to about 8mm, about 4mm to about 9mm, about 2mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 4mm to about 7mm, about 3mm to about 8mm, about 3mm to about 6mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 3mm to about 9mm, about 3mm to about 10mm, about 4mm to about 7mm, about 5mm to about 7mm, about 10mm to about 8 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be at least about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, or about 9mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wire may be up to about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm.

In some embodiments, the area of the wire may be about 10mm ² To about 90mm ² . In some embodiments, the area of the wire may be about 10mm ² To about 20mm ² About 10mm ² Up to about 30mm ² About 10mm ² Up to about 40mm ² About 10mm ² To about 50mm ² About 10mm ² To about 60mm ² About 10mm ² To about 70mm ² About 10mm ² To about 80mm ² About 10mm ² To about 90mm ² About 20mm ² Up to about 30mm ² About 20mm ² Up to about 40mm ² About 20mm ² To about 50mm ² About 20mm ² To about 60mm ² About 20mm ² To about 70mm ² About 20mm ² To about 80mm ² About 20mm ² To about 90mm ² About 30mm ² Up to about 40mm ² About 30mm ² To about 50mm ² About 30mm ² To about 60mm ² About 30mm ² To about 70mm ² About 30mm ² To about 80mm ² About 30mm ² To about 90mm ² About 40mm ² To about 50mm ² About 40mm ² To about 60mm ² About 40mm ² To about 70mm ² About 40mm ² To about 80mm ² About 40mm ² To about 90mm ² About 50mm ² To about 60mm ² About 50mm ² To about 70mm ² About 50mm ² To about 80mm ² About 50mm ² To about 90mm ² About 60mm ² To about 70mm ² About 60mm ² To about 80mm ² About 60mm ² To about 90mm ² About 70mm ² To about 80mm ² About 70mm ² To about 90mm ² Or about 80mm ² To about 90mm ² . In some embodiments, the area of the wire may be about 10mm ² About 20mm ² About 30mm ² About 40mm ² About 50mm ² About 60mm ² About 70mm ² About 80mm ² Or about 90mm ² . In some embodiments, the area of the wire may be at least about 10mm ² About 20mm ² About 30mm ² About 40mm ² About 50mm ² About 60mm ² About 70mm ² Or about 80mm ² . In some embodiments, the area of the wire may be up to about 20mm ² About 30mm ² About 40mm ² About 50mm ² About 60mm ² About 70mm ² About 80mm ² Or about 90mm ² 。

In some embodiments, the spacing of the wires may be about 1mm to about 10mm. In some embodiments, the lines may be spaced about 1mm to about 2mm, about 1mm to about 3mm, about 1mm to about 4mm, about 1mm to about 5mm, about 1mm to about 6mm, about 1mm to about 7mm, about 1mm to about 8mm, about 1mm to about 9mm, about 1mm to about 10mm, about 2mm to about 3mm, about 2mm to about 4mm, about 2mm to about 5mm, about 2mm to about 6mm, about 2mm to about 7mm, about 2mm to about 8mm, about 2mm to about 9mm, about 2mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 4mm, about 3mm to about 5mm, about 3mm to about 6mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 4mm to about 6mm, about 4mm to about 7mm, about 4mm to about 8mm, about 4mm to about 9mm, about 4mm to about 6mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 8mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 9mm to about 10mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 8mm, about 10mm to about 7mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 10mm to about 8 mm. In some embodiments, the spacing of the lines may be about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm. In some embodiments, the spacing of the lines may be at least about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, or about 9mm. In some embodiments, the spacing of the lines may be up to about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm.

In some implementations, the device may include a light panel 605 integrated with the mobile computing device 604, as shown in fig. 6A-6B. In some implementations, the integrated light panel 605 can include a light pattern 603, where the first light pattern source is a distance from a camera sensor of the mobile computing device 602. In some embodiments, the distance between the first light pattern sources may be about 1mm to about 10mm. In some embodiments, the distance between the first light pattern sources may be about 1mm to about 2mm, about 1mm to about 3mm, about 1mm to about 4mm, about 1mm to about 5mm, about 1mm to about 6mm, about 1mm to about 7mm, about 1mm to about 8mm, about 1mm to about 9mm, about 1mm to about 10mm, about 2mm to about 3mm, about 2mm to about 4mm, about 2mm to about 5mm, about 2mm to about 6mm, about 2mm to about 7mm, about 2mm to about 8mm, about 2mm to about 9mm, about 2mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 4mm, about 3mm to about 5mm, about 3mm to about 6mm, about 3mm to about 10mm, about 4mm to about 5mm, about 4mm to about 6mm, about 4mm to about 7mm, about 4mm to about 8mm, about 4mm to about 9mm, about 9mm to about 10mm, about 7mm to about 5mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 3mm to about 7mm, about 5mm to about 8mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 10mm to about 8mm, about 9mm to about 10mm, about 10mm to about 5mm, about 10mm to about 8 mm. In some embodiments, the distance between the first light pattern sources may be about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm. In some embodiments, the distance between the first light pattern sources may be at least about 1mm, about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, or about 9mm. In some embodiments, the distance between the first light pattern sources may be at most about 2mm, about 3mm, about 4mm, about 5mm, about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, or about 10mm.

In some implementations, the panel may be releasably coupled to the mobile computing device, as shown in fig. 7A-7B. In some implementations, panels 702 and 706 may be releasably coupled to a mobile computing device by a quick release mechanism that enables quick attachment and removal of the panels from the mobile device. In some embodiments, the quick release mechanism may include a snap-fit, lip and groove, hook and snap ring mechanism, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the panel may serve as a protective case for the mobile computing device. In some embodiments, the panel may include a plurality of lines. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines may be linear 701. In some embodiments, the plurality of lines may be circular or radial 705. In some implementations, the panel may have circuit breakers for the camera sensors 704 and 708 and the built-in illumination sources 703 and 707. In some implementations, panels 702 and 706 may be transparent or translucent. In some embodiments, the panel may be composed of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). In some embodiments, the panel may be opaque, transparent or translucent. Alternatively, the panel may be composed of transparent or opaque segments. In some embodiments, transparent or opaque segments may be used as waveguides to create the illumination pattern. In some embodiments, the thickness of the panel may be about 0.3mm to about 3mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the panel may be from about 0.3mm to about 0.6mm, from about 0.3mm to about 0.9mm, from about 0.3mm to about 2.1mm, from about 0.3mm to about 2.4mm, from about 0.3mm to about 2.7mm, from about 0.3mm to about 3mm, from about 0.6mm to about 0.9mm, from about 0.6mm to about 2.1mm, from about 0.6mm to about 2.4mm, from about 0.6mm to about 2.7mm, from about 0.6mm to about 3mm, from about 0.9mm to about 2.1mm, from about 0.9mm to about 2.4mm, from about 0.9mm to about 2.7mm, from about 0.9mm to about 3mm, from about 2.1mm to about 2.4mm, from about 2.1mm to about 2.7mm, from about 2.1mm to about 3mm, from about 2.4mm to about 2.7mm, from about 2.4mm to about 3.3 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the panel may be about 0.3mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.9mm, about 2.1mm, about 2.4mm, about 2.7mm, or about 3mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the panel may be at least about 0.3mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.9mm, about 2.1mm, about 2.4mm, or about 2.7mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the panel may be up to about 0.6mm, about 0.9mm, about 2.1mm, about 2.4mm, about 2.7mm, or about 3mm.

In some embodiments, the panel may include segments of material having a high scattering coefficient. In some embodiments, segments of the panel of high scattering coefficient may produce an illumination pattern. In some embodiments, the refractive index of the panel may be about 1.3 to about 1.5. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the refractive index of the panel may be from about 1.3 to about 1.32, from about 1.3 to about 1.34, from about 1.3 to about 1.36, from about 1.3 to about 1.38, from about 1.3 to about 1.4, from about 1.3 to about 1.42, from about 1.3 to about 1.44, from about 1.3 to about 1.46, from about 1.3 to about 1.48, from about 1.3 to about 1.5, from about 1.32 to about 1.34, from about 1.32 to about 1.36, from about 1.32 to about 1.38, from about 1.32 to about 1.4, from about 1.32 to about 1.42, from about 1.32 to about 1.44, from about 1.32 to about 1.46, from about 1.32 to about 1.48, from about 1.32 to about 1.5, from about 1.34 to about 1.36, from about 1.34 to about 1.38, from about 1.34 to about 1.4, from about 1.34 to about 1.34, from about 1.42, from about 1.34 to about 1.34, from about 1.46, from about 1.34, from about 1.4, from about 1.32 to about 1.46, from about 1.1. about 1.36 to about 1.38, about 1.36 to about 1.4, about 1.36 to about 1.42, about 1.36 to about 1.44, about 1.36 to about 1.46, about 1.36 to about 1.48, about 1.36 to about 1.5, about 1.38 to about 1.4, about 1.38 to about 1.42, about 1.38 to about 1.44, about 1.38 to about 1.46, about 1.38 to about 1.48, about 1.38 to about 1.5, about 1.4 to about 1.42, about 1.4 to about 1.44, about 1.4 to about 1.46, about 1.4 to about 1.48, about 1.4 to about 1.5, about 1.42 to about 1.44, about 1.42 to about 1.46, about 1.42 to about 1.48, about 1.42 to about 1.5, about 1.44 to about 1.46, about 1.44 to about 1.48, about 1.1.48, about 1.4 to about 1.46, about 1.5 to about 1.46, about 1.46 to about 1.5. In some embodiments, the refractive index of the panel may be about 1.3, about 1.32, about 1.34, about 1.36, about 1.38, about 1.4, about 1.42, about 1.44, about 1.46, about 1.48, or about 1.5. In some embodiments, the refractive index of the panel may be at least about 1.3, about 1.32, about 1.34, about 1.36, about 1.38, about 1.4, about 1.42, about 1.44, about 1.46, or about 1.48. In some embodiments, the refractive index of the panel may be up to about 1.32, about 1.34, about 1.36, about 1.38, about 1.4, about 1.42, about 1.44, about 1.46, about 1.48, or about 1.5.

In some embodiments, the absorption coefficient of the panel may be about 1 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the panel may have an absorption coefficient of about 1 cm-1 to about 2 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 3 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 4 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 5 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 6 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 7 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 8 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 9 cm-1, about 1 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1, about 2 cm-1 to about 3 cm-1, about 2 cm-1 to about 4 cm-1, about 2 cm-1 to about 5 cm-1, about 2 cm-1 to about 6 cm-1, about 2 cm-1 to about 7 cm-1, about 2 cm-1 to about 8 cm-1; about 2cm 1 to about 9cm 1, about 2cm 1 to about 10cm 1, about 3cm 1 to about 4cm 1, about 3cm 1 to about 5cm 1, about 3cm 1 to about 6cm 1, about 3cm 1 to about 7cm 1, about 3cm 1 to about 8cm 1, about 3cm 1 to about 9cm 1 about 3 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1, about 4 cm-1 to about 5 cm-1, about 4 cm-1 to about 6 cm-1, about 4 cm-1 to about 7 cm-1, about 4 cm-1 to about 8 cm-1, about 4 cm-1 to about 9 cm-1, about 4 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1, about 5 cm-1 to about 6 cm-1, about 5 cm-1 to about 7 cm-1, about 5 cm-1 to about 8 cm-1, about 5 cm-1 to about 9 cm-1, about 5 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1, about 6 cm-1 to about 7 cm-1, about 6 cm-1 to about 8 cm-1, about 6 cm-1 to about 9 cm-1, about 6 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1, about 7 cm-1 to about 8 cm-1, about 7 cm-1 to about 9 cm-1, about 7 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1, about 8 cm-1 to about 9 cm-1, about 8 cm-1 to about 8 cm-1, about 8 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1, or about 9 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1. In some embodiments, the panel may have an absorption coefficient of about 1 cm-1, about 2 cm-1, about 3 cm-1, about 4 cm-1, about 5 cm-1, about 6 cm-1, about 7 cm-1, about 8 cm-1, about 9 cm-1, or about 10 cm-1. In some embodiments, the panel may have an absorption coefficient of at least about 1 cm-1, about 2 cm-1, about 3 cm-1, about 4 cm-1, about 5 cm-1, about 6 cm-1, about 7 cm-1, about 8 cm-1, or about 9 cm-1. In some embodiments, the panel may have an absorption coefficient of at most about 2 cm-1, about 3 cm-1, about 4 cm-1, about 5 cm-1, about 6 cm-1, about 7 cm-1, about 8 cm-1, about 9 cm-1, or about 10 cm-1.

In some embodiments, the panel lines may be opaque. In some implementations, the panel can include a waveguide that utilizes an integrated illumination source of the mobile computing device. In some embodiments, the waveguide may include a lens-based system to couple light from the integrated illumination source into the waveguide without losing light to total internal reflection between the illumination source and the interface of the waveguide. In some embodiments, up to 10%, up to 20%, up to 30%, up to 40%, up to 50%, up to 60%, up to 70%, up to 80%, up to 90%, or up to 100% of the output light from the integrated illumination source is coupled into the waveguide. In some embodiments, the lens-based system may include a sphere lens, a fisheye lens, a wide angle lens, a macro lens, a normal lens, or a tele lens. In some implementations, the panel may include an integrated camera sensor lens system that provides greater optical power than that achieved by the mobile computing device camera sensor alone. In some embodiments, the optical power may be about 5 diopters to about 40 diopters. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the power may be about 5 diopters to about 10 diopters, about 5 diopters to about 15 diopters, about 5 diopters to about 20 diopters, about 5 diopters to about 25 diopters, about 5 diopters to about 30 diopters, about 5 diopters to about 35 diopters, about 5 diopters to about 40 diopters, about 10 diopters to about 15 diopters, about 10 diopters to about 20 diopters, about 10 diopters to about 25 diopters, about 10 diopters to about 30 diopters, about 10 diopters to about 35 diopters, about 10 diopters to about 40 diopters, about 15 diopters to about 20 diopters, about 15 diopters to about 25 diopters, about 15 diopters to about 30 diopters, about 15 diopters to about 35 diopters, about 15 diopters to about 40 diopters, about 20 diopters to about 25 diopters, about 20 diopters to about 30 diopters, about 20 diopters to about 35 diopters, about 20 diopters to about 40 diopters, about 25 diopters to about 30 diopters, about 25 diopters to about 25, about 25 to about 25, about 35 diopters to about 35 diopters, about 40 diopters to about 35 diopters, about 30 diopters to about 35 diopters, about 35 diopters to about 40 diopters. In some embodiments, the optical power may be about 5 diopters, about 10 diopters, about 15 diopters, about 20 diopters, about 25 diopters, about 30 diopters, about 35 diopters, or about 40 diopters. In some embodiments, the optical power may be at least about 5 diopters, about 10 diopters, about 15 diopters, about 20 diopters, about 25 diopters, about 30 diopters, or about 35 diopters. In some embodiments, the optical power may be up to about 10 diopters, about 15 diopters, about 20 diopters, about 25 diopters, about 30 diopters, about 35 diopters, or about 40 diopters.

In some embodiments, panels 803 and 807 can include illumination sources 802, as shown in fig. 8A-8B. In some embodiments, the illumination source may include a Light Emitting Diode (LED), a superluminescent diode (SLD), a low coherence laser, a high coherence laser, a broadband laser, a narrow band laser, a halogen bulb, a xenon lamp, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the illumination source may include a battery that powers the illumination source. In some implementations, the mobile computing device may be configured to power the illumination source. In some embodiments, the illumination may be independently controlled by a physical on-off switch. In some implementations, the illumination source can be in electrical communication with the mobile computing device to digitally control the emissions. In some implementations, the mobile device can provide a variable illumination signal to tune the brightness of the illumination source. In some embodiments, a panel including an illumination source may include a plurality of illumination lines. In some embodiments, the plurality of illumination lines may be linear 801. In some embodiments, the plurality of illumination lines may be circular or radial 806. In some implementations, panels 803 and 807 including illumination sources may also include circuit breakers for mobile device camera sensor 805 and integrated illumination source 804.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include a method for measuring a cornea diameter and topography of a subject using a corneal topography measuring device, as may be shown in fig. 10, the method comprising: (a) superimposing 1001 a fiducial marker on the cornea of the subject; (b) measuring a cornea diameter 1002 of the subject; (c) horizontally positioning the mobile computing device 1003; (d) Aligning the angle of the mobile computing device to the horizontal mark 1004; (e) illuminating the cornea 1005 of the subject with the illumination pattern; (f) capturing a horizontal image 1006 of the cornea reflected light pattern; (g) vertically positioning the mobile computing device 1007; (h) Aligning the angle of the mobile computing device to the vertical mark 1008; (i) irradiating the cornea 1009 of the subject with an illumination pattern; (j) capturing a vertical image 1010 of the cornea-reflected light pattern; and (k) calculating the corneal curvature and topography 1011 of the subject. In some implementations, densely sampled corneal topography data can be acquired using multiple locations between the vertical and horizontal locations of the mobile computing device. In some embodiments, a continuous video of the cornea-reflected light pattern may be acquired in place of discrete images at the horizontal and vertical positions.

Graphic user interface tool bag

In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 9A-9C, 11A-11D, 12A-12F, and 13A-13E, the device for corneal topography measurement may include a mobile device application with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) toolkit to direct a subject or operator to properly measure corneal topography. In some implementations, the graphical user interface may include a large button 903 and text box description 902 of tasks or actions that a user or operator must accomplish, as shown in fig. 9A and 11A-11D. In some implementations, the GUI may include an Augmented Reality (AR) overlay of shapes 901 or 904 and 905 to guide the user through the task at hand during certain actions, as shown in fig. 9B. In some implementations, the GUI AR overlay can include one or more concentric circles 901 to position the mobile computing device camera sensor on the cornea of the subject, aligned with an angular orientation of the camera sensor relative to a vertical or horizontal axis of the cornea, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a circular GUI AR overlay element may be used to determine the diameter of the cornea of the subject. In some implementations, the GUI AR overlay element may dynamically move or adjust in size and orientation as the mobile computing device moves. In some implementations, two concentric GUI AR overlay elements 904 and 905 may be utilized to align and guide the orientation of the mobile computing device relative to the cornea of the patient, as shown in fig. 9B-9C. In some implementations, the GUI may include an indication Fu Wenben box 906 to highlight what steps the user or operator is currently completing and how many steps remain before all corneal measurements are completed. In some embodiments, the cornea diameter (fig. 11A-11D), the longitudinal (vertical) corneal topography (fig. 13A-13E), and the transverse (horizontal) corneal topography (fig. 12A-12F) may be measured using GUI elements and AR overlays.

In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 11, the GUI element and AR overlay may be configured to assist the user in measuring the cornea diameter. In some implementations, the user can be presented with a GUI view of a home screen including graphics, company names, logos, descriptive text, large buttons, or any combination thereof, as shown in fig. 11A. In some implementations, the descriptive text can include a description of the goal of the GUI view to follow next. In some implementations, the large button may include text indicating the function of tapping or pressing the button. In some embodiments, the text may be read as "measure your eyes". In some implementations, the GUI view of fig. 11B can be displayed to the user when a button in the GUI view shown in fig. 11A is pressed or tapped. In some implementations, the GUI view of fig. 11B can include a plurality of text boxes including instruction text, title information text, large buttons, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the plurality of text boxes can include text indicating steps of a process for measuring a corneal topography of the subject. In some implementations, the text can include the steps of: (1) determining the diameter of the cornea, (2) capturing the horizontal curvature of the cornea and (3) capturing the vertical curvature of the cornea. In some implementations, the text can include the steps of: (1) Determining a cornea diameter, and (2) capturing a plurality of corneal curvature measurements at a plurality of meridians. In some embodiments, each noon line may include a different set of angular polar coordinates. In some embodiments, the polar coordinates may include fixed radial coordinates with varying angular coordinates.

In some embodiments, the angular coordinate may include about 0 degrees to about 360 degrees. In some embodiments, the angular coordinate may include about 0 to about 40 degrees, about 0 to about 80 degrees, about 0 to about 120 degrees, about 0 to about 160 degrees, about 0 to about 200 degrees, about 0 to about 240 degrees, about 0 to about 280 degrees, about 0 to about 320 degrees, about 0 to about 360 degrees, about 40 to about 80 degrees, about 40 to about 120 degrees, about 40 to about 160 degrees, about 40 to about 200 degrees, about 40 to about 240 degrees, about 40 to about 280 degrees, about 40 to about 320 degrees, about 40 to about 360 degrees, about 80 to about 120 degrees, about 80 to about 160 degrees, about 80 to about 200 degrees, about 80 to about 240 degrees, about 80 to about 280 degrees, about 80 to about 320 degrees, about 80 to about 360 degrees, about 120 to about 160 degrees, about 120 to about 200 degrees, about 120 to about 240 degrees, about 280 to about 280 degrees, about 40 to about 320 degrees, about 320 to about 320 degrees, about 240 to about 240 degrees, about 160 to about 320 degrees, about 240 to about 320 degrees. In some embodiments, the angular coordinates may include about 0 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 160 degrees, about 200 degrees, about 240 degrees, about 280 degrees, about 320 degrees, or about 360 degrees. In some embodiments, the angular coordinates may include at least about 0 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 160 degrees, about 200 degrees, about 240 degrees, about 280 degrees, or about 320 degrees. In some embodiments, the angular coordinates may include up to about 40 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 160 degrees, about 200 degrees, about 240 degrees, about 280 degrees, about 320 degrees, or about 360 degrees.

In some embodiments, the plurality of meridians may include from about 8 meridians to about 365 child meridians. In some embodiments, the plurality of meridians may include from about 8 meridians to about 16, from about 8 meridians to about 32, from about 8 meridians to about 64, from about 8 meridians to about 128, from about 8 meridians to about 256, from about 8 meridians to about 365, from about 16 meridians to about 32, from about 16 to about 64, from about 16 to about 128, from about 16 to about 256, from about 16 to about 365, from about 32 to about 64, from about 32 to about 32, from about 32 to about 128, from about 32 to about 32, from about 32 to about 365, from about 64 to about 128, from about 64 to about 256, from about 256 to about 256, from about 64 to about 365, from about 256 to about 128, or from about 365 to about 128. In some embodiments, the plurality of meridians may include about 8 meridians, about 16 sub-meridians, about 32 sub-meridians, about 64 sub-meridians, about 128 sub-meridians, about 256 sub-meridians, or about 365 meridians. In some embodiments, the plurality of meridians may include at least about 8 meridians, about 16 meridiones, about 32 meridiones, about 64 meridiones, about 128 meridians, or about 256 meridians. In some embodiments, the plurality of meridians may include at most about 16 sub-meridians, about 32 sub-meridians, about 64 sub-meridians, about 128 sub-meridians, about 256 sub-meridians, or about 365 meridians.

In some implementations, each text box can be placed near a number indicating the order of steps to be performed. In some implementations, the text box including the text indicator for each step can also include a graphic indicating the step in a graphical form near the text indicator, as shown in fig. 11B. Once the user presses or taps the button shown in fig. 11B, the GUI view in fig. 11C may be displayed to the user. In some implementations, a GUI view including a transparent AR circle overlay, a real-time image of the cornea and eyes of the subject in the camera field of view, a plurality of alphanumeric text and graphical indicators, large buttons, or any combination thereof may be displayed to the user, as shown in fig. 11C. In some embodiments, the plurality of alphanumeric text and graphical indicators may include a series of arabic numerals within a defined text graphic that may indicate a total number of steps for measuring the corneal topography of the subject. In some embodiments, the number of the current program step of the corneal topography of the measurement subject may be highlighted to indicate the current step. In some embodiments, the remaining numerical indicators may be transparent to indicate to the user that a particular step is not completed. In some embodiments, the plurality of alphanumeric text and graphical indicators may include instructional text and graphics instructing the user how to measure the cornea diameter of the subject. In some implementations, the text can include adjusting a direction of the circular overlay of the AR projection in the subject's eye. In some implementations, the text can be near a graphical representation of the instructions of the text. In some implementations, as shown in fig. 11C, the user can move the camera in space to properly align the AR projected circle to completely enclose the subject's eye. In some implementations, the user can advance to the Next step or GUI view by pressing or tapping a large button entitled "Next". In some implementations, a GUI view including a plurality of text and graphical instructions, a blurred real-time image of the cornea and eyes of the subject in the camera field of view, a large button, or any combination thereof may then be displayed to the user, as shown in fig. 11D. In some embodiments, the plurality of alphanumeric text and graphical indicators may include instructional text and graphics that instruct the user how to measure the cornea diameter of the subject. In some implementations, the text can include adjusting a direction of circular coverage of the AR projection in the subject's eye. In some implementations, the text can be near a graphical representation of the instructions of the text. In some embodiments, instruction text superimposed on blurred real-time images of the cornea and eyes of an object in the field of view of the camera may indicate that the user is looking at the camera to ensure proper image acquisition. In some implementations, the user can then proceed to the Next GUI view by pressing or tapping a large button entitled "Next".

In some implementations, as shown in fig. 12A-12F, the GUI element and AR overlay may be configured to assist the user in obtaining a corneal topography in the horizontal direction of the mobile device. Beginning with fig. 12A, a pop-up text window may indicate how the user orients the mobile phone relative to the cornea to indicate that the user will acquire data on the horizontal aspect of corneal curvature. In some implementations, the view of fig. 12A may include a circular AR overlay that a user may use to locate the distance and macroscopic alignment of the mobile device and camera sensor relative to the displayed real-time image of the subject's eye and cornea. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 12A, sufficient alignment may occur when a circular AR covers the entire cornea surrounding it. In some implementations, the GUI view of fig. 12A can also visually indicate to the user the top of the view in a highlighted text window that includes numbers of the ongoing step or a portion of the overall step. In some implementations, the user can then proceed to acquire data by tapping a large button with the indicator "Next". In some implementations, a view as shown in fig. 12B may be displayed to the user, where the GUI presented on the background of the image in the field of view of the camera includes a set of text instructions and a circular GUI AR overlay element when the user has advanced to the view of fig. 12B. In some embodiments, the circular GUI AR overlay may include two rows of elements 180 degrees apart connected to the circular GUI AR overlay in addition to dashed elements transverse to the vertical axis of the user's eyes. In some embodiments, two rows of elements 180 degrees apart connected to a circular GUI AR overlay element may be aligned with dashed elements traversing the vertical length of the user's eye to properly align the mobile computing device to measure corneal curvature in the horizontal plane. In some implementations, the text instructions of fig. 12B may inform the user that the user may need to rotate the body of the mobile computing device to align the camera sensor of the mobile computing device with the orientation of the horizontal axis of the cornea of the subject. In some implementations, the view as shown in fig. 12C can then be presented to the user as the mobile computing device is rotated to align with the circular GUI AR element shown in fig. 12B. In some implementations, a circular GUI AR overlay may be presented to the user that may include two rows of elements 180 degrees apart connected to a circular GUI AR overlay of a different color than the circular GUI AR overlay of fig. 12B. In some implementations, when the user has advanced to the view of fig. 12C, a different color circular GUI AR overlay element can be presented on the background of the image in the camera view. In some implementations, text may also be presented to the user informing the user that the rotation of the mobile computing device has been properly set, and the user may continue to capture corneal curvature measurements. In some implementations, the user may then be presented with a view of FIG. 12D, FIG. 12D including a set of concentric color circular GUI AR elements and text instructions. In some implementations, the text instructions can describe to the user how to move the set of concentric color circular GUI AR elements using a combination of text and graphics to superimpose the concentric color circular GUI AR elements on the iris of the user, as shown in fig. 12E. In some embodiments, the user may then capture the corneal curvature measurement by tapping or pressing a capture button presented within the text field shown in fig. 12E. In some implementations, the illumination pattern shown in fig. 12F can then be presented to the user.

In some implementations, as shown in fig. 13, the GUI element and AR overlay may be configured to assist the user in obtaining a corneal topography in the vertical direction of the mobile device. Beginning with fig. 13A, a pop-up text window may indicate how the user orients the mobile phone relative to the cornea, indicating that the user will acquire data for a vertical aspect of the corneal curvature. In some implementations, the view of fig. 13A may include a circular AR overlay that a user may use to locate the distance and macroscopic alignment of the mobile device and camera sensor relative to the displayed real-time image of the subject's eye and cornea. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 13A, sufficient alignment may occur when the circular AR cover surrounds the entire cornea. In some implementations, the GUI view of fig. 13A can also visually indicate to the user the top of the view in a highlighted text window that includes numbers of the ongoing step or a portion of the overall step. In some implementations, the user can then proceed to acquire data by tapping a large button with the indicator "Next". In some implementations, a view as shown in fig. 13B may be displayed to the user, where the GUI presented on the background of the image in the field of view of the camera includes a set of text instructions and a circular GUI AR overlay element when the user has advanced to the view of fig. 13B. In some embodiments, the circular GUI AR overlay may include two rows of elements 180 degrees apart connected to the circular GUI AR overlay in addition to dashed elements transverse to the vertical axis of the user's eyes. In some embodiments, two rows of elements 180 degrees apart connected to a circular GUI AR overlay element may be aligned with dashed elements traversing the vertical length of the user's eye to properly align the mobile computing device to measure corneal curvature in the vertical plane. In some implementations, the text instructions of fig. 13B may inform the user that the user may need to rotate the body of the mobile computing device to align the camera sensor of the mobile computing device with the orientation of the horizontal axis of the cornea of the subject. In some implementations, the view as shown in fig. 13C can then be presented to the user as the mobile computing device is rotated to align with the circular GUI AR element shown in fig. 13B. In some implementations, a circular GUI AR overlay may be presented to the user that may include two rows of elements 180 degrees apart connected to a circular GUI AR overlay of a different color than the circular GUI AR overlay of fig. 13B. In some implementations, when the user has advanced to the view of fig. 13C, a different color circular GUI AR overlay element can be presented on the background of the image in the camera view. In some implementations, text may also be presented to the user informing the user that the rotation of the mobile computing device has been properly set, and the user may continue to capture corneal curvature measurements. In some implementations, the user may then be presented with the view of FIG. 13D, FIG. 13D including a set of concentric color circular GUI AR elements and text instructions. In some implementations, the text instructions can describe to the user how to move the set of concentric color circular GUI AR elements with a combination of text and graphics to superimpose the concentric color circular GUI AR elements on the iris of the user, as shown in fig. 13D. In some embodiments, the user may then capture the corneal curvature measurement by tapping or pressing a capture button presented within the text field shown in fig. 13D. In some implementations, the illumination pattern shown in fig. 13E may then be presented to the user.

In some embodiments, the GUI may include a marketplace where subjects may purchase contact lenses recommended based on measured cornea diameters and corneal topography. In some embodiments, the marketplace may include a series of different windows with contact lens supplies from multiple suppliers. In some implementations, the marketplace GUI may include a set of reviews and ratings for various contact lenses provided by multiple suppliers to customers.

Corneal topography measurements can provide a rich dataset of diagnostic and prognostic factors that can greatly impact the quality of life of a subject. For example, an object interested in obtaining a contact lens may have their corneal curvature measured by corneal curvature to ensure proper fit and function of the contact lens. Without proper measurement of the cornea and contact lens of the subject, the subject may exhibit blurred or painful vision and may cause damage to the subject's eye. Alternatively, corneal topography measurements may be used as a prophylactic diagnostic screening tool or to monitor corneal surgical results. In order to accurately and reproducibly measure the corneal curvature of a subject, a stable and uniform light source is required. In some cases, the devices and systems disclosed herein may include devices configured to provide uniform illumination.

In some cases, a uniform illumination source is critical when measuring the profile or topography of a surface. In order to properly repeat and accurately measure the surface profile or topography, the structured illumination pattern should provide a constant spatial intensity, i.e. uniform illumination. The uniformity of the illumination source may be determined by the ratio of the brightest intensity area in a given field of the illumination source to the darkest area in the given field of the illumination source. The ratio for a given illumination source approaches the value 1, indicating a uniform illumination source. Alternatively, a spatial distribution of the light intensity of the illumination source may be used to describe a uniform illumination source. In some cases, the uniformity of an illumination source may be described by a spatial gradient of the intensity generated by the illumination source in a field remote from the illumination source. In some cases, a uniform illumination source may include a spatial gradient variation of up to about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1% or less. A uniform illumination source with such a spatial intensity distribution may increase the accuracy of an image or data processing method that determines the contour or topography of a surface by measuring reflected light or light patterns from the surface. This improvement in accuracy improves the reliability of this process.

In some cases, the device may be configured to couple with a pre-existing light source. In some cases, the light source may be a light source of a smart phone device. In some cases, the light source may be a stand-alone light source. In some cases, the light source may include a Light Emitting Diode (LED), a superluminescent diode laser (SLD), a laser, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the LEDs may be configured to output a spectrum, such as UV, visible, NIR, or any combination of spectra thereof.

V. even panel illuminator

In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 15A-15B, the devices and systems disclosed herein may include a device 1100 for illuminating a target. In some cases, the apparatus uniformly provides uniform illumination of the target to improve the determination of the shape, spatial topography, and/or profile of the target. In some cases, uniform illumination includes illumination of one or more regions of the target such that the brightness of a first region of the target is within about 10%, 9%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% or less of the brightness of a second region of the target. In some cases, the brightness in region 1 is the same as or similar to the brightness in region 2. In some cases, the target may include biological tissue, such as a corneal surface. In some cases, the corneal surface may be a mammalian corneal surface. In some cases, the device may be configured to produce a uniform light source from a point source. In some cases, the uniform light source may include a light source configured to provide emitted illumination such that the emitted light source may include a constant or near-constant brightness and/or intensity across an area, surface, field of view, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the point light source may comprise a light source of an electronic device. In some cases, the electronic device may include one or more separate light sources. In some cases, the one or more light sources may include LEDs, SLDs, lasers, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the electronic device may include a smart phone. In some cases, the device may be configured to optically communicate with a smartphone 1114 light source, as shown in fig. 17. In some cases, the device may include a faceplate that may be mechanically coupled to the smart phone 1114 via a housing, shield, shell, partial shell, sleeve, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the panel may include a quick release mechanism that enables the panel to be releasably coupled to the mobile device. In some cases, the quick release mechanism may achieve coupling without the use of other tools. The coupling of the quick release mechanism may include tension-based coupling of the faceplate to the smart phone 1114. In some cases, the quick release mechanism may include a snap fit.

Turning to fig. 15A-15B, in some cases, the device 1100 may include: (a) A first surface 1104 comprising one or more light scattering elements 1108 and (b) a second surface 1112 comprising a plurality of illumination elements 1110 in optical communication with the plurality of light scattering elements 1108, wherein the first surface 1104 comprises a light inlet 1109, the light inlet 1109 comprising a curved surface or waveguide configured to (i) receive light emitted from a light source and (ii) direct the light to the one or more light scattering elements. In some cases, one or more light scattering elements 1108 may be configured to pass light to multiple illumination elements 1110. In some cases, the plurality of lighting elements may be configured to generate a uniform illumination pattern for illuminating the target. In some cases, the surface of the device may also include an optically transparent window 1105 in optical communication with the light source. In some cases, the device may include an optically transparent window in optical communication with the sensor 1106. In some cases, the sensor may include a camera, such as a smart phone camera, CMOS, CCD, or any combination thereof.

In some cases, the optically transparent window in optical communication with the sensor 106 may comprise a diameter of about 6mm to about 15mm. In some cases, the optically transparent window in optical communication with the sensor 1106 may include a diameter of about 6mm to about 7mm, about 6mm to about 8mm, about 6mm to about 9mm, about 6mm to about 10mm, about 6mm to about 11mm, about 6mm to about 12mm, about 6mm to about 13mm, about 6mm to about 14mm, about 6mm to about 15mm, about 7mm to about 8mm, about 7mm to about 9mm, about 7mm to about 10mm, about 7mm to about 11mm, about 7mm to about 12mm, about 7mm to about 13mm, about 7mm to about 14mm, about 7mm to about 15mm, about 8mm to about 9mm, about 8mm to about 10mm, about 8mm to about 11mm, about 8mm to about 12mm, about 8mm to about 13mm, about 8mm to about 14mm, about 15mm, about 9mm to about 10mm, about 9mm to about 11mm, about 9mm to about 12mm, about 9mm to about 13mm, about 14mm to about 14mm, about 10mm to about 11mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 10mm to about 14mm to about 11mm, about 10mm to about 10mm, about 10mm to about 11 mm. In some cases, the optically transparent window in optical communication with the sensor may comprise a diameter of about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, about 10mm, about 11mm, about 12mm, about 13mm, about 14mm, or about 15mm. In some cases, the optically transparent window in optical communication with the sensor 1106 may include at least about 6mm, about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, about 10mm, about 11mm, about 12mm, about 13mm, or about 14mm in diameter. In some cases, the optically transparent window in optical communication with the sensor 1106 can comprise at most about 7mm, about 8mm, about 9mm, about 10mm, about 11mm, about 12mm, about 13mm, about 14mm, or about 15mm in diameter.

In some cases, the device may include a length of about 100mm to about 180mm. In some cases, the apparatus may include a length of about 100mm to about 110mm, about 100mm to about 120mm, about 100mm to about 130mm, about 100mm to about 140mm, about 100mm to about 150mm, about 100mm to about 160mm, about 100mm to about 170mm, about 100mm to about 180mm, about 110mm to about 120mm, about 110mm to about 130mm, about 110mm to about 140mm, about 110mm to about 150mm, about 110mm to about 160mm, about 110mm to about 170mm, about 110mm to about 180mm, about 120mm to about 130mm, about 120mm to about 140mm, about 120mm to about 150mm, about 120mm to about 160mm, about 120mm to about 170mm, about 120mm to about 180mm, about 130mm to about 140mm, about 130mm to about 150mm, about 130mm to about 160mm, about 130mm to about 170mm, about 130mm to about 180mm, about 140mm to about 150mm, about 160mm to about 160mm, about 180mm to about 170mm, about 180mm to about 160mm, about 170mm to about 160 mm. In some cases, the device may comprise a length of about 100mm, about 110mm, about 120mm, about 130mm, about 140mm, about 150mm, about 160mm, about 170mm, or about 180mm. In some cases, the device may comprise at least a length of about 100mm, about 110mm, about 120mm, about 130mm, about 140mm, about 150mm, about 160mm, or about 170mm. In some cases, the device may comprise at most a length of about 110mm, about 120mm, about 130mm, about 140mm, about 150mm, about 160mm, about 170mm, or about 180mm.

In some cases, the apparatus may include a width of about 40mm to about 120mm. In some cases, the apparatus may include a width of about 40mm to about 50mm, about 40mm to about 60mm, about 40mm to about 70mm, about 40mm to about 80mm, about 40mm to about 90mm, about 40mm to about 100mm, about 40mm to about 110mm, about 40mm to about 120mm, about 50mm to about 60mm, about 50mm to about 70mm, about 50mm to about 80mm, about 50mm to about 90mm, about 50mm to about 100mm, about 50mm to about 110mm, about 50mm to about 120mm, about 60mm to about 70mm, about 60mm to about 80mm, about 60mm to about 90mm, about 60mm to about 100mm, about 60mm to about 110mm, about 60mm to about 120mm, about 70mm to about 80mm, about 70mm to about 100mm, about 70mm to about 120mm, about 80mm to about 90mm, about 80mm to about 100mm, about 80mm to about 80mm, about 80mm to about 100mm, about 80mm to about 110mm, about 120mm to about 120mm, about 110mm to about 120mm, about 100mm to about 120mm. In some cases, the apparatus may include a width of about 40mm, about 50mm, about 60mm, about 70mm, about 80mm, about 90mm, about 100mm, about 110mm, or about 120mm. In some cases, the apparatus may comprise at least a width of about 40mm, about 50mm, about 60mm, about 70mm, about 80mm, about 90mm, about 100mm, or about 110mm. In some cases, the apparatus may comprise a width of at most about 50mm, about 60mm, about 70mm, about 80mm, about 90mm, about 100mm, about 110mm, or about 120mm.

In some cases, the apparatus may include a thickness of about 0.5mm to about 6mm. In some of the cases where the number of the cases, the apparatus may include a thickness of about 0.5mm to about 1mm, about 0.5mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.5mm to about 2mm, about 0.5mm to about 2.5mm, about 0.5mm to about 3mm, about 0.5mm to about 3.5mm, about 0.5mm to about 4mm, about 0.5mm to about 4.5mm, about 0.5mm to about 5mm, about 0.5mm to about 5.5mm, about 0.5mm to about 6mm, about 1mm to about 1.5mm, about 1mm to about 2mm, about 1mm to about 2.5mm, about 1mm to about 3mm, about 1mm to about 3.5mm about 1mm to about 4mm, about 1mm to about 4.5mm, about 1mm to about 5mm, about 1mm to about 5.5mm, about 1mm to about 6mm, about 1.5mm to about 2mm, about 1.5mm to about 2.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 3mm, about 1.5mm to about 3.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 4mm, about 1.5mm to about 4.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 5mm, about 1.5mm to about 5.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 6mm, about 2mm to about 2.5mm, about 2mm to about 3mm about 1mm to about 4mm, about 1mm to about 4.5mm, about 1mm to about 5mm, about 1mm to about 5.5mm, about 1mm to about 6mm, about 1.5mm to about 2mm, about 1.5mm to about 2.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 3mm about 1.5mm to about 3.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 4mm, about 1.5mm to about 4.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 5mm, about 1.5mm to about 5.5mm, about 1.5mm to about 6mm, about 2mm to about 2.5mm, about 2mm to about 3 mm. In some cases, the device may comprise a thickness of about 0.5mm, about 1mm, about 1.5mm, about 2mm, about 2.5mm, about 3mm, about 3.5mm, about 4mm, about 4.5mm, about 5mm, about 5.5mm, or about 6mm. In some cases, the apparatus may comprise at least a thickness of about 0.5mm, about 1mm, about 1.5mm, about 2mm, about 2.5mm, about 3mm, about 3.5mm, about 4mm, about 4.5mm, about 5mm, or about 5.5mm. In some cases, the device may comprise at most about 1mm, about 1.5mm, about 2mm, about 2.5mm, about 3mm, about 3.5mm, about 4mm, about 4.5mm, about 5mm, about 5.5mm, or about 6mm in thickness.

In some cases, the device may have one or more rasped corners (and/or straight edges) as shown in fig. 15A-15B. In some cases, the file angle may include a radius of about 8mm to about 17mm. In some cases, file angles may include a radius of about 8mm to about 9mm, about 8mm to about 10mm, about 8mm to about 11mm, about 8mm to about 12mm, about 8mm to about 13mm, about 8mm to about 14mm, about 8mm to about 15mm, about 8mm to about 16mm, about 8mm to about 17mm, about 9mm to about 10mm, about 9mm to about 11mm, about 9mm to about 12mm, about 9mm to about 13mm, about 9mm to about 14mm, about 9mm to about 15mm, about 9mm to about 16mm, about 9mm to about 17mm, about 10mm to about 11mm, about 10mm to about 12mm, about 10mm to about 13mm, about 10mm to about 14mm, about 10mm to about 15mm, about 10mm to about 16mm, about 10mm to about 17mm, about 11mm to about 12mm, about 11mm to about 13mm, about 11mm to about 14mm, about 11mm to about 11mm, about 15mm to about 15mm, about 11mm to about 16mm, about 16mm to about 16mm, about 12mm to about 13mm, about 14mm to about 13mm to about 16mm, about 14mm to about 13mm, about 14mm to about 16mm to about 13mm, about 14mm to about 13 mm. In some cases, the file angle may include a radius of about 8mm, about 9mm, about 10mm, about 11mm, about 12mm, about 13mm, about 14mm, about 15mm, about 16mm, or about 17mm. In some cases, the file angle may include at least a radius of about 8mm, about 9mm, about 10mm, about 11mm, about 12mm, about 13mm, about 14mm, about 15mm, or about 16mm. In some cases, the file angle may comprise at most a radius of about 9mm, about 10mm, about 11mm, about 12mm, about 13mm, about 14mm, about 15mm, about 16mm, or about 17mm.

In some cases, the device may include two or more surfaces 1102, 1104, and 1112, which may be configured to direct an input light source toward one or more illumination elements 1110. In some cases, the one or more surfaces may include surfaces of the top 1104, the bottom 1112, the sides 1102, or any combination thereof. The apparatus may include one or more surfaces (1104, 1102, 1112, and 1110) that may be transparent and/or translucent polished according to or in accordance with a polishing standard (e.g., the plastics industry association A1 polishing standard). In some cases, one or more of the surfaces 1102, 1104, and 1112 may also include a reflective coating that may be applied to the unpolished and/or polished surfaces. In some cases, the reflective coating may include a reflective coating of gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, polished stainless steel, chromium, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the reflective coating may be configured to redirect and/or redistribute light coupled from the light source to one or more light scattering elements to generate a uniform illumination source emitted at the illumination element. In some cases, the reflective coating may provide structural features similar to those of a laser cavity that produces emission with relatively constant illumination in time and/or space. In some cases, the reflective coating may be configured to maximize the internal reflection and brightness of the one or more lighting elements 1110. In some cases, the reflective coating may be configured to prevent or otherwise inhibit propagation of photons emitted from the light source toward the cornea of the subject.

In some cases, the surface 1112 of the one or more surfaces may include one or more illumination elements 1110, the one or more illumination elements 1110 including one or more surfaces for illuminating or directing light to the target. In some cases, one or more of the illumination elements 1110 produce a uniform illumination pattern that can be projected or directed onto a target. In some cases, the illumination element may provide patterned illumination to determine a contour or topography of the surface. In some cases, one or more lighting elements may be spatially arranged in a predetermined pattern. In some cases, the illumination element 1110 may include a linear shape or profile, a non-linear shape or profile, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the non-linearly shaped lighting element may include a curve or arc, as shown in fig. 15B.

In some cases, the non-linear shaped illumination element 1110 may comprise a radius of about 20mm to about 170mm. In some cases, the nonlinear-shaped lighting element 110 may include a radius of about 20mm to about 40mm, about 20mm to about 60mm, about 20mm to about 80mm, about 20mm to about 100mm, about 20mm to about 120mm, about 20mm to about 140mm, about 20mm to about 160mm, about 20mm to about 170mm, about 40mm to about 60mm, about 40mm to about 80mm, about 40mm to about 100mm, about 40mm to about 120mm, about 40mm to about 140mm, about 40mm to about 160mm, about 40mm to about 170mm, about 60mm to about 80mm, about 60mm to about 100mm, about 60mm to about 120mm, about 60mm to about 140mm, about 60mm to about 160mm, about 60mm to about 170mm, about 80mm to about 100mm, about 80mm to about 120mm, about 80mm to about 140mm, about 80mm to about 160mm, about 80mm to about 170mm, about 100mm to about 120mm, about 60mm to about 170mm, about 160mm to about 160mm, about 160mm to about 140mm, about 120mm to about 170mm. In some cases, the non-linear shaped lighting element 110 may include a radius of about 20mm, about 40mm, about 60mm, about 80mm, about 100mm, about 120mm, about 140mm, about 160mm, or about 170mm. In some cases, the non-linear shaped illumination element 1110 may include at least a radius of about 20mm, about 40mm, about 60mm, about 80mm, about 100mm, about 120mm, about 140mm, or about 160mm. In some cases, the non-linear shaped illumination element 1110 may comprise at most a radius of about 40mm, about 60mm, about 80mm, about 100mm, about 120mm, about 140mm, about 160mm, or about 170mm.

In some cases, the lighting element may comprise a material having a refractive index of about 1.4 to about 2. In some cases, the lighting element may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.4 to about 1.5, about 1.4 to about 1.6, about 1.4 to about 1.7, about 1.4 to about 1.8, about 1.4 to about 1.9, about 1.4 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 1.6, about 1.5 to about 1.7, about 1.5 to about 1.8, about 1.5 to about 1.9, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.6 to about 1.7, about 1.6 to about 1.8, about 1.6 to about 1.9, about 1.6 to about 2, about 1.7 to about 1.8, about 1.7 to about 1.9, about 1.7 to about 2, about 1.8 to about 1.9, about 1.8 to about 2, or about 1.9 to about 2. In some cases, the lighting element may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, or about 2. In some cases, the lighting element may include at least a material having a refractive index of about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, or about 1.9. In some cases, the lighting element may comprise a material having a refractive index of at most about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, or about 2.

In some cases, the lighting element may include a height or depth of about 0.1 millimeters to about 4 millimeters. In some cases, the illumination element may include a height or depth of about 0.1 to about 0.2 mm, about 0.1 to about 0.3 mm, about 0.1 to about 0.4 mm, about 0.1 to about 0.5 mm, about 0.1 to about 1 mm, about 0.1 to about 1.5 mm, about 0.1 to about 2 mm, about 0.1 to about 3 mm, about 0.1 to about 4 mm, about 0.2 to about 0.3 mm, about 0.2 to about 0.4 mm, about 0.2 to about 0.5 mm, about 0.2 to about 1 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.2 to about 3 mm, about 0.3 to about 0.4 mm, about 1.3 to about 1.5 mm, about 1 to about 4 mm, about 1.3 to about 1 to about 4 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 1 to about 1.3 mm, about 4 mm to about 1 mm, about 4 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1 to about 4 mm, about 1.2 mm, about 1 to about 4 mm. In some cases, the lighting element may include a height or depth of about 0.1 millimeters, about 0.2 millimeters, about 0.3 millimeters, about 0.4 millimeters, about 0.5 millimeters, about 1 millimeter, about 1.5 millimeters, about 2 millimeters, about 3 millimeters, or about 4 millimeters. In some cases, the lighting element may include at least a height or depth of about 0.1 millimeters, about 0.2 millimeters, about 0.3 millimeters, about 0.4 millimeters, about 0.5 millimeters, about 1 millimeter, about 1.5 millimeters, about 2 millimeters, or about 3 millimeters. In some cases, the lighting element may comprise a height or depth of at most about 0.2 millimeters, about 0.3 millimeters, about 0.4 millimeters, about 0.5 millimeters, about 1 millimeter, about 1.5 millimeters, about 2 millimeters, about 3 millimeters, or about 4 millimeters.

In some cases, the device may include a light inlet 1109. In some cases, as shown in fig. 15B, 18A-18B, and 19, the light inlet may include a curved surface or waveguide. The light inlet 1109 may include a curved surface 1114 as shown in fig. 19. In some cases, curved surface 1114 or waveguide may be configured to receive light from a light source and distribute it to a plurality of light scattering elements while reducing or minimizing light hot spots at or near the light inlet or light source. In some cases, the optical hot spot may correspond to or refer to a concentration of light at or near the optical inlet 1109. In some cases, the refractive index of the light inlet 1109 may be a refractive index different from the refractive index of the device. In some cases, curved surface 1114 may direct light emitted by the light source toward one or more light scattering elements and the plurality of illumination elements. In some cases, the geometry of the curved surface 1114 may be determined based on the geometry of the light source and the light emission characteristics. For example, two light sources with different convexities may require a change in the geometry of the curved surface.

In some cases, a device described herein can include one or more light scattering elements disposed on one of a first surface or a second surface of the device. In some cases, the one or more light scattering elements may include a two-dimensional array of light scattering elements disposed on a surface of the first surface or the second surface, as shown in fig. 15A and 16. In some cases, the two-dimensional array of one or more light scattering elements may include a linear configuration, a non-linear configuration, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the one or more light scattering elements may include one or more dome reflectors 1108, scattering particles, prisms, mirrors, dome reflectors, or any combination thereof.

In some cases, the curvature or composition of the light scattering elements may provide geometric or light scattering redistribution and/or redirection of incident light on one or more of the scattering elements. In some cases, one or more light scattering elements may equivalently scatter or redistribute incident photons. In some cases, the light scattering element may participate in light scattering interactions of Raleigh, mie, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the light scattering interaction with the incident light may be determined by the refractive index difference between the light scattering element and the surrounding medium.

The refractive index difference between the light scattering element and the surrounding medium may comprise a refractive index difference of about 0.1 to about 2. The refractive index difference between the light scattering element and the surrounding medium may include about 0.1 to about 0.2, about 0.1 to about 0.3, about 0.1 to about 0.4, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.1 to about 0.6, about 0.1 to about 0.7, about 0.1 to about 0.8, about 0.1 to about 0.9, about 0.1 to about 1, about 0.1 to about 1.5, about 0.1 to about 2, about 0.2 to about 0.3, about 0.2 to about 0.4, about 0.2 to about 0.5, about 0.2 to about 0.6, about 0.2 to about 0.7, about 0.2 to about 0.8, about 0.2 to about 0.9, about 0.2 to about 1, about 0.2 to about 2, about 0.3 to about 0.4, about 0.3 to about 0.5, about 0.3 to about 0.3, about 0.2 to about 0.3, about 0.8, about 0.2 to about 0.3 about 0.4 to about 0.6, about 0.4 to about 0.7, about 0.4 to about 0.8, about 0.4 to about 0.9, about 0.4 to about 1, about 0.4 to about 1.5, about 0.4 to about 2, about 0.5 to about 0.6, about 0.5 to about 0.7, about 0.5 to about 0.8, about 0.5 to about 0.9, about 0.5 to about 1, about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 2, about 0.6 to about 0.7, about 0.6 to about 0.8, about 0.6 to about 0.9, about 0.6 to about 1.5, about 0.6 to about 2, about 0.7 to about 0.8, about 0.7 to about 0.9, about 0.7 to about 1, about 0.7 to about 1.5, about 0.7 to about 2, about 0.8 to about 0.9, about 0.1.5 to about 1, about 1.8 to about 2, about 0.6 to about 1.9, about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 1.8, about 0.6 to about 1.5, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.8, about 0.7 to about 1.9. The refractive index difference between the light scattering element and the surrounding medium may comprise a refractive index difference of about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 1.5, or about 2. The refractive index difference between the light scattering element and the surrounding medium may comprise at least a refractive index difference of about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, or about 1.5. The refractive index difference between the light scattering element and the surrounding medium may comprise at most a refractive index difference of about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 1.5, or about 2.

In some cases, the light scattering element may include a geometry configured to redirect or redistribute incident photons in all or a portion of the spherical vector trajectory of the reflected or scattered light between the incident light and the one or more light scattering elements. The one or more light scattering elements may diffuse and/or redistribute light in a manner that produces a uniform illumination source from a light source that may include a non-uniform illumination source. In some cases, the geometry and location of the light inlet 1109 may be designed to take into account the location of the light source.

In some cases, dome reflector 1108 may include a radius of about 0.1mm to about 1.5mm. In some of the cases where the number of the cases, the dome reflector 108 may include a radius of about 0.1mm to about 0.2mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.3mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.4mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.6mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.1mm to about 1mm, about 0.1mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.1mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.3mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.4mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.6mm about 0.2mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.2mm to about 1mm, about 0.2mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.2mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.4mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.6mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.3mm to about 1mm, about 0.3mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.3mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.6mm about 0.4mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.4mm to about 1mm, about 0.4mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.4mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.6mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.5mm to about 1mm, about 0.5mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.5mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.6mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.6mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.6mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.7mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.7mm to about 1.8 mm, about 1.2mm to about 1.2mm, about 1.1.2 mm to about 1.2mm, about 1.2mm to about 1.2mm. In some cases, dome reflector 1108 may include a radius of about 0.1mm, about 0.2mm, about 0.3mm, about 0.4mm, about 0.5mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.7mm, about 0.8mm, about 0.9mm, about 1mm, about 1.2mm, or about 1.5mm. In some cases, dome reflector 1108 may include at least a radius of about 0.1mm, about 0.2mm, about 0.3mm, about 0.4mm, about 0.5mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.7mm, about 0.8mm, about 0.9mm, about 1mm, or about 1.2mm. In some cases, dome reflector 108 may comprise at most a radius of about 0.2mm, about 0.3mm, about 0.4mm, about 0.5mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.7mm, about 0.8mm, about 0.9mm, about 1mm, about 1.2mm, or about 1.5mm.

In some cases, dome reflector 1108 may include a depth of about 0.1mm to about 1.5mm. In some of the cases where the number of the cases, the dome reflector 108 may include a depth of about 0.1mm to about 0.2mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.3mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.4mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.6mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.1mm to about 1mm, about 0.1mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.1mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.3mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.4mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.6mm about 0.2mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.2mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.2mm to about 1mm, about 0.2mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.2mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.4mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.6mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.3mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.3mm to about 1mm, about 0.3mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.3mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.6mm about 0.4mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.4mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.4mm to about 1mm, about 0.4mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.4mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.6mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.5mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.5mm to about 1mm, about 0.5mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.5mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.6mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.6mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.6mm to about 1.5mm, about 0.7mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.7mm to about 1.8 mm, about 1.2mm to about 1.2mm, about 1.1.2 mm to about 1.2mm, about 1.2mm to about 1.2mm. In some cases, dome reflector 108 may comprise a depth of about 0.1mm, about 0.2mm, about 0.3mm, about 0.4mm, about 0.5mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.7mm, about 0.8mm, about 0.9mm, about 1mm, about 1.2mm, or about 1.5mm. In some cases, dome reflector 1108 may include at least a depth of about 0.1mm, about 0.2mm, about 0.3mm, about 0.4mm, about 0.5mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.7mm, about 0.8mm, about 0.9mm, about 1mm, or about 1.2mm. In some cases, dome reflector 1108 may include a depth of at most about 0.2mm, about 0.3mm, about 0.4mm, about 0.5mm, about 0.6mm, about 0.7mm, about 0.8mm, about 0.9mm, about 1mm, about 1.2mm, or about 1.5mm.

In some cases, the device may be composed of a material having a refractive index in the range of about 1.49 to about 2 at 589.3 nanometers (nm). In some cases, the device may include a material of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), acrylic, or any combination thereof.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical, symbolic and other technical and scientific terms or terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which claimed subject matter pertains. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and/or for ease of reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein is not necessarily to be construed as materially different from what is commonly understood in the art.

Throughout the present application, various embodiments may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description of the range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all possible subranges and individual values within the range. For example, descriptions such as ranges from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6, etc., as well as individual numbers within the range, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Regardless of the breadth of the range, this applies to both.

As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term "sample" includes a plurality of samples, including mixtures thereof.

The terms "determine," "measure," "evaluate," and "analyze" are often used interchangeably herein to refer to a form of measurement. These terms include determining whether an element is present (e.g., detecting). These terms may include quantitative, qualitative, or both quantitative and qualitative determinations. The evaluation may be relative or absolute. "detecting presence" may include determining the amount of something present in addition to determining whether something is present based on context.

The terms "subject," "individual," or "patient" are often used interchangeably herein. A "subject" may be a biological entity comprising expressed genetic material. The biological entity may be a plant, animal or microorganism, including, for example, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The subject may be a tissue, a cell, or a progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro. The subject may be a mammal. Such mammal may be a human. A subject may be diagnosed with or suspected of having a high risk of a disease. In some cases, the subject is not necessarily diagnosed or suspected of having a high risk of the disease.

The term "in vivo" is used to describe events that occur within a subject.

The term "in vitro" is used to describe an event that occurs outside the body of a subject. No in vitro test was performed on the subjects. Instead, it is performed on a sample separate from the subject. One example of an in vitro assay on a sample is an "in vitro" assay.

The term "in vitro" is used to describe an event that occurs in a container containing laboratory reagents, thereby separating it from the biological source of the material obtained. In vitro assays may include cell-based assays, in which living or dead cells are used. In vitro assays may also include cell-free assays that do not use whole cells.

As used herein, the term "about" refers to the number plus or minus 10% of the number. The term "about" range means that the range minus 10% of its lowest value and plus 10% of its maximum value.

The use of absolute or continuous terms such as "to," "should not," "must," "cannot," "first," "initially," "next," "subsequently," "preceding," "following," "last" and "final" are not meant to limit the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein, but are exemplary.

Any of the systems, methods, software, compositions, and platforms described herein are modular and are not limited to sequential steps. Thus, terms such as "first" and "second" do not necessarily imply a priority, order of importance, or order of acts.

As used herein, the term "treatment" or "diagnosis" refers to a drug or other intervention regimen for achieving a beneficial or desired result in a subject. Beneficial or desired results include, but are not limited to, therapeutic benefits and/or prophylactic benefits. Therapeutic benefit may refer to eradication or amelioration of symptoms or underlying disease being treated. In addition, therapeutic benefits may be obtained by eradicating or ameliorating one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disease such that an improvement is observed in the subject, although the subject may still be afflicted with the underlying disease. Preventive effects include delaying, preventing or eliminating the appearance of a disease or condition, delaying or eliminating the appearance of symptoms of a disease or condition, slowing, stopping or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, or any combination thereof. For prophylactic benefit, subjects at risk of developing a disease, or subjects reporting physiological symptoms of one or more diseases, may receive treatment, even though such diseases may not be diagnosed.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

Claims

1. An apparatus for corneal topography measurement, comprising:

a panel configured to be releasably coupled to a mobile device, wherein the panel is further configured to (a) project a light pattern onto a cornea of an eye to generate a reflected light pattern, and (b) facilitate transfer of the reflected light pattern from the cornea to an imaging device on the mobile device for generating a plurality of light signals,

wherein the optical axis of the imaging device is offset from either (i) the patterned area or (ii) the illumination source on the panel.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the offset between the optical axis of the imaging apparatus and the pattern area or the illumination source on the panel is about 1mm to about 10mm.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the offset between the optical axis of the imaging apparatus and the pattern area or the illumination source on the panel is about 5 degrees to about 360 degrees.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the panel is configured to function as a protective case for the mobile device.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the panel light pattern comprises a plurality of lines.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the plurality of lines are linear.

7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the plurality of lines are circular or radial.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein the panel includes a quick release mechanism that enables the panel to be releasably coupled to the mobile device.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the quick release mechanism comprises a snap fit.

10. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the plurality of lines are disposed on a surface of the panel.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the panel is transparent or translucent.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the panel has an absorption coefficient of about 1 cm-1 to about 10 cm-1.

13. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the plurality of lines are opaque.

14. A system, the system comprising:

the apparatus of claim 1; and

one or more processors configured to process the plurality of light signals by (i) comparing the projected light pattern with the reflected light pattern to generate a two-dimensional elevation gradient, and (ii) generating a three-dimensional topography of the cornea using the two-dimensional elevation gradient.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are located on the mobile device.

16. The system of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are located on a server remote from the mobile device.

17. The system of claim 14, wherein the system further comprises the mobile device, and wherein the mobile device comprises a depth sensor configured to measure a distance from the cornea to the imaging device.

18. A method of measuring a topography of a cornea, comprising:

(a) Providing a panel having a plurality of lines;

(b) Coupling the panel to a mobile device in a configuration such that an optical axis of the imaging device is offset from a patterned area on the panel or an illumination source on the panel;

(c) Placing the panel coupled to the mobile device near an eye of a subject;

(d) Projecting a light pattern onto the cornea using the panel and the illumination source to generate a reflected light pattern;

(e) Receiving the reflected light pattern using the imaging device on the mobile device to generate a plurality of light signals; and

(f) A topography of the cornea is generated based at least in part on the plurality of optical signals.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein (e) further comprises detecting a distance between the panel and the eye of the subject using a depth sensor on the mobile device.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the plurality of lines on the panel are linear.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the plurality of lines on the panel are circular or radial.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein (e) further comprises rotating the imaging device while the imaging device receives the reflected light pattern.

23. An apparatus for illuminating a target, comprising:

a first surface and a second surface, wherein the first surface comprises a plurality of light scattering elements and the second surface comprises a plurality of illumination elements in optical communication with the plurality of light scattering elements,

wherein the first surface comprises a light inlet comprising a curved surface or waveguide configured to (i) receive light emitted from a light source and (ii) direct the light to the plurality of light scattering elements,

wherein the plurality of light scattering elements are configured to pass the light to the plurality of lighting elements, and

Wherein the plurality of illumination elements are configured to generate an illumination pattern for illuminating the target.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the plurality of light scattering elements comprises one or more dome reflectors, scattering particles, or any combination thereof.

25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the curved surface or waveguide is configured to receive the light from the light source and distribute it to the plurality of light scattering elements while reducing or minimizing light hot spots at or near the light inlet or the light source.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the optical hotspot corresponds to a concentration of light at or near the optical inlet.

27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the second surface comprises a reflective coating.

28. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the plurality of lighting elements are spatially arranged in a predetermined pattern.

29. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the plurality of lighting elements comprise a linear shape.

30. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the plurality of lighting elements comprise a non-linear shape.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the nonlinear shape comprises a curve or an arc.

32. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the plurality of light scattering elements comprises a two-dimensional array of light scattering elements disposed on the first surface.

33. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the illumination element comprises one or more surfaces for illuminating the target or directing light to the target.

34. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the two-dimensional array comprises a linear configuration, a non-linear configuration, or any combination thereof.

35. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the apparatus further comprises an optically transparent window in optical communication with the light source.

36. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the light source comprises a Light Emitting Diode (LED).

37. The device of claim 23, wherein the light source is located on a mobile device.

38. The device of claim 23, wherein the device comprises a panel configured to function as a protective case for a mobile device.

39. The device of claim 38, wherein the panel includes a quick release mechanism that enables the panel to be releasably coupled to the mobile device.

40. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the illumination pattern generated by the plurality of illumination elements is configured to provide uniform illumination.

41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the uniform illumination comprises illumination of one or more regions of the target such that a first region of the target has a brightness that is within 10% of a brightness of a second region of the target.

42. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the uniform illumination comprises illumination of one or more regions of the target such that a first region of the target has a brightness that is within 0% of a brightness of a second region of the target.

43. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the uniform illumination comprises illumination of one or more regions of the target such that a first region of the target has the same or similar brightness as a second region of the target.

44. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the target comprises biological tissue.

45. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein the biological tissue is a mammalian cornea.

46. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the quick release mechanism comprises a snap fit.