CN116938457B - Reconfigurable relay device and quantum key distribution network - Google Patents
Reconfigurable relay device and quantum key distribution network Download PDFInfo
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- 101100028789 Arabidopsis thaliana PBS1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 30
- 101100448366 Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.12 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 25
- 101150057219 HWP1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 25
- 101100232265 Candida albicans (strain SC5314 / ATCC MYA-2876) HWP2 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 24
- 101100139907 Arabidopsis thaliana RAR1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 23
- 101100028790 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) PBS2 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 23
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- 101100245381 Caenorhabditis elegans pbs-6 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 20
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- 101100150005 Caenorhabditis elegans spd-3 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 12
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- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
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- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of secret communication, and discloses a reconfigurable relay device which comprises a first polarization controller, a second polarization controller, a reconfigurable interferometer, a first polarization beam splitter, a second polarization beam splitter and four single photon detectors. Compared with the prior art, the invention can realize active base selection polarization measurement on the polarization coding quantum state by reconstructing the structure of the relay device, thereby improving the safety of the system; and the Bell state measurement based on the polarization beam splitter can be realized, and the polarization extinction ratio of the polarization beam splitter can reach 30dB, so that the accuracy of the Bell state measurement result can be improved. The quantum key distribution network can be compatible with BB84 protocol and MDI protocol, can realize the switching of supported protocols by simply switching an optical switch, is easy to network, can flexibly switch operation protocols according to scenes, and has extremely strong adaptability and practicability.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of secure communications, and in particular, to a reconfigurable relay device and a quantum key distribution network.
Background
Quantum key distribution can provide information theory security for both communication parties, but due to the non-perfection of actual devices, security vulnerabilities exist in the system, wherein the most common vulnerabilities are found in the aspect of measuring equipment. The proposal of a measurement device independent quantum key distribution protocol (MDI-QKD) removes the trusted requirement on a measurement end, can immunize all attacks aiming at the measurement end, and greatly improves the actual security of the system. But has the disadvantage of a lower rate of bit-formation. Compared with the MDI protocol, the BB84 protocol has higher maturity and bit rate, and correspondingly more perfect defensive measures are provided for the discovered loopholes, but the potential loopholes still cause the security of the system to be reduced. The BB84 protocol and the MDI protocol can be applied to different scenes according to the characteristics of the two protocols. If the relay node is completely trusted, the BB84 protocol can be adopted to obtain a higher key rate; and when the relay node is not trusted, the MDI protocol may be used for higher security.
In an actual QKD network, different protocols and codec modes can be adopted according to different requirements of different application scenes on key rates and security, and a corresponding QKD system capable of executing the protocols is deployed according to different protocols in a conventional manner, but when the scene changes and the requirements change, the QKD system cannot make corresponding changes, and the network cannot be reconstructed. Therefore, if the same set of QKD networking system can be compatible with BB84 protocol and MDI protocol, the high key rate and high security characteristics of the same set of QKD networking system are combined, and the encoding and decoding modes can be switched according to actual needs, so that the practicability of the QKD network is greatly improved. The documents Qi B, lo H K, LIM C W, et al Free-space reconfigurable quantum key distribution network 2015 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS), IEEE 2015:1-6 and Wang J, huberman B A A Reconfigurable Relay for Polarization Encoded QKD Networks [ J ]. ArXiv preprint arXiv:2106.01475, 2021, present a polarization encoding based QKD network scheme that can be compatible with BB84 and MDI protocols on the same set of hardware. However, the scheme adopts passive base selection measurement when BB84 protocol is carried out, even though the measurer can trust, an eavesdropper can carry out wavelength attack on the measurer through a channel to acquire key information distributed by the two parties, so that the security of the system is reduced. And the bell state measuring device based on the beam splitter is adopted, so that the HOM interference result is influenced due to the error of the beam splitting ratio of the actual beam splitter, and further the bell state measurement is influenced. The scheme proposed in CN116318682B is compatible with the phase encoding BB84 protocol and MDI protocol, but is not applicable to polarization encoding.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a reconfigurable relay device and a quantum key distribution network.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
a reconfigurable relay device comprises a first polarization controller PC1, a second polarization controller PC2, a reconfigurable interferometer, a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4,
the input port of the first polarization controller PC1 and the input port of the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively used as two input ports of the reconfigurable relay device; the output port of the first polarization controller PC1 and the output port of the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively connected with the port 1 and the port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 3 and the port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer are respectively and correspondingly connected with the input port of the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 and the input port of the second polarization beam splitter PBS 2; two output ports of the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 are respectively connected with the first single photon detector SPD1 and the second single photon detector SPD2; two output ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS2 are respectively connected with a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4;
the first polarization controller PC1 and the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively used for calibrating the polarization states of light signals incident from two input ports of the reconfigurable interferometer;
the reconfigurable interferometer is used for carrying out polarization modulation on one path of optical signals when in a first structure, and carrying out polarization measurement on the optical signals by combining a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2 or combining a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4;
when the device is in the second structure, the device is used for carrying out polarization interference on two paths of light signals which are simultaneously incident, and meanwhile, the device is combined with a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2, a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4 to realize Bell state measurement.
Preferably, the reconfigurable interferometer comprises a first circulator CIR1, a second circulator CIR2, a third polarization beam splitter PBS3, a first optical switch OS1, a second optical switch OS2, a first phase modulator PM1, a first half-wave plate HWP1 and a second half-wave plate HWP2,
port 1 of the first circulator CIR1 and port 1 of the second circulator CIR2 are respectively used as port 1 and port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 2 of the first circulator CIR1 and the port 2 of the second circulator CIR2 are correspondingly connected with the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 respectively; the port 3 of the first circulator CIR1 and the port 3 of the second circulator CIR2 are correspondingly connected with the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS2 respectively; the port 4 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 and the port 3 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 4 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 3 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 3 of the second optical switch OS2 are respectively connected with two ends of the first phase modulator PM1 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2 are correspondingly connected with one end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and one end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 respectively; the other end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the other end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 are respectively used as a port 3 and a port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 are in state 0 when they are on; port 1 to port 2 and port 3 to port 4 are in state 1 when they are paths;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the second optical switch OS2 are in state 0 when they are on; with ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 being states 1 when they are paths,
the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in a first structure when the states are 1; the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in the second configuration when the states are 0.
Preferably, the reconfigurable interferometer comprises a third polarizing beamsplitter PBS3, a fourth polarizing beamsplitter PBS4, a first optical switch OS1, a second optical switch OS2, a second phase modulator PM2, an adjustable delay module VDL, a first half-wave plate HWP1 and a second half-wave plate HWP2,
the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 are respectively used as the port 1 and the port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 4 and the port 3 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 2 and the port 3 of the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 4 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 3 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4 are respectively connected to two ends of the second phase modulator PM2 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 3 of the second optical switch OS2 and the port 4 of the fourth polarizing beam splitter PBS4 are connected by an adjustable delay module VDL; the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2 are correspondingly connected with one end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and one end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 respectively; the other end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the other end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 are respectively used as a port 3 and a port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 are in state 0 when they are on; port 1 to port 2 and port 3 to port 4 are in state 1 when they are paths;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the second optical switch OS2 are in state 0 when they are on; with ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 being states 1 when they are paths,
the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in a first structure when the states are 1; the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in the second configuration when the states are 0.
Preferably, the included angle between the main axis direction of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the second half-wave plate HWP2 and the horizontal direction is 22.5 °.
The invention also discloses a quantum key distribution network, which comprises a first sender, a second sender and a measuring party, wherein the first sender and the second sender are respectively connected with the measuring party through a first optical fiber channel and a second optical fiber channel;
the first sender and the second sender both comprise quantum state preparation modules, and the quantum state preparation modules comprise a laser LD, an intensity modulator IM, a coding module and an adjustable attenuator VOA which are connected in sequence;
the measuring party is a reconfigurable relay device;
the quantum key distribution network can realize that the first sender or the second sender independently performs the polarization codec BB84QKD protocol with the measuring party; it is also possible to implement that the first sender and the second sender perform the polarization codec MDIQKD protocol simultaneously with the measuring party.
Preferably, the coding module is a polarization coding module and comprises a fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 and a third phase modulator PM3, wherein an included angle between a polarization-preserving optical fiber slow axis of a port 1 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 and a horizontal polarization direction is 45 degrees; the port 2 and the port 3 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 are respectively connected to two ends of the third phase modulator PM3 through polarization maintaining fibers.
Preferably, the coding module is a switchable coding module, and comprises a sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6, a fourth phase modulator PM4 and a third optical switch OS3, wherein the angle between the slow axis of the polarization maintaining fiber of the port 1 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 and the horizontal direction is 45 degrees, and the slow axis of the polarization maintaining fiber is used as an input port of the coding module; the port 4 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 and the port 2 of the third optical switch OS3 are respectively connected with two ends of the fourth phase modulator PM4 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 2 and the port 3 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 and the port 3 of the third optical switch OS 3; port 3 of the third optical switch OS3 is used as an output port of the encoding module;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the third optical switch OS3 are in state 0 when they are on; ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 are in state 1 when they are paths.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a reconfigurable relay device, which can realize active base selection polarization measurement on polarization coding quantum states by reconstructing the structure of the relay device, and improve the safety of a system; and the Bell state measurement based on the polarization beam splitter can be realized, and the polarization extinction ratio of the polarization beam splitter can reach 30dB, so that the accuracy of the Bell state measurement result can be improved. In addition, the quantum key distribution network can be compatible with BB84 protocol and MDI protocol, can realize the switching of supported protocols by simply switching an optical switch, is easy to network, can flexibly switch operation protocols according to scenes, and has extremely strong adaptability and practicability.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a reconfigurable relay device of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a first embodiment of a quantum key distribution network of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a second embodiment of a quantum key distribution network of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown.
As shown in fig. 1, a reconfigurable relay device includes a first polarization controller PC1, a second polarization controller PC2, a reconfigurable interferometer, a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, and first single photon detector SPD1, second single photon detector SPD2, third single photon detector SPD3, fourth single photon detector SPD4,
the input port of the first polarization controller PC1 and the input port of the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively used as two input ports of the reconfigurable relay device; the output port of the first polarization controller PC1 and the output port of the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively connected with the port 1 and the port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 3 and the port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer are respectively and correspondingly connected with the input port of the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 and the input port of the second polarization beam splitter PBS 2; two output ports of the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 are respectively connected with the first single photon detector SPD1 and the second single photon detector SPD2; two output ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS2 are respectively connected with a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4;
the first polarization controller PC1 and the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively used for calibrating the polarization states of light signals incident from two input ports of the reconfigurable interferometer;
the reconfigurable interferometer is used for carrying out polarization modulation on one path of optical signals when in a first structure, and carrying out polarization measurement on the optical signals by combining a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2 or combining a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4;
when the device is in the second structure, the device is used for carrying out polarization interference on two paths of light signals which are simultaneously incident, and meanwhile, the device is combined with a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2, a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4 to realize Bell state measurement.
The specific working process is as follows:
1) Measurement of polarization encoded quantum states
The polarization encoded quantum state is incident to one input port of the reconfigurable relay device, and the polarization state is recovered by the first polarization controller PC1, which can be written as
Subsequently entering port 1 of the reconfigurable interferometer, first polarization-splitting into a first polarization component and a second polarization component by a polarization beam splitter inside it, the phase difference between the two being modulated as. The first polarized component and the second polarized component are overlapped in time domain when being output, and the first polarized component and the second polarized component are polarized and combined, so that the quantum state can be written as
Its polarization is then rotated 45 deg., exiting port 3 of the reconfigurable interferometer, the quantum state becomes
When (when)When (I)>H may be transmitted directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and V may be transmitted directly from the first polarizationThe beam splitter PBS1 reflects the light to obtain a definite detector response;At this point, no defined probe response is available.
When (I)>H can be directly transmitted from the first polarization beam splitter PBS1, V can be directly reflected from the first polarization beam splitter PBS1, and a definite detector response can be obtained;At this point, no defined probe response is available.
Thus, the reconfigurable relay device can achieve measurement of polarization encoded quantum states.
2) Two-way polarization encoded quantum state Bell state measurement
The two paths of polarization coded quantum states respectively enter two input ports of the reconfigurable relay device, wherein one path of the quantum states is firstly recovered to the polarization state through the first polarization controller PC1 and can be written as
The other path of polarization coding quantum state is recovered to the polarization state by the second polarization controller PC2, and the polarization state can be written as
And then two paths of quantum states respectively enter a port 1 and a port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer, and simultaneously reach a polarization beam splitter in the reconfigurable interferometer to interfere, two paths of output results are respectively emitted from a port 3 and a port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer after being subjected to 45-degree polarization rotation, respectively enter a first polarization beam splitter PBS1 and a second polarization beam splitter PBS2 to carry out polarization detection, and the bell state measurement of polarization coding can be realized according to the response conditions of 4 SPDs.
As shown in fig. 2, a first embodiment of the network of the present invention:
the quantum key distribution network comprises a first sender, a second sender and a measuring party, wherein the first sender and the second sender are respectively connected with the measuring party through a first optical fiber channel and a second optical fiber channel;
the first sender and the second sender both comprise quantum state preparation modules, and the quantum state preparation modules comprise a laser LD, an intensity modulator IM, a coding module and an adjustable attenuator VOA which are connected in sequence;
the measuring party is a reconfigurable relay device;
the quantum key distribution network can realize that the first sender or the second sender independently performs the polarization codec BB84QKD protocol with the measuring party; it is also possible to implement that the first sender and the second sender perform the polarization codec MDIQKD protocol simultaneously with the measuring party.
The coding module is a polarization coding module and comprises a fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 and a third phase modulator PM3, wherein the included angle between the slow axis of the polarization-preserving optical fiber of the port 1 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 and the horizontal polarization direction is 45 degrees; the port 2 and the port 3 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 are respectively connected to two ends of the third phase modulator PM3 through polarization maintaining fibers.
The reconfigurable interferometer comprises a first circulator CIR1, a second circulator CIR2, a third polarization beam splitter PBS3, a first optical switch OS1, a second optical switch OS2, a first phase modulator PM1, a first half-wave plate HWP1 and a second half-wave plate HWP2,
port 1 of the first circulator CIR1 and port 1 of the second circulator CIR2 are respectively used as port 1 and port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 2 of the first circulator CIR1 and the port 2 of the second circulator CIR2 are correspondingly connected with the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 respectively; the port 3 of the first circulator CIR1 and the port 3 of the second circulator CIR2 are correspondingly connected with the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS2 respectively; the port 4 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 and the port 3 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 4 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 3 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 3 of the second optical switch OS2 are respectively connected with two ends of the first phase modulator PM1 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2 are correspondingly connected with one end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and one end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 respectively; the other end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the other end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 are respectively used as a port 3 and a port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 are in state 0 when they are on; port 1 to port 2 and port 3 to port 4 are in state 1 when they are paths;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the second optical switch OS2 are in state 0 when they are on; with ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 being states 1 when they are paths,
the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in a first structure when the states are 1; the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in the second configuration when the states are 0.
The included angle between the main axis direction and the horizontal direction of the first half wave plate HWP1 and the second half wave plate HWP2 is 22.5 °.
The specific working process is as follows:
the laser LD of the first sender generates a light pulse with horizontal polarization, firstly modulates the light intensity by the intensity modulator IM to generate a signal state or a decoy state, then enters the port 1 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 after being rotated by 45 degrees of polarization, is polarized and split into two components with mutually perpendicular polarization, and is respectively emitted from the port 2 and the port 3 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS 6. The port 2, port 3, third phase modulator PM3 and connecting fibers of the fifth polarizing beam splitter PBS5 form a ring structure. Thus, the horizontally polarized component passes through the third phase modulator PM3 in the clockwise direction to the port 2 of the fifth polarizing beam splitter PBS 5; the vertically polarized component reaches port 3 of the fifth polarizing beam splitter PBS5 in a counter clockwise direction. Because the horizontal polarization component and the vertical polarization component both pass through the annular structure, the time of the horizontal polarization component and the vertical polarization component is the same, and the horizontal polarization component and the vertical polarization component simultaneously return to the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 for polarization beam combination and are emitted from the port 4 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS 5; and because the time of the two passing through the third phase modulator PM3 is different, the synthesized polarization state is as follows by modulating the different phase difference j between the two
When j=0, pi/2, 3 pi/2, the corresponding obtained polarization states are respectively. The synthesized optical signal is attenuated to the single photon magnitude by an adjustable attenuator VOA, and the preparation of the polarization coding quantum state is completed.
The second sender, through the same process, also randomly generates polarization encoded quantum states。
When the measuring party first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are switched to the state 1, BB84 protocol can be executed with the first sender and/or the second sender; when the measuring side first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are switched to the state 0, MDI protocol may be executed with the first transmitting side and the second transmitting side.
(a) The first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in state 1, and the BB84 protocol is executed by the first transmitting side and the measuring side for illustration:
the first sender randomly generates 4 polarization coding quantum states, and sends the 4 polarization coding quantum states to an input port of the measurer through a fiber channel, and the first polarization state is recovered through the first polarization controller PC1, which can be written as
And then enters port 1 of the third polarizing beam splitter PBS3 via the first circulator CIR1, which is polarization split into a first polarization component and a second polarization component. Since the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in the state 1, the ports 3 and 4 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 pass through the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2The two optical switches OS2 and the first phase modulator PM1 form a ring structure. The first and second polarization components propagate in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions of the ring structure, respectively, and pass through the first phase modulator PM1 in opposite directions at different times, and the phase difference therebetween is modulated as. Both are emitted from the port 1 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 at the same time to perform polarization beam combination, and the quantum state can be written as
Then the polarization is rotated 45 DEG, the quantum state becomes
When (when)When (I)>H can be transmitted directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarizing beam splitter PBS2, V can be reflected directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarizing beam splitter PBS2, enabling a certain detector response;At this point, no defined probe response is available.
When (I)>H may be transmitted directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarizing beam splitter PBS2, and V may be split directly from the first polarizing beam splitterThe PBS1 and the PBS2 are reflected to obtain a definite detector response;At this point, no defined probe response is available.
Therefore, the reconfigurable relay device can realize measurement of polarization coding quantum states, namely, the polarization coding BB84 protocol can be realized between the first sender and the measuring party.
(b) The first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in state 0, and the first sender and the second sender execute MDI protocol with the measuring party:
the quantum states of polarization codes prepared by the first sender and the second sender are respectively incident to two input ports of the reconfigurable relay device through fiber channels, wherein one path of quantum states is recovered to the polarization state through the first polarization controller PC1 at first and can be written as
The other path of polarization coding quantum state is recovered to the polarization state by the second polarization controller PC2, and the polarization state can be written as
Then two paths of quantum states respectively reach the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 through the first circulator CIR1 and the second circulator CIR2 at the same time to interfere, two paths of output results respectively reach the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS2 through the first circulator CIR1 and the second circulator CIR2, respectively exit from the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2, respectively enter the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarization beam splitter PBS2 to carry out polarization detection after being rotated by 45 degrees through the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the second half-wave plate HWP2, and the Bell state measurement of polarization coding can be realized according to the response conditions of 4 SPDs.
Thus, a polarization encoded MDI protocol may be implemented between the first and second transmitters and the measuring party.
As shown in fig. 3, a second embodiment of the network of the present invention:
the quantum key distribution network comprises a first sender, a second sender and a measuring party, wherein the first sender and the second sender are respectively connected with the measuring party through a first optical fiber channel and a second optical fiber channel;
the first sender and the second sender both comprise quantum state preparation modules, and the quantum state preparation modules comprise a laser LD, an intensity modulator IM, a coding module and an adjustable attenuator VOA which are connected in sequence;
the measuring party is a reconfigurable relay device;
the quantum key distribution network can realize that the first sender or the second sender independently performs the polarization codec BB84QKD protocol with the measuring party; it is also possible to implement that the first sender and the second sender perform the polarization codec MDIQKD protocol simultaneously with the measuring party.
The coding module is a switchable coding module and comprises a sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6, a fourth phase modulator PM4 and a third optical switch OS3, wherein an included angle between a polarization-preserving optical fiber slow axis of a port 1 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 and the horizontal direction is 45 degrees, and the polarization-preserving optical fiber slow axis is used as an input port of the coding module; the port 4 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 and the port 2 of the third optical switch OS3 are respectively connected with two ends of the fourth phase modulator PM4 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 2 and the port 3 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 and the port 3 of the third optical switch OS 3; port 3 of the third optical switch OS3 is used as an output port of the encoding module;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the third optical switch OS3 are in state 0 when they are on; ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 are in state 1 when they are paths.
The reconfigurable interferometer comprises a third polarizing beam splitter PBS3, a fourth polarizing beam splitter PBS4, a first optical switch OS1, a second optical switch OS2, a second phase modulator PM2, an adjustable delay module VDL, a first half-wave plate HWP1 and a second half-wave plate HWP2,
the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 are respectively used as the port 1 and the port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 4 and the port 3 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 2 and the port 3 of the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 4 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 3 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4 are respectively connected to two ends of the second phase modulator PM2 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 3 of the second optical switch OS2 and the port 4 of the fourth polarizing beam splitter PBS4 are connected by an adjustable delay module VDL; the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2 are correspondingly connected with one end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and one end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 respectively; the other end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the other end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 are respectively used as a port 3 and a port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 are in state 0 when they are on; port 1 to port 2 and port 3 to port 4 are in state 1 when they are paths;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the second optical switch OS2 are in state 0 when they are on; with ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 being states 1 when they are paths,
the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in a first structure when the states are 1; the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in the second configuration when the states are 0.
The included angle between the main axis direction and the horizontal direction of the first half wave plate HWP1 and the second half wave plate HWP2 is 22.5 °.
The specific working process is as follows:
the laser LD of the first sender generates a light pulse with horizontal polarization, firstly modulates the light intensity by the intensity modulator IM to generate a signal state or a decoy state, then enters the port 1 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 after being rotated by 45 degrees of polarization, is polarized and split into two components with mutually perpendicular polarization, and is respectively emitted from the port 3 and the port 4 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS 6. The third optical switch OS3 is in state 1, and the port 4, port 3, fourth phase modulator PM4, ports 1 and 2 of the third optical switch OS3, and the connecting fiber of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 form a ring structure. Thus, the horizontally polarized component reaches port 2 from port 1 of the third optical switch OS3, and then passes through the fourth phase modulator PM4 in the counterclockwise direction to port 4 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS 6; the vertically polarized component passes from port 2 of the third optical switch OS3 to port 1 via the fourth phase modulator PM4 in the clockwise direction and then to port 3 of the sixth polarizing beam splitter PBS 6. Because the horizontal polarization component and the vertical polarization component both pass through the annular structure, the time of the horizontal polarization component and the vertical polarization component is the same, the horizontal polarization component and the vertical polarization component reach the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 to be polarized and combined at the same time, and the horizontal polarization component and the vertical polarization component are emitted from the port 2 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS 6; and because the two pass through the fourth phase modulator PM4 for different time, the synthesized polarization state is formed by modulating different phase differences j between the two
When j=0, pi/2, 3 pi/2, the corresponding obtained polarization states are respectively. The synthesized optical signal reaches the port 4 of the third optical switch OS3 and then exits from the port 3 thereof, and finally exits from the output port of the switchable encoding module, thereby realizing polarization encoding.
The second sender, through the same process, also randomly generates polarization encoded quantum states。
The first sender or the second sender generates a polarization coded quantum state, and the BB84 protocol can be independently executed with the measuring party; the first sender and the second sender may also execute MDI protocols simultaneously with the measuring party.
When the measuring side first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are switched to the state 0, the BB84 protocol can be executed with the first transmitting side and/or the second transmitting side; when the measuring side first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are switched to the state 1, MDI protocol may be executed with the first transmitting side and the second transmitting side.
(a) The first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in state 0, and the BB84 protocol is executed by the first transmitting side and the measuring side for illustration:
the first sender randomly generates 4 polarization coding quantum states, and sends the 4 polarization coding quantum states to an input port of the measurer through a fiber channel, and the first polarization state is recovered through the first polarization controller PC1, which can be written as
And then enters port 1 of the third polarizing beam splitter PBS3, which is polarization split into a first polarization component and a second polarization component. Since the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in the state 0, the ports 3 and 4 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 form an MZ interferometer by the first optical switch OS1, the second optical switch OS2, the second phase modulator PM2, the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4, and the adjustable delay module VDL, and the MZ interferometer is changed into an equal-arm interferometer by adjusting the adjustable delay module VDL. The first polarized component and the second polarized component respectively propagate along two arms of the MZ interferometer, one of the components passes through the second phase modulator PM2 to modulate the phase difference between the two components into. Both are emitted from the port 2 of the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4 at the same time to perform polarization beam combination, and the quantum state can be written as
Then reaches its port 2 via port 4 of the first optical switch OS1, and then the polarization is rotated 45 ° via the first half-wave plate HWP1, the quantum state becomes
When (when)When (I)>H can be transmitted directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarizing beam splitter PBS2, V can be reflected directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarizing beam splitter PBS2, enabling a certain detector response;At this point, no defined probe response is available.
When (I)>H can be transmitted directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarizing beam splitter PBS2, V can be reflected directly from the first polarizing beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarizing beam splitter PBS2, enabling a certain detector response;At this point, no defined probe response is available. />
Therefore, the reconfigurable relay device can realize measurement of polarization coding quantum states, namely, the polarization coding BB84 protocol can be realized between the first sender and the measuring party.
(b) The first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in state 1, and the first sender and the second sender execute MDI protocol with the measuring party:
the quantum states of polarization codes prepared by the first sender and the second sender are respectively incident to two input ports of the reconfigurable relay device through fiber channels, wherein one path of quantum states is recovered to the polarization state through the first polarization controller PC1 at first and can be written as
The other path of polarization coding quantum state is recovered to the polarization state by the second polarization controller PC2, and the polarization state can be written as
And then two paths of quantum states respectively reach the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 at the same time to interfere, two paths of output results respectively reach the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS2, respectively exit from the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2, respectively enter the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 and the second polarization beam splitter PBS2 to carry out polarization detection after being rotated by 45 degrees by the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the second half-wave plate HWP2, and the Bell state measurement of polarization coding can be realized according to the response conditions of the 4 SPDs.
Thus, a polarization encoded MDI protocol may be implemented between the first and second transmitters and the measuring party.
As can be seen from various embodiments of the present invention, the present invention proposes a reconfigurable relay device, by reconstructing the structure of the relay device, active base selection polarization measurement can be performed on the polarization encoding quantum state, so as to improve the security of the system; and the Bell state measurement based on the polarization beam splitter can be realized, and the polarization extinction ratio of the polarization beam splitter can reach 30dB, so that the accuracy of the Bell state measurement result can be improved. In addition, the quantum key distribution network can be compatible with BB84 protocol and MDI protocol, can realize the switching of supported protocols by simply switching an optical switch, is easy to network, can flexibly switch operation protocols according to scenes, and has extremely strong adaptability and practicability.
Claims (7)
1. The reconfigurable relay device is characterized by comprising a first polarization controller PC1, a second polarization controller PC2, a reconfigurable interferometer, a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4,
the input port of the first polarization controller PC1 and the input port of the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively used as two input ports of the reconfigurable relay device; the output port of the first polarization controller PC1 and the output port of the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively connected with the port 1 and the port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 3 and the port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer are respectively and correspondingly connected with the input port of the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 and the input port of the second polarization beam splitter PBS 2; two output ports of the first polarization beam splitter PBS1 are respectively connected with the first single photon detector SPD1 and the second single photon detector SPD2; two output ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS2 are respectively connected with a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4;
the first polarization controller PC1 and the second polarization controller PC2 are respectively used for calibrating the polarization states of light signals incident from two input ports of the reconfigurable interferometer;
the reconfigurable interferometer is used for carrying out polarization modulation on one path of optical signals when in a first structure, and carrying out polarization measurement on the optical signals by combining a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2 or combining a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4;
when the device is in the second structure, the device is used for carrying out polarization interference on two paths of light signals which are simultaneously incident, and meanwhile, the device is combined with a first polarization beam splitter PBS1, a first single photon detector SPD1, a second single photon detector SPD2, a second polarization beam splitter PBS2, a third single photon detector SPD3 and a fourth single photon detector SPD4 to realize Bell state measurement.
2. The reconfigurable relay device of claim 1, wherein the reconfigurable interferometer comprises a first circulator CIR1, a second circulator CIR2, a third polarization beam splitter PBS3, a first optical switch OS1, a second optical switch OS2, a first phase modulator PM1, a first half-wave plate HWP1 and a second half-wave plate HWP2,
port 1 of the first circulator CIR1 and port 1 of the second circulator CIR2 are respectively used as port 1 and port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 2 of the first circulator CIR1 and the port 2 of the second circulator CIR2 are correspondingly connected with the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 respectively; the port 3 of the first circulator CIR1 and the port 3 of the second circulator CIR2 are correspondingly connected with the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS2 respectively; the port 4 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 and the port 3 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 4 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 3 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 3 of the second optical switch OS2 are respectively connected with two ends of the first phase modulator PM1 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2 are correspondingly connected with one end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and one end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 respectively; the other end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the other end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 are respectively used as a port 3 and a port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 are in state 0 when they are on; port 1 to port 2 and port 3 to port 4 are in state 1 when they are paths;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the second optical switch OS2 are in state 0 when they are on; with ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 being states 1 when they are paths,
the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in a first structure when the states are 1; the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in the second configuration when the states are 0.
3. The reconfigurable relay device of claim 1, wherein the reconfigurable interferometer comprises a third polarizing beamsplitter PBS3, a fourth polarizing beamsplitter PBS4, a first optical switch OS1, a second optical switch OS2, a second phase modulator PM2, an adjustable delay module VDL, a first half-wave plate HWP1 and a second half-wave plate HWP2,
the port 1 and the port 2 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 are respectively used as the port 1 and the port 2 of the reconfigurable interferometer; the port 4 and the port 3 of the third polarization beam splitter PBS3 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 1 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 2 and the port 3 of the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 4 of the second optical switch OS 2; the port 3 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 1 of the fourth polarization beam splitter PBS4 are respectively connected to two ends of the second phase modulator PM2 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 3 of the second optical switch OS2 and the port 4 of the fourth polarizing beam splitter PBS4 are connected by an adjustable delay module VDL; the port 2 of the first optical switch OS1 and the port 2 of the second optical switch OS2 are correspondingly connected with one end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and one end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 respectively; the other end of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the other end of the second half-wave plate HWP2 are respectively used as a port 3 and a port 4 of the reconfigurable interferometer;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the first optical switch OS1 are in state 0 when they are on; port 1 to port 2 and port 3 to port 4 are in state 1 when they are paths;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the second optical switch OS2 are in state 0 when they are on; with ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 being states 1 when they are paths,
the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are in a first structure when the states are 1; the first optical switch OS1 and the second optical switch OS2 are both in the second configuration when the states are 0.
4. A reconfigurable relay device according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the principal axis direction of the first half-wave plate HWP1 and the second half-wave plate HWP2 are each 22.5 ° from the horizontal.
5. The quantum key distribution network is characterized by comprising a first sender, a second sender and a measuring party, wherein the first sender and the second sender are respectively connected with the measuring party through a first fiber channel and a second fiber channel;
the first sender and the second sender both comprise quantum state preparation modules, and the quantum state preparation modules comprise a laser LD, an intensity modulator IM, a coding module and an adjustable attenuator VOA which are connected in sequence;
the measuring party is the reconfigurable relay device of any one of claims 1, 2 or 3;
the quantum key distribution network can realize that the first sender or the second sender independently performs the polarization codec BB84QKD protocol with the measuring party; it is also possible to implement that the first sender and the second sender perform the polarization codec MDIQKD protocol simultaneously with the measuring party.
6. The quantum key distribution network according to claim 5, wherein the encoding module is a polarization encoding module, and comprises a fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 and a third phase modulator PM3, wherein the polarization-preserving optical fiber slow axis of the port 1 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 has an included angle of 45 ° with the horizontal polarization direction; the port 2 and the port 3 of the fifth polarization beam splitter PBS5 are respectively connected to two ends of the third phase modulator PM3 through polarization maintaining fibers.
7. The quantum key distribution network according to claim 5, wherein the encoding module is a switchable encoding module, and comprises a sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6, a fourth phase modulator PM4 and a third optical switch OS3, wherein a slow axis of a polarization maintaining fiber of a port 1 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 has an angle of 45 ° with a horizontal direction, and is used as an input port of the encoding module; the port 4 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 and the port 2 of the third optical switch OS3 are respectively connected with two ends of the fourth phase modulator PM4 through polarization maintaining fibers; the port 2 and the port 3 of the sixth polarization beam splitter PBS6 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the port 4 and the port 3 of the third optical switch OS 3; port 3 of the third optical switch OS3 is used as an output port of the encoding module;
port 1 to port 3 and port 2 to port 4 of the third optical switch OS3 are in state 0 when they are on; ports 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 are in state 1 when they are paths.
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