CN116903671A

CN116903671A - Organic electroluminescent material and device

Info

Publication number: CN116903671A
Application number: CN202310430404.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 埃里克·A·玛格里斯; 辛卫春; 皮埃尔·吕克·T·布德罗
Original assignee: Universal Display Corp
Current assignee: Universal Display Corp
Priority date: 2022-04-18
Filing date: 2023-04-18
Publication date: 2023-10-20

Abstract

The present application relates to organic electroluminescent materials and devices. Ir (L) is provided _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p Wherein m and n are 1 or 2, p is 0 or 1, and m+n+p=3. Ligand L _A Has the following characteristics ofOr (b)Is of a structure of (2); ligand L _B Has the following characteristics ofIs of a structure of (2); and ligand L _C Is a bidentate ligand. In the compounds, ring a' is a ring or is absent; r is R ₁ And R is _1' Each of which is alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silylA germyl group or a combination thereof; moiety C is a monocyclic or fused ring system; z is Z ¹ And Z ² X is as follows ¹ To X ¹¹ Each of which is independently C or N, but if ring A' is present then X ¹² And X ¹³ Is C; each R is ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C And R is ^D Is hydrogen or a general substituent; and at least one R ^C Or R is ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group. Formulations, OLEDs and consumer products containing the compounds are also provided.

Description

Organic electroluminescent material and device

Cross Reference to Related Applications

The present application is a continuation-in-part application with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/058,461, filed on Ser. No. 2022, 11, 23, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/177,178, filed on 3, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present application is based on 35U.S. C. ≡119 (e) requirement U.S. provisional application No. 63/481,143 submitted by 23.1.2023, U.S. provisional application No. 63/476,204 submitted by 20.12.2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/385,994 submitted by 5.12.2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/385,730 submitted by 1.12.2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/382,134 submitted by 3.11.2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/417,746 submitted by 20.10.20.2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/408,686 submitted by 21.9.21.2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/408,357 submitted by 9.20.2022 U.S. provisional application No. 63/407,981 filed on 9 and 19 of 2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/406,019 filed on 9 and 13 of 2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/392,731 filed on 7 and 27 of 2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/356,191 filed on 6 and 28 of 2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/354,721 filed on 23 of 2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/353,920 filed on 21 of 2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/351,049 filed on 10 of 2022, U.S. provisional application No. 63/350,150 filed on 8 of 2022 and U.S. provisional application No. 63/332,165 filed on 18 of 2022 and 4, the entire contents of all of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to organometallic compounds and formulations and various uses thereof, including as emitters in devices such as organic light emitting diodes and related electronic devices.

Background

Optoelectronic devices utilizing organic materials are becoming increasingly popular for a variety of reasons. Many of the materials used to fabricate the devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic photovoltaic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials (e.g., their flexibility) may make them more suitable for specific applications, such as fabrication on flexible substrates. Examples of organic optoelectronic devices include organic light emitting diodes/devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, organic materials can have performance advantages over conventional materials.

OLEDs utilize organic thin films that emit light when a voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, lighting and backlighting.

One application of phosphorescent emissive molecules is in full color displays. Industry standards for such displays require pixels adapted to emit a particular color (referred to as a "saturated" color). In particular, these standards require saturated red, green and blue pixels. Alternatively, the OLED may be designed to emit white light. In conventional liquid crystal displays, the emission from a white backlight is filtered using an absorbing filter to produce red, green and blue emissions. The same technique can also be used for OLEDs. The white OLED may be a single emissive layer (EML) device or a stacked structure. The colors may be measured using CIE coordinates well known in the art.

Disclosure of Invention

Disclosed herein are novel compounds comprising an Electron Withdrawing Group (EWG) substituted with a ancillary ligand, and an emissive ligand comprising a substituted phenyl-pyridine. EWG is a moiety with a positive Hammett substituent constant (Hammett substituent constant), such as-F, -CN or-CF, among others ₃ . Such compounds can provide advantageous properties when used as emitters in OELDs. The ancillary ligands in the emissive compound do not emit or are responsible for the emission of only a few compounds.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p Wherein each of m and n is independently 1 or 2, p is 0 or 1, and m+n+p=3. In Ir (L) _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p In (a):

ligand L _A Has the following characteristics ofIs of a structure of (2);

wherein ring a' is a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, or is absent;

R ₁ and R is _1' Independently selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silyl, germyl, and combinations thereof;

ligand L _B Has the following characteristics ofIs of a structure of (2);

ligand L _C Is a bidentate ligand;

part C is a monocyclic or polycyclic fused ring system, wherein each ring in the monocyclic or polycyclic system is independently selected as a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

Z ¹ And Z ² Is independently C or N;

X ¹ to X ¹¹ Is independently C or N;

if ring A' is absent, X ¹² And X ¹³ Each of which is independently C or N, and X if ring A' is present ¹² And X ¹³ Each of which is C;

R ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C and R is ^D Independently representing a single to a maximum allowable number of substitutions, or no substitutions;

R ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C and R is ^D Is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, ether, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinylSulfonyl, phosphino, seleno, and combinations thereof;

at least one R ^C Or R is ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group;

any two substituents may be joined or fused to form a ring;

and is also provided with

Wherein the compound is not one of the following:

in another aspect, the present disclosure provides a formulation comprising a compound having the formula Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p A compound of the structure of (a).

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an OLED having an organic layer comprising an organic light emitting diode having the formula Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p A compound of the structure of (a).

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a consumer product comprising an OLED having an organic layer comprising an organic compound having the formula Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p A compound of the structure of (a).

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

Fig. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device without a separate electron transport layer.

Detailed Description

A. Terminology

Unless otherwise specified, the following terms used herein are defined as follows:

as used herein, the term "organic" includes polymeric materials and small molecule organic materials that can be used to fabricate organic optoelectronic devices. "Small molecule" refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and may be substantial in nature. In some cases, the small molecule may include a repeating unit. For example, the use of long chain alkyl groups as substituents does not remove a molecule from the "small molecule" class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into the polymer, for example as pendant groups on the polymer backbone or as part of the backbone. Small molecules can also act as the core of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core. The core moiety of the dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. Dendrimers may be "small molecules" and all dendrimers currently used in the OLED field are considered small molecules.

As used herein, "top" means furthest from the substrate, and "bottom" means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as being "disposed" over "a second layer, the first layer is disposed farther from the substrate. Unless a first layer is "in contact with" a second layer, other layers may be present between the first and second layers. For example, a cathode may be described as "disposed over" an anode even though various organic layers are present between the cathode and the anode.

As used herein, "solution processable" means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium in the form of a solution or suspension.

A ligand may be referred to as "photosensitive" when it is believed that the ligand contributes directly to the photosensitive properties of the emissive material. When the ligand is considered not to contribute to the photosensitive properties of the emissive material, the ligand may be referred to as "ancillary", but the ancillary ligand may alter the properties of the photosensitive ligand.

As used herein, and as will be generally understood by those of skill in the art, if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level, then the first "highest occupied molecular orbital" (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital, HOMO) or "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, LUMO) energy level is "greater than" or "higher than" the second HOMO or LUMO energy level. Since Ionization Potential (IP) is measured as a negative energy relative to the vacuum level, a higher HOMO level corresponds to an IP with a smaller absolute value (less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an Electron Affinity (EA) with a smaller absolute value (less negative EA). On a conventional energy level diagram with vacuum energy level on top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. The "higher" HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of this figure than the "lower" HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as will be generally understood by those of skill in the art, a first work function is "greater than" or "higher than" a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Since work function is typically measured as a negative number relative to the vacuum level, this means that the "higher" work function is more negative (more negative). On a conventional energy level diagram with the vacuum energy level on top, a "higher" work function is illustrated as being farther from the vacuum energy level in a downward direction. Thus, the definition of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follows a different rule than work function.

The terms "halo", "halogen" and "halo" are used interchangeably and refer to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

The term "acyl" refers to a substituted carbonyl (C (O) -R _s )。

The term "ester" refers to a substituted oxycarbonyl (-O-C (O) -R) _s or-C (O) -O-R _s ) A group.

The term "ether" means-OR _s A group.

The terms "thio" or "thioether" are used interchangeably and refer to-SR _s A group.

The term "seleno" refers to-SeR _s A group.

The term "sulfinyl" refers to-S (O) -R _s A group.

The term "sulfonyl" refers to-SO ₂ -R _s A group.

The term "phosphino" refers to-P (R _s ) ₃ A group wherein each R _s May be the same or different.

The term "silaneThe radical "means-Si (R) _s ) ₃ A group wherein each R _s May be the same or different.

The term "germyl" refers to-Ge (R _s ) ₃ A group wherein each R _s May be the same or different.

The term "borane" refers to-B (R _s ) ₂ A group or Lewis addition product-B (R) _s ) ₃ A group, wherein R is _s May be the same or different.

In each of the above, R _s May be hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. Preferred R _s Selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term "alkyl" refers to and includes straight and branched chain alkyl groups. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1-dimethylpropyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, 2-dimethylpropyl, and the like. In addition, alkyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "cycloalkyl" refers to and includes monocyclic, polycyclic, and spiroalkyl groups. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms and include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo [3.1.1] heptyl, spiro [4.5] decyl, spiro [5.5] undecyl, adamantyl, and the like. In addition, cycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "heteroalkyl" or "heterocycloalkyl" refers to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, respectively, having at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, si and Se, preferably O, S or N. In addition, heteroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "alkenyl" refers to and includes both straight and branched alkenyl groups. Alkenyl is essentially an alkyl group comprising at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the alkyl chain. Cycloalkenyl is essentially cycloalkyl including at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cycloalkyl ring. The term "heteroalkenyl" as used herein refers to an alkenyl group having at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, si and Se, preferably O, S or N. Preferred alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or heteroalkenyl groups are those containing from two to fifteen carbon atoms. In addition, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or heteroalkenyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "alkynyl" refers to and includes both straight and branched chain alkynyl groups. Alkynyl is essentially an alkyl group that includes at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the alkyl chain. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing from two to fifteen carbon atoms. In addition, alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" is used interchangeably and refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group. In addition, aralkyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "heterocyclyl" refers to and includes aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic groups containing at least one heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, si and Se, preferably O, S or N. Aromatic heterocyclic groups may be used interchangeably with heteroaryl. Preferred non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are heterocyclic groups containing 3 to 7 ring atoms including at least one heteroatom and include cyclic amines such as morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and the like, and cyclic ethers/sulfides such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiophene, and the like. In addition, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.

The term "aryl" refers to and includes monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups and polycyclic aromatic ring systems. The polycyclic ring may have two or more rings in common in which two carbons are two adjoining rings (the rings being "fused"), wherein at least one of the rings is an aromatic hydrocarbon group, e.g., the other rings may be cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclic, and/or heteroaryl. Preferred aryl groups are those containing from six to thirty carbon atoms, preferably from six to twenty carbon atoms, more preferably from six to twelve carbon atoms An aryl group of atoms. Particularly preferred are aryl groups having six carbons, ten carbons or twelve carbons. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, biphenyl, triphenylene, tetraphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene,Perylene and azulene, preferably phenyl, biphenyl, triphenylene, fluorene and naphthalene. In addition, aryl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "heteroaryl" refers to and includes monocyclic aromatic groups and polycyclic aromatic ring systems that include at least one heteroatom. Heteroatoms include, but are not limited to O, S, N, P, B, si and Se. In many cases O, S or N are preferred heteroatoms. The monocyclic heteroaromatic system is preferably a monocyclic ring having 5 or 6 ring atoms, and the ring may have one to six heteroatoms. The heteropolycyclic ring system may have two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings being "fused"), wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings may be cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclic, and/or heteroaryl. The heteropolycyclic aromatic ring system may have one to six heteroatoms in each ring of the polycyclic aromatic ring system. Preferred heteroaryl groups are those containing from three to thirty carbon atoms, preferably from three to twenty carbon atoms, more preferably from three to twelve carbon atoms. Suitable heteroaryl groups include dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene (xanthene), acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofurandipyridine, benzothiophene, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophene dipyridine, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenium, carbazole, indolocarbazole, benzimidazole, triazine, 1, 2-azaboron-1, 4-azaboron-nitrogen, boron-like compounds, and the like. In addition, heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted.

Of the aryl and heteroaryl groups listed above, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, imidazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, triazine, and benzimidazole, and their respective corresponding aza analogues, are of particular interest.

The terms alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as used herein are independently unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more common substituents.

In many cases, the typical substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germanyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, seleno, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, more preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, aryl, heteroaryl, thio, and combinations thereof.

In other cases, the most preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The terms "substituted" and "substituted" refer to substituents other than H bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon or nitrogen. For example, when R ¹ When single substitution is represented, then one R ¹ It must not be H (i.e., substitution). Similarly, when R ¹ When two are substituted, two R ¹ It must not be H. Similarly, when R ¹ R represents zero or no substitution ¹ For example, it may be hydrogen of available valence of the ring atoms, such as carbon atoms of benzene and nitrogen atoms in pyrrole, or for ring atoms having a fully saturated valence, it may simply represent none, such as nitrogen atoms in pyridine. The maximum number of substitutions possible in the ring structure will depend on the total number of available valences in the ring atom.

As used herein, "combination thereof" means that one or more members of the applicable list are combined to form a known or chemically stable arrangement that one of ordinary skill in the art can contemplate from the applicable list. For example, alkyl and deuterium can combine to form a partially or fully deuterated alkyl group; halogen and alkyl may combine to form a haloalkyl substituent; and halogen, alkyl and aryl may combine to form a haloaralkyl. In one example, the term substitution includes a combination of two to four of the listed groups. In another example, the term substitution includes a combination of two to three groups. In yet another example, the term substitution includes a combination of two groups. Preferred combinations of substituents are combinations containing up to fifty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium, or combinations comprising up to forty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium, or combinations comprising up to thirty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium. In many cases, a preferred combination of substituents will include up to twenty atoms that are not hydrogen or deuterium.

The term "aza" in the fragments described herein, i.e., azadibenzofurans, azadibenzothiophenes, etc., means that one or more of the C-H groups in the corresponding aromatic ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom, for example and without limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses dibenzo [ f, H ] quinoxalines and dibenzo [ f, H ] quinolines. Other nitrogen analogs of the aza derivatives described above can be readily envisioned by those of ordinary skill in the art, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

As used herein, "deuterium" refers to an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterated compounds can be readily prepared using methods known in the art. For example, U.S. patent No. 8,557,400, patent publication No. WO 2006/095951, and U.S. patent application publication No. US 2011/0037057 (which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) describe the preparation of deuterium-substituted organometallic complexes. Further reference is made to Yan Ming (Ming Yan) et al, tetrahedron 2015,71,1425-30 and Azrote (Atzrodt) et al, germany application chemistry (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.) (reviewed) 2007,46,7744-65, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes the deuteration of methylene hydrogen in benzylamine and the efficient pathway of replacement of aromatic ring hydrogen with deuterium, respectively.

It will be appreciated that when a fragment of a molecule is described as a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g., phenyl, phenylene, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl) or as if it were an entire molecule (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of naming substituents or linking fragments are considered equivalent.

In some cases, a pair of adjacent substituents may optionally be joined or fused into a ring. Preferred rings are five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocycles or heterocycles, including both cases where a portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is saturated and a portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is unsaturated. As used herein, "adjacent" means that the two substituents involved can be next to each other on the same ring, or on two adjacent rings having two nearest available substitutable positions (e.g., the 2, 2' positions in biphenyl or the 1, 8 positions in naphthalene) so long as they can form a stable fused ring system.

B. Compounds of the present disclosure

The present disclosure is based on the demonstration of the use of electron-withdrawing groups (electron-withdrawing groups with a positive Hammett substituent constant, such as in particular-F, -CN or-CF) ₃ ) Substituted ancillary ligands and emissive ligands comprising substituted phenyl-pyridines may provide various advantageous studiesThe advantages include: electrochemical tuning (e.g., deeper E _HOMO For improved device EL transients), spectrum tuning (e.g., blue-shifted emission for saturated gamut applications), and emission state between ancillary/emission ligands (T ₁ ) Energy tuning. With respect to energy level tuning, this advantage may reduce the contribution of ancillary ligands to complex emission, enabling improved emission dipole arrangements and higher efficiency OLED devices.

ligand L _A Has the following characteristics ofIs of a structure of (2);

ring a' is a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, or is absent;

ligand L _B Has the following characteristics ofIs of a structure of (2);

ligand L _C Is a bidentate ligand;

Z ¹ And Z ² Is independently C or N;

X ¹ to X ¹¹ Is independently C or N;

if ring A' is absent, X ¹² And X ¹³ Each of (a)Independently C or N, and X if ring A' is present ¹² And X ¹³ Each of which is C;

each R is ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C And R is ^D Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein;

at least one R ^C Or R is ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group;

any two substituents can be joined or fused to form a ring;

and is also provided with

Wherein the compound is not one of the following:

in some embodiments, there are no two R ^D The substituents join to form a benzofuran or benzothiophene structure satisfying the following conditions: fused to ring D by a furan or thiophene ring and substituted with a fluoro or cyano substituent, respectively.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A And ligand L _B Does not bind to form a hexadentate ligand.

In some embodiments, R ₁ Not trimethylsilyl.

In some embodiments, if ring D comprises 1, 3-difluorobenzene, then ring B has no more than one electron withdrawing group attached.

In some embodiments, n=1, m=2. In some embodiments, n=2, m=1. In some embodiments, n=1, m=1 and p=1.

In some embodiments, each R ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C And R is ^D Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of preferred general substituents as defined herein. In some embodiments, each R ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C And R is ^D Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of more preferred general substituents as defined herein. In some embodiments, each R ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C And R is ^D Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the most preferred general substituents defined herein.

In some embodiments, a total of at least two R ^C Or R is ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, at least two R ^C Comprising an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, at least two R ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, a total of at least two R ^C Or R is ^D Is an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, at least two R ^C Is an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, at least two R ^D Is an electron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, R ^C And R is ^D At least one of which is an aryl ring substituted with an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, X ¹⁰ R at ^D Is an aryl ring substituted with an electron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, moiety C is a 6-membered ring and is located at Z ¹ R of para-position of (2) ^C Comprising an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, moiety C is a 6-membered ring and is located at Z ² R in the ortho position of (2) ^C Comprising an electron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, moiety C is a 6-membered ring and is located at Z ¹ R of para-position of (2) ^C Is an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, moiety C is a 6-membered ring and is located at Z ² R in the ortho position of (2) ^C Is an electron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, X ⁸ R at ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, X ⁹ R at ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments,X ¹⁰ r at ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, X ¹¹ R at ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, X ⁸ R at ^D Is an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, X ⁹ R at ^D Is an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, X ¹⁰ R at ^D Is an electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, X ¹¹ R at ^D Is an electron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, each electron withdrawing group is independently selected from the group consisting of structures in the following EWG list: F. CF (compact flash) ₃ 、CN、COCH ₃ 、CHO、COCF ₃ 、COOMe、COOCF ₃ 、NO ₂ 、SF ₃ 、SiF ₃ 、PF ₄ 、SF ₅ 、OCF ₃ 、SCF ₃ 、SeCF ₃ 、SOCF ₃ 、SeOCF ₃ 、SO ₂ F、SO ₂ CF ₃ 、SeO ₂ CF ₃ 、OSeO ₂ CF ₃ 、OCN、SCN、SeCN、NC、 ⁺ N(R) ₃ 、(R) ₂ CCN、(R) ₂ CCF ₃ 、CNC(CF ₃ ) ₂ BRR', substituted or unsubstituted dibenzoborolan, 1-substituted carbazole, 1, 9-substituted carbazole, substituted or unsubstituted pyridine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazine, substituted or unsubstituted pyridoxine, substituted or unsubstituted triazine, substituted or unsubstituted oxazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, partially and fully fluorinated alkyl, partially and fully fluorinated heteroaryl, cyano-containing alkyl, cyano-containing aryl, cyano-containing heteroaryl, isocyanate, and the like,

Wherein each R is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein;

wherein Y' is selected from the group consisting of: BR (BR) _e 、NR _e 、PR _e 、O、S、Se、C＝O、S＝O、SO ₂ 、CR _e R _f 、SiR _e R _f And GeR _e R _f' The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And

each of R, R _e And R is _f Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein. In some embodiments, the one or more electron withdrawing groups are independently selected from the group consisting of: F. CF (compact flash) ₃ CN and partially or fully fluorinated alkyl groups.

In some embodiments, each electron withdrawing group is independently selected from the group consisting of:

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in some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is a pi-electron deficient electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, the pi-electron-deficient electron withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of: CN, COCH ₃ 、CHO、COCF ₃ 、COOMe、COOCF ₃ 、NO ₂ 、SF ₃ 、SiF ₃ 、PF ₄ 、SF ₅ 、OCF ₃ 、SCF ₃ 、SeCF ₃ 、SOCF ₃ 、SeOCF ₃ 、SO ₂ F、SO ₂ CF ₃ 、SeO ₂ CF ₃ 、OSeO ₂ CF ₃ 、OCN、SCN、SeCN、NC、 ⁺ N(R) ₃ BRR', substituted or unsubstituted dibenzoborolan, 1-substituted carbazole, 1, 9-substituted carbazole, substituted or unsubstituted pyridine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazine, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazine, substituted or unsubstituted triazine, substituted or unsubstituted oxazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, partially and fully fluorinated heteroaryl, cyano-containing aryl, cyano-containing heteroaryl, isocyanate, />

Each of R, R _e And R is _f Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein; wherein Y' is selected from the group consisting of: BR (BR) _e 、NR _e 、PR _e 、O、S、Se、C＝O、S＝O、SO ₂ 、CR _e R _f 、SiR _e R _f And GeR _e R _f’ . More detailed information about pi-electron-withdrawing groups can be found in U.S. provisional application No. 63/417,746 filed on day 20, 10, 2022 and U.S. provisional application No. 63/481,143 filed on day 23, 2023, which are incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, X ¹ To X ⁴ Is C.

In some embodiments, X ¹ To X ⁴ At least one of which is N. In some embodiments, X ¹ To X ⁴ Exactly one of (2) is N.

In some embodiments, there are no two R ^B Joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments, two R ^B May be joined or fused to form a 5-or 6-membered ring. In some embodiments, two R ^B May be joined or fused to form a polycyclic fused ring system.

In some embodiments, two R ^B Joining or fusing to form a moiety fused to ring B, wherein the moiety is selected from the group consisting of: benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, oxazole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, naphthalene, quinazoline, benzofuran, benzoxazole, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoselenophene, indene, indole, benzimidazole, carbazole, azacarbazole Dibenzofuran, azadibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, azadibenzothiophene, quinoxaline, phthalazine, phenanthridine, and fluorene. In some embodiments, two R ^B Joined or fused to form a moiety other than benzofuran or azabenzofuran fused to ring B.

In some embodiments, Z ¹ Is C and Z ² Is N.

In some embodiments, Z ¹ Is N and Z ² Is C.

In some embodiments, part C is selected from the group consisting of: pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, oxazole and thiazole. In some embodiments, moiety C is pyridine or imidazole.

In some embodiments, there are no two R ^C Joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments, two R ^C May be joined or fused to form a 5-or 6-membered ring. In some embodiments, two R ^C May be joined or fused to form a polycyclic fused ring system.

In some embodiments, two R ^C Joining or fusing to form a moiety fused to moiety B, wherein the moiety is selected from the group consisting of: benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, oxazole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, naphthalene, quinazoline, benzofuran, benzoxazole, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoselenophene, indene, indole, benzimidazole, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, azadibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, azadibenzothiophene, quinoxaline, phthalazine, phenanthrene, phenanthridine, and fluorene. In some embodiments, two R ^C Joined or fused to form benzene fused to moiety C, wherein the benzene moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted.

In some embodiments, moiety C is a polycyclic fused ring system. In some embodiments, part C is selected from the group consisting of: naphthalene, quinazoline, benzofuran, benzoxazole, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoselenophene, indene, indole, benzimidazole, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, azadibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, azadibenzothiophene, quinoxaline, phthalazine, phenanthrene, phenanthridine, and fluorene.

In some embodiments, X ⁸ To X ¹¹ Is C.

In some embodiments, X ⁸ To X ¹¹ At least one of which is N. In some embodiments, X ⁸ To X ¹¹ Exactly one of (2) is N.

In some embodiments, there are no two R ^D Joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments, two R ^D May be joined or fused to form a 5-or 6-membered ring. In some embodiments, two R ^D May be joined or fused to form a polycyclic fused ring system.

In some embodiments, two R ^D Joining or fusing to form a moiety fused to ring B, wherein the moiety is selected from the group consisting of: benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, oxazole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, naphthalene, quinazoline, benzofuran, benzoxazole, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoselenophene, indene, indole, benzimidazole, carbazole, azacarbazole, dibenzofuran, azadibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, azadibenzothiophene, quinoxaline, phthalazine, phenanthrene, phenanthridine, and fluorene.

In some embodiments, each of moieties B, C, and D may independently be a polycyclic fused ring structure. In some embodiments, each of part B, part C, and part D may independently be a polycyclic fused ring structure comprising at least three fused rings. In some embodiments, the polycyclic fused ring structure has two 6 membered rings and one 5 membered ring. In some such embodiments, the 5-membered ring is fused to a ring coordinated to Ir and the second 6-membered ring is fused to the 5-membered ring. In some embodiments, each of part B, part C, and part D may be independently selected from the group consisting of: dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, and aza variants thereof. In some such embodiments, each of moiety B, moiety C, and moiety D may be independently further substituted at the ortho or meta position of the O, S or Se atom with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, nitrile, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. In some such embodiments, the aza variant contains exactly one N atom at position 6 (O, S or ortho to Se) and a substituent at position 7 (O, S or meta to Se).

In some embodiments, each of part B, part C, and part D may independently be a polycyclic fused ring structure comprising at least four fused rings. In some embodiments, the polycyclic fused ring structure comprises three 6 membered rings and one 5 membered ring. In some such embodiments, the 5-membered ring is fused to a ring coordinated to Ir, the second 6-membered ring is fused to the 5-membered ring, and the third 6-membered ring is fused to the second 6-membered ring. In some such embodiments, the third 6-membered ring is further substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, nitrile, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, each of part B, part C, and part D may independently be a polycyclic fused ring structure comprising at least five fused rings. In some embodiments, the polycyclic fused ring structure comprises four 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring or three 6-membered rings and two 5-membered rings. In some embodiments comprising two 5-membered rings, the 5-membered rings are fused together. In some embodiments comprising two 5-membered rings, the 5-membered rings are separated by at least one 6-membered ring. In some embodiments having one 5-membered ring, the 5-membered ring is fused to a ring coordinated to Ir, the second 6-membered ring is fused to the 5-membered ring, the third 6-membered ring is fused to the second 6-membered ring, and the fourth 6-membered ring is fused to the third 6-membered ring.

In some embodiments, each of moieties B, C, and D can independently be an aza version of the polycyclic fused ring described above. In some such embodiments, each of moieties B, C, and D may independently contain exactly one aza N atom. In some such embodiments, each of moieties B, C, and D may contain exactly two aza N atoms, which may be in one ring or in two different rings. In some such embodiments, the ring having the aza N atom is separated from the Ir atom by at least two other rings. In some such embodiments, the ring having the aza N atom is separated from the Ir atom by at least three other rings. In some such embodiments, each ortho position to the aza N atom is substituted.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A Does not include any electron withdrawing groups. In some embodiments, ligand L _A Without any electron withdrawing groups selected from the list of EWGs.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A Comprising at least one electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, ligand L _A Comprising at least one electron withdrawing group selected from the list of EWGs.

In some embodiments, each electron withdrawing group has a Hammett constant greater than 0. In some embodiments, the Hammett constant per electron withdrawing group is at least 0.1, or at least 0.2, or at least 0.3, or at least 0.4, or at least 0.5, or at least 0.6, or at least 0.7, or at least 0.8, or at least 0.9, or at least 1.0, or at least 1.1.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A Has the structure of formula I.

In some embodiments of formula I, X ⁵ To X ⁷ Is C. In some embodiments of formula I, X ⁵ To X ⁷ At least one of which is N.

In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Not an alkyl group. In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Is aryl, further substituted with at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silyl, germyl, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Not a silane group. In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Not a germyl group.

In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Is aryl, further substituted with at least two moieties independently selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and,Aryl, heteroaryl, silane, germane, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Is benzene, which is further substituted with at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silyl, germyl, and combinations thereof. In some such embodiments, benzene is further substituted with at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, aryl, partially or fully deuterated versions thereof. In some embodiments, benzene is further substituted with at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of: partially or fully deuterated alkyl comprising at least 3C atoms, at least 4C atoms, or at least 5C atoms.

In some embodiments of formula I, R ₁ Is a combination of at least three parts independently selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silyl, germyl, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A Has the structure of formula II.

In some embodiments of formula II, ring a' is absent.

In some embodiments of formula II, ring a' is selected from the group consisting of: benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, oxazole, furan, thiophene, and thiazole. In some embodiments of formula II, ring a' is benzene.

In some embodiments of formula II, R _1' Selected from the group consisting of: cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silyl, germyl, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of formula II, R _1' Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group. In some embodiments of formula II, R _1' Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. In some embodiments of formula II, R is adjacent to a bond of ring A _1' Is substituted.

In some embodiments of formula II, R is adjacent to a bond of ring A _1' Is substituted.

In some embodiments of formula II, at least one atom adjacent to the bond of ring a is selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In some embodiments of formula II, at least one atom adjacent to the bond of ring a is an alkyl group. In some embodiments of formula II, at least one atom adjacent to the bond of ring a is an alkyl group having at least 2C atoms. In some embodiments of formula II, at least one atom adjacent to the bond of ring a is aryl.

In some embodiments of formula II, each atom adjacent to the bond of ring a is an alkyl group. In some embodiments of formula II, each atom adjacent to the bond of ring a is an alkyl group having at least 2C atoms. In some embodiments of formula II, each atom adjacent to the bond of ring a is aryl.

In some embodiments of formula II, R _1' Is a substituted phenyl group.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A Selected from the group consisting of the structures in table 1 below:

wherein:

X ¹⁴ 、X ¹⁵ 、X ¹⁶ and X ¹⁷ Each independently is C or N;

each R is ^AA ' independently represents a single to maximum allowable number of substitutions, or no substitution;

each R is ^AA ' independently is hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein; and

Any two substituents can be joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A Selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following list 2: />

wherein:

R ^AA and R is ^BB Independently representing a single to a maximum allowable number of substitutions, or no substitutions;

each R is ^AA And R is ^BB Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein; and

any two substituents can be joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments, ligand L _A Selected from the group consisting of: l (L) _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ) And L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ) Wherein i is an integer from 2 to 12 and 15 to 30, i' is selected from 1, 13 and 14, R ^J 、R ^K 、R ^L And R is ^M Each of R1 to R50, and R ^K' Independently selected from R2 to R50;

wherein L is _A1 (R1) (R2) (R1) (R1) to L _A30 (R50) has the structure defined in the following table 3:

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wherein R1 to R50 have the followingStructure defined in list 4: />

in some embodiments, L _B Selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following list 5: />

wherein:

t is selected from the group consisting of: B. al, ga and In;

K ¹ ' is a direct bond;

Y ¹ to Y ¹³ Independently selected from the group consisting of: c and N;

y' is selected from the group consisting of: BR (BR) _e 、BR _e R _f 、NR _e 、PR _e 、P(O)R _e 、O、S、Se、C＝O、

C＝S、C＝Se、C＝NR _e 、C＝CR _e R _f 、S＝O、SO ₂ 、CR _e R _f 、SiR _e R _f And GeR _e R _f ，

R _e And R is _f Capable of being fused or joined to form a ring;

each R is _a 、R _b 、R _c And R is _d Capable of independently representing a single to a maximum allowable number of substitutions, or no substitution;

R _a1 、R _b1 、R _c1 、R _d1 、R _a 、R _b 、R _c 、R _d 、R _e or R is _f Comprises an electron withdrawing group;

R _a1 、R _b1 、R _c1 、R _d1 、R _a 、R _b 、R _c 、R _d 、R _e and R is _f Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein; and

R _a1 、R _b1 、R _c1 、R _d1 、R _a 、R _b 、R _c and R is _d Can be fused or joined to form a ring or to form a multidentate ligand.

In some embodiments, ligand L _B Selected from the group consisting of the structures in the following table 6:

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wherein:

R _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e ' each independently represents zero substitution, a single substitution, or up to a maximum allowable number of substitutions to its associated ring;

R _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' or R _e At least one of the' comprises an electron withdrawing group;

each R is _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e ' independently is hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein; and

R _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e The two substituents of' can be fused or joined to form a ring or to form a multidentate ligand.

In some embodiments, ligand L _B Selected from the group consisting of: l (L) _B1 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA) to L _B41 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)、L _B42 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) to L _B68 (RG)(RH)(EA)(EB)、L _B69 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA) to L _B90 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)、L _B91 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) to L _B92 (RG)(RH)(EA)(EB)、L _B93 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA) to L _B96 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)、L _B97 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) to L _B98 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) and L _B99 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA) wherein G, H and I are each independently integers of 1 to 50, A and B are each independently integers of 1 to 100, and L _B1 (R1) (R1) (R1) (E1) to L _B99 Each of (R50) (E100) is defined in the following table 7:

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wherein R1 to R50 have the structure defined in list 4 as defined herein; and

wherein E1 to E100 have the structure defined in the following table 8: />

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in some embodiments, the compound has the formula Ir (L _A )(L _Bk ) ₂ Or Ir (L) _A ) ₂ (L _Bk ) Wherein L is _A Is according to any one of claims 1 to 50;

wherein k is an integer of 1 to 149, and each L _Bk Has the structure defined in the following table 9:

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in some embodiments, the compound has the formula Ir (L _A )(L _B )(L _Cj-I ) Or Ir (L) _A )(L _B )(L _Cj-II )，

Wherein L is _A Is any L as defined herein (e.g., list 1, list 2, or list 3) _A ；

Wherein L is _B Is any L as defined herein (e.g., list 5, list 6, list 7, and list 9) _B The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And

wherein each L _Cj-I With the basisIs of a structure of (2); and

each L _Cj-II With the basisWherein for L _Cj-I And L _Cj-II Each L of (a) _Cj ，R ²⁰¹ And R is ²⁰² Each independently defined in the following list 10: />

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Wherein R is ^D1 To R ^D246 Has the structure in the following list 11: />

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In some embodiments, the compound has the formula Ir (L _A )(L _B )(L _C ) Wherein L is _A Is any L as defined herein _A The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wherein L is _B Is any L as defined herein _B The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And wherein L is _C Selected from the structures in list 5 as defined herein. In some embodiments, L _C Selected from list 6 as defined herein.

In some embodiments, L _A Selected from list 1, list2 and list 3, and L _B Selected from the group consisting of list 5, list 6, list 7 and list 9 structures. In some embodiments, L _A Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 1, and L _B Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 5. In some embodiments, L _A Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 2, and L _B Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 6. In some embodiments, L _A Selected from the group consisting of structures of list 3, and L _B Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 7. In some embodiments, L _A Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 2, and L _B Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 9. In some embodiments, L _A Selected from the group consisting of structures of list 3, and L _B Selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 9.

In some embodiments, the compound may be Ir (L _A ) ₂ (L _B )、Ir(L _A )(L _B ) ₂ Or Ir (L) _A )(L _B )(L _C ). In some such embodiments, L _A May have formula I as defined herein. L (L) _C Is a bidentate ligand. In some such embodiments, L _B May have formula II as defined herein. In some such embodiments, L _A May be selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 1, list 2 and list 3 as defined herein. In some such embodiments, L _B May be selected from the group consisting of the structures of list 5, list 6, list 7 and list 9 as defined herein. In some embodiments, L _C May be L as defined herein _Cj-I Or L _Cj-II . In some embodiments, L _C May be selected from the group consisting of list 5. In some embodiments, L _C May be selected from the group consisting of list 6.

In some such embodiments, the compound may be Ir (L _A ) ₂ (L _Bk )、Ir(L _A )(L _Bk ) ₂ 、Ir(L _A )(L _Bk )(L _Cj-I ) Or IrL _A )(L _Bk )(L _Cj-II ). In some embodiments, L _A 、L _B And L _C May be different.

In some such embodiments, the compound may be Ir (L _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M )) ₂ (L _Bk )、Ir(L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M )) ₂ (L _Bk )、Ir(L _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _Bk ) ₂ 、Ir(L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _Bk ) ₂ 、Ir(L _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _Bk )(L _Cj-I )、Ir(L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _Bk )(L _Cj-I ) Or Ir (L) _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _Bk )(L _Cj-II )、Ir(L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _Bk )(L _Cj-II ) Wherein the variables are the same as defined above.

In some such embodiments, the compound may be Ir (L _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M )) ₂ (L _B1 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA)) to Ir (L) _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M )) ₂ (L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)、Ir(L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M )) ₂ (L _B1 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA)) to Ir (L) _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M )) ₂ (L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA))、Ir(L _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B1 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)) ₂ To Ir (L) _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)) ₂ 、Ir(L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B1 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)) ₂ To Ir (L) _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)) ₂ 、Ir(L _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B1 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA))(L _Cj-I ) To Ir (L) _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA))(L _Cj-I )、Ir(L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B1 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA))(L _Cj-I ) To Ir (L) _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA))(L _Cj-I )、Ir(L _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B1 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)(L _Cj-II ) To Ir (L) _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)(L _Cj-II ) Or Ir (L) _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B1 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA))(L _Cj-II ) To Ir (L) _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ))(L _B99 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA))(L _Cj-II ) Wherein the variables are the same as defined above.

In some embodiments, the HOMO energy of the compound is below-5.2 eV. In some embodiments, the HOMO energy of the compound is below-5.25 eV. In some embodiments, the HOMO energy of the compound is below-5.3 eV.

In some embodiments, the energy of the photoluminescent peak wavelength of the compound is greater than that of the compound Ir (L _B ) ₃ At least 0.1eV higher. In some embodiments, the energy of the photoluminescent peak wavelength of the compound is greater than that of the compound Ir (L _B ) ₃ At least 0.13eV higher. In some embodiments, the energy of the photoluminescent peak wavelength of the compound is greater than that of the compound Ir (L _B ) ₃ At least 0.15eV higher. In some embodiments, the energy of the photoluminescent peak wavelength of the compound is greater than that of the compound Ir (L _B ) ₃ At least 0.2eV higher.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of the structures in table 14 below:

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in some embodiments, the compounds as described herein have the formula Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p The compound of the structure of (c) may be at least 30% deuterated, at least 40% deuterated, at least 50% deuterated, at least 60% deuterated, at least 70% deuterated, at least 80% deuterated, at least 90% deuterated, at least 95% deuterated, at least 99% deuterated, or 100% deuterated. As used herein, deuteration percentage has its ordinary meaning and includes the percentage of possible hydrogen atoms (e.g., hydrogen or deuterium positions) replaced by deuterium atoms.

In a compound having the formula Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p In some embodiments of the heteroleptic compounds of (2), ligand L _A Having a first substituent R ^I Wherein the first substituent R ^I a-I at ligand L _A Is furthest from the metal M among all atoms of (a). In addition, ligand L _B If present, has a second substituent R ^II Wherein the second substituent R ^II a-II at ligand L _B Is furthest from the metal M among all atoms of (a). In addition, ligand L _C If present, has a third substituent R ^III Wherein the third substituent R ^III The first atom a-III in the ligand L _C Is furthest from the metal M among all atoms of (a).

In such heteroleptic compounds, the vector V can be defined _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 It is defined as follows. V (V) _D1 Represents the direction from the metal M to the first atom a-I, and the vector V _D1 Having a substituent R representing a metal M and a first substituent R ^I A value D of the linear distance between the first atoms a-I ¹ 。V _D2 Represents the direction from the metal M to the first atom a-II and the vector V _D2 Having a substituent R representing a metal M and a second substituent R ^II A value D of the linear distance between the first atoms a-II ² 。V _D3 Represents the direction from the metal M to the first atom a-III, and the vector V _D3 Having a substituent R representing a metal M and a third substituent R ^III A value D of the linear distance between the first atoms a-III ³ 。

In this class of heteroleptic compounds, spheres are defined having a radius r centered at the metal M and having a radius r ofAllowing for non-substituents R in the sphere-enclosing compound ^I 、R ^II And R is ^III A minimum radius of all atoms of a portion of (a); and wherein D ¹ 、D ² And D ³ At least one of which is larger than the radius r by at leastIn some embodiments, D ¹ 、D ² And D ³ At least 2.9, 3.0, 4.3, 4.4, 5.2, 5.9, 7.3, 8.8, 10.3, 13.1, 17.6 or +.>

In some embodiments of such heteroleptic compounds, the compound has a transition dipole moment axis, and the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 The angle between the transition dipole moment axis and the vector V is defined _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least one angle therebetween is less than 40 °. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least one angle therebetween is less than 30 °. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least one angle therebetween is less than 20. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least one angle therebetween is less than 15 °. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least one angle therebetween is less than 10 °. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least two angles therebetween being less than 20. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least two angles therebetween being less than 15. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 At least two angles therebetween being less than 10.

In some implementationsIn an embodiment, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 All three angles in between are less than 20 °. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 All three angles in between are less than 15 °. In some embodiments, the transition dipole moment axis is aligned with vector V _D1 、V _D2 And V _D3 All three angles in between are less than 10 °.

In some embodiments of such heteroleptic compounds, the compounds have a Vertical Dipole Ratio (VDR) of 0.33 or less. In some embodiments of such heteroleptic compounds, the compounds have a VDR of 0.30 or less. In some embodiments of such heteroleptic compounds, the compounds have a VDR of 0.25 or less. In some embodiments of such heteroleptic compounds, the compounds have a VDR of 0.20 or less. In some embodiments of such heteroleptic compounds, the compounds have a VDR of 0.15 or less.

The meaning of the term transition dipole moment axis of a compound and the perpendicular dipole ratio of the compound will be readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. However, the meaning of these terms can be found in U.S. patent No. 10,672,997, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In U.S. patent No. 10,672,997, the Horizontal Dipole Ratio (HDR) of a compound is discussed, rather than VDR. However, one skilled in the art will readily understand vdr=1-HDR.

C. OLED and device of the present disclosure

In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides an OLED device comprising a first organic layer containing a compound disclosed in the above-described compound section of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, an OLED comprises: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer comprises a metal oxide having the formula Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p A compound of the structure of (a).

In some embodiments, the organic layer may be an emissive layer and the compound as described herein may be an emissive dopant or a non-emissive dopant.

In some embodiments, the emissive layer comprises one or more quantum dots.

In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises a benzofused thiophene or benzofused furan comprising triphenylene, wherein any substituent in the host is a non-fused substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: c (C) _n H _2n+1 、OC _n H _2n+1 、OAr ₁ 、N(C _n H _2n+1 ) ₂ 、N(Ar ₁ )(Ar ₂ )、CH＝CH-C _n H _2n+1 、C≡CC _n H _2n+1 、Ar ₁ 、Ar ₁ -Ar ₂ 、C _n H _2n -Ar ₁ Or unsubstituted, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10; and wherein Ar is ₁ And Ar is a group ₂ Independently selected from the group consisting of: benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof.

In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: triphenylene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, 5λ2-benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, 5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene, triazine, borane, silane groups, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, azaindolocarbazole, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzofuran, azadibenzoselenophene, aza-5λ2-benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, and aza- (5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene).

In some embodiments, the subject may be selected from the group of subjects consisting of:

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and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises a metal complex.

In some embodiments, the emissive layer may comprise two hosts: a first body and a second body. In some embodiments, the first body is a hole transporting body and the second body is an electron transporting body. In some embodiments, the first host and the second host may form an exciplex.

In some embodiments, a compound as described herein may be a sensitizer; wherein the device may further comprise a recipient; and wherein the receptor may be selected from the group consisting of: fluorescent emitters, delayed fluorescent emitters, and combinations thereof.

In yet another aspect, the OLED of the present disclosure may further comprise an emissive region containing a compound as disclosed in the above compound portion of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the emissive region may comprise a light emitting device having the formula Ir (L _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p A compound of the structure of (a).

In some embodiments, at least one of the anode, cathode, or new layer disposed over the organic emissive layer serves as the enhancement layer. The enhancement layer includes a plasmonic material exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, the plasmonic material non-radiatively coupled to the emitter material and transferring excited state energy from the emitter material to a non-radiative mode of surface plasmon polaritons. The enhancement layer is disposed no further than a threshold distance from the organic emissive layer, wherein the emitter material has a total non-radiative decay rate constant and a total radiative decay rate constant due to the presence of the enhancement layer, and the threshold distance is where the total non-radiative decay rate constant is equal to the total radiative decay rate constant. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises an outcoupling layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on the enhancement layer on an opposite side of the organic emissive layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on the opposite side of the emission layer from the enhancement layer, but is still able to outcouple energy from the surface plasmon mode of the enhancement layer. The outcoupling layer scatters energy from the surface plasmon polaritons. In some embodiments, this energy is scattered into free space as photons. In other embodiments, energy is scattered from surface plasmon modes of the device into other modes, such as, but not limited to, an organic waveguide mode, a substrate mode, or another waveguide mode. If the energy is scattered to the non-free space mode of the OLED, other outcoupling schemes may be incorporated to extract the energy into free space. In some embodiments, one or more intervening layers may be disposed between the enhancement layer and the outcoupling layer. Examples of intervening layers may be dielectric materials, including organic, inorganic, perovskite, oxides, and may include stacks and/or mixtures of these materials.

The enhancement layer alters the effective properties of the medium in which the emitter material resides, causing any or all of the following: reduced emissivity, altered emission linearity, altered emission intensity with angle, altered emitter material stability, altered OLED efficiency, and reduced OLED device roll-off efficiency. Placing the enhancement layer on the cathode side, the anode side, or both sides creates an OLED device that takes advantage of any of the effects described above. In addition to the specific functional layers mentioned herein and illustrated in the various OLED examples shown in the figures, an OLED according to the present disclosure may also include any other functional layers common in OLEDs.

The enhancement layer may comprise a plasmonic material, an optically active super-structured material or a hyperbolic super-structured material. As used herein, a plasmonic material is a material in which the real part of the dielectric constant crosses zero in the visible or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, the plasmonic material comprises at least one metal. In such embodiments, the metal may include at least one of the following: ag. Al, au, ir, pt, ni, cu, W, ta, fe, cr, mg, ga, rh, ti, ru, pd, in, bi, ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. Generally, a metamaterial is a medium composed of different materials, wherein the overall effect of the medium is different from the sum of its material portions. In particular, we define an optically active super-structured material as a material having both negative permittivity and negative permeability. On the other hand, hyperbolic metamaterials are anisotropic media in which the permittivity or permeability has different signs for different spatial directions. Optically active and hyperbolic metamaterials are very different from many other photonic structures, such as distributed Bragg reflectors (Distributed Bragg Reflector, "DBRs"), because the medium should exhibit uniformity in the direction of propagation over the length scale of the wavelength of light. Using terms that will be understood by those skilled in the art: the dielectric constant of a metamaterial in the propagation direction can be described by an effective dielectric approximation. Plasmonic and super-structured materials provide a method for controlling light propagation that can enhance OLED performance in a variety of ways.

In some embodiments, the enhancement layer is provided as a planar layer. In other embodiments, the enhancement layer has wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged, or sub-wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged. In some embodiments, the wavelength-sized features and the sub-wavelength-sized features have sharp edges.

In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer has wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged, or sub-wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer may be composed of a plurality of nanoparticles, and in other embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of a plurality of nanoparticles disposed over the material. In these embodiments, the outcoupling may be adjusted by at least one of the following means: changing the size of the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the shape of the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the material of the plurality of nanoparticles, adjusting the thickness of the material, changing the refractive index of the material or an additional layer disposed on the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the thickness of the reinforcing layer, and/or changing the material of the reinforcing layer. The plurality of nanoparticles of the device may be formed from at least one of: a metal, a dielectric material, a semiconductor material, a metal alloy, a mixture of dielectric materials, a stack or layering of one or more materials and/or a core of one type of material and a shell coated with another type of material. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of at least metal nanoparticles, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of: ag. Al, au, ir, pt, ni, cu, W, ta, fe, cr, mg, ga, rh, ti, ru, pd, in, bi, ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. The plurality of nanoparticles may have additional layers disposed over them. In some embodiments, the polarization of the emission may be adjusted using an outcoupling layer. Changing the size and periodicity of the outcoupling layer may select the type of polarization that preferentially outcouples to air. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer also serves as an electrode of the device.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a consumer product comprising an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) having an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer may comprise a compound as disclosed in the above compound section of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the consumer product comprises an OLED having an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer may comprise an organic material having the formula Ir (L) as described herein _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p A compound of the structure of (a).

In some embodiments, the consumer product may be one of the following products: flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cellular telephones, tablet computers, tablet handsets, personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, video cameras, viewfinders, micro-displays with a diagonal of less than 2 inches, 3-D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls comprising a plurality of displays tiled together, theatre or gym screens, phototherapy devices, and billboards.

In general, an OLED includes at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer. The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and a hole are localized on the same molecule, an "exciton" is formed, which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes through a light emission mechanism. In some cases, excitons may be localized on an excimer or exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms (such as thermal relaxation) may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. patent nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light ("fluorescence") from a singlet state, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. patent No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescence emission typically occurs in time frames less than 10 nanoseconds.

Recently, OLEDs have been demonstrated that have emissive materials that emit light from a triplet state ("phosphorescence"). Baldo et al, "efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices (Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices)", nature, vol.395, 151-154,1998 ("Baldo-I"); and Bardo et al, "Very efficient green organic light emitting device based on electrophosphorescence (Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence)", applied physical fast report (appl. Phys. Lett.), vol.75, stages 3,4-6 (1999) ("Bardo-II"), incorporated by reference in its entirety. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, columns 5-6, which is incorporated by reference.

Fig. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. The device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a blocking layer 170. Cathode 160 is a composite cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. The device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers in sequence. The nature and function of these various layers and example materials are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at columns 6-10, which is incorporated by reference.

Further examples of each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. patent No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is doped with F in a 50:1 molar ratio ₄ m-MTDATA of TCNQ, as disclosed in U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0239980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of luminescent and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li in a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of cathodes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, that include composite cathodes having a thin layer of metal (e.g., mg: ag) containing an overlying transparent, electrically conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of barrier layers is described in more detail in U.S. patent No. 6,097,147 and U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Examples of implanted layers are provided in U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers can be found in U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Fig. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. The device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers in sequence. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed above an anode, and the device 200 has a cathode 215 disposed below an anode 230, the device 200 may be referred to as an "inverted" OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. Fig. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of the apparatus 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in fig. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it should be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in conjunction with a variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be obtained by combining the various layers described in different ways, or the layers may be omitted entirely based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe the various layers as comprising a single material, it should be understood that combinations of materials may be used, such as mixtures of host and dopant, or more generally, mixtures. Further, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an "organic layer" disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to fig. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described, such as OLEDs (PLEDs) comprising polymeric materials, such as disclosed in frank (Friend) et al, U.S. patent No. 5,247,190, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, may also be used. By way of another example, an OLED with a single organic layer may be used. The OLEDs can be stacked, for example, as described in U.S. patent No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in fig. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Furst et al, and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Boolean et al, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method unless otherwise specified. Preferred methods for the organic layer include thermal evaporation, ink jet (as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, incorporated by reference in their entirety), organic vapor deposition (OVPD) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102, incorporated by reference in its entirety), and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP, also known as Organic Vapor Jet Deposition (OVJD)), as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin-coating and other solution-based processes. The solution-based process is preferably carried out under nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For other layers, the preferred method includes thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding (as described in U.S. patent nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, incorporated by reference in their entirety), and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as inkjet and Organic Vapor Jet Printing (OVJP). Other methods may also be used. The material to be deposited may be modified to suit the particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups that are branched or unbranched and preferably contain at least 3 carbons can be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to withstand solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3 to 20 carbons are a preferred range. A material with an asymmetric structure may have better solution processibility than a material with a symmetric structure because an asymmetric material may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated according to embodiments of the present disclosure may further optionally include a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from harmful substances exposed to the environment including moisture, vapors and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited on the substrate, electrode, under or beside the substrate, electrode, or on any other portion of the device, including the edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include a composition having a single phase and a composition having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate inorganic compounds or organic compounds or both. Preferred barrier layers comprise a mixture of polymeric and non-polymeric materials, as described in U.S. patent No. 7,968,146, PCT patent application No. PCT/US2007/023098, and PCT/US2009/042829, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. To be considered as a "mixture", the aforementioned polymeric and non-polymeric materials that make up the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or simultaneously. The weight ratio of polymeric material to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be produced from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of polymeric and non-polymeric materials consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

Devices manufactured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (or units), which may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic products or intermediate components. Examples of such electronic products or intermediate components include display screens, lighting devices (e.g., discrete light source devices or lighting panels), etc., that may be utilized by end user product manufacturers. The electronics assembly module may optionally include drive electronics and/or a power source. Devices manufactured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products having one or more electronic component modules (or units) incorporated therein. Disclosed is a consumer product comprising an OLED comprising a compound of the present disclosure in an organic layer in the OLED. The consumer product should include any kind of product that contains one or more light sources and/or one or more of some type of visual display. Some examples of such consumer products include flat panel displays, curved displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, rollable displays, foldable displays, stretchable displays, laser printers, telephones, cellular telephones, tablet computers, tablet phones, personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, video cameras, viewfinders, micro-displays (displays with a diagonal of less than 2 inches), 3-D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls including a plurality of tiled displays, theatre or gym screens, phototherapy devices, and signs. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices manufactured in accordance with the present disclosure, including passive matrices and active matrices. Many of the devices are intended to be used in a temperature range that is comfortable for humans, such as 18 ℃ to 30 ℃, and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 ℃), but can be used outside this temperature range (e.g., -40 ℃ to +80 ℃).

Further details regarding OLEDs and the definitions described above can be found in U.S. patent No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The materials and structures described herein may be applied in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices such as organic transistors may employ the materials and structures.

In some embodiments, the OLED has one or more features selected from the group consisting of: flexible, crimpable, collapsible, stretchable and bendable. In some embodiments, the OLED is transparent or translucent. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising carbon nanotubes.

In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising a delayed fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the OLED includes an RGB pixel arrangement or a white plus color filter pixel arrangement. In some embodiments, the OLED is a mobile device, a handheld device, or a wearable device. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of less than 10 inches or an area of less than 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of at least 10 inches or an area of at least 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is an illumination panel.

In some embodiments, the compound may be an emissive dopant. In some embodiments, the compounds may produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (i.e., TADF, also known as delayed fluorescence of type E, see, e.g., U.S. application No. 15/700,352, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes. In some embodiments, the emissive dopant may be a racemic mixture, or may be enriched in one enantiomer. In some embodiments, the compounds may be homoleptic (identical for each ligand). In some embodiments, the compounds may be compounded (at least one ligand is different from the others). In some embodiments, when there is more than one ligand coordinated to the metal, the ligands may all be the same. In some other embodiments, at least one ligand is different from the other ligands. In some embodiments, each ligand may be different from each other. This is also true in embodiments where the ligand coordinated to the metal may be linked to other ligands coordinated to the metal to form a tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate or hexadentate ligand. Thus, where the coordinating ligands are linked together, in some embodiments all of the ligands may be the same, and in some other embodiments at least one of the linking ligands may be different from the other ligand(s).

In some embodiments, the compounds may be used as a phosphor-photosensitizing agent in an OLED, where one or more layers in the OLED contain receptors in the form of one or more fluorescent and/or delayed fluorescent emitters. In some embodiments, the compound may be used as a component of an exciplex to be used as a sensitizer. As a phosphorus photosensitizer, the compound must be able to transfer energy to the acceptor and the acceptor will emit energy or further transfer energy to the final emitter. The receptor concentration may be in the range of 0.001% to 100%. The acceptor may be in the same layer as the phosphorus photosensitizer or in one or more different layers. In some embodiments, the receptor is a TADF emitter. In some embodiments, the acceptor is a fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the emission may be produced by any or all of the sensitizer, acceptor, and final emitter.

According to another aspect, a formulation comprising a compound described herein is also disclosed.

The OLEDs disclosed herein can be incorporated into one or more of consumer products, electronics assembly modules, and lighting panels. The organic layer may be an emissive layer, and the compound may be an emissive dopant in some embodiments, and the compound may be a non-emissive dopant in other embodiments.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a formulation comprising the novel compounds disclosed herein is described. The formulation may comprise one or more components disclosed herein selected from the group consisting of: a solvent, a host, a hole injection material, a hole transport material, an electron blocking material, a hole blocking material, and an electron transport material.

The present disclosure encompasses any chemical structure comprising the novel compounds of the present disclosure or monovalent or multivalent variants thereof. In other words, the compounds of the invention or monovalent or multivalent variants thereof may be part of a larger chemical structure. Such chemical structures may be selected from the group consisting of: monomers, polymers, macromolecules and supramolecules (also known as supramolecules). As used herein, "monovalent variant of a compound" refers to the same moiety as the compound but with one hydrogen removed and replaced with a bond to the rest of the chemical structure. As used herein, "multivalent variant of a compound" refers to a moiety that is identical to the compound but where more than one hydrogen has been removed and replaced with one or more bonds to the rest of the chemical structure. In the case of supramolecules, the compounds of the present invention may also be incorporated into supramolecular complexes without covalent bonds.

D. Combinations of compounds of the present disclosure with other materials

Materials described herein as suitable for use in particular layers in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a variety of other materials present in the device. For example, the emissive dopants disclosed herein can be used in combination with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, barrier layers, implant layers, electrodes, and other layers that may be present. The materials described or mentioned below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be used in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of ordinary skill in the art may readily review the literature to identify other materials that may be used in combination.

a) Conductive dopants:

the charge transport layer may be doped with a conductive dopant to substantially change its charge carrier density, which in turn will change its conductivity. Conductivity is increased by the generation of charge carriers in the host material and, depending on the type of dopant, a change in Fermi level (Fermi level) of the semiconductor can also be achieved. The hole transport layer may be doped with a p-type conductivity dopant, and an n-type conductivity dopant is used in the electron transport layer.

Non-limiting examples of conductive dopants that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials: EP01617493, EP01968131, EP2020694, EP2684932, US20050139810, US20070160905, US20090167167, US2010288362, WO06081780, WO2009003455, WO2009008277, WO2009011327, WO2014009310, US2007252140, US2015060804, US20150123047 and US2012146012.

b)HIL/HTL：

The hole injection/transport material used in the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is generally used as a hole injection/transport material. Examples of materials include (but are not limited to): phthalocyanines or porphyrin derivatives; aromatic amine derivatives; indolocarbazole derivatives; a fluorocarbon-containing polymer; a polymer having a conductive dopant; conductive polymers such as PEDOT/PSS; self-assembled monomers derived from compounds such as phosphonic acids and silane derivatives; metal oxide derivatives, e.g. MoO _x The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the p-type semiconducting organic compounds such as 1,4,5,8,9, 12-hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile; a metal complex; a crosslinkable compound.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives for the HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general structures:

Ar ¹ to Ar ⁹ Is selected from: a group consisting of, for example, the following aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds: benzene, biphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, benzene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, and the like,Perylene and azulene; a group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as: dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuranopyridine, furandipyridine Benzothiophene pyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophene pyridine and selenophene bipyridine; and a group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are the same type or different types of groups selected from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, a boron atom, a chain structural unit, and an aliphatic ring group. Each Ar may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, ar ¹ To Ar ⁹ Independently selected from the group consisting of:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; x is X ¹⁰¹ To X ¹⁰⁸ Is C (including CH) or N; z is Z ¹⁰¹ Is NAr ¹ O or S; ar (Ar) ¹ Having the same groups as defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in the HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general formula:

Wherein Met is a metal that may have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y) ¹⁰¹ -Y ¹⁰² ) Is a bidentate ligand, Y ¹⁰¹ And Y ¹⁰² Independently selected from C, N, O, P and S; l (L) ¹⁰¹ Is an auxiliary ligand; k' is an integer value of 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal; and k' +k "is the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y) ¹⁰¹ -Y ¹⁰² ) Is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y) ¹⁰¹ -Y ¹⁰² ) Is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, met is selected from Ir, pt, os, and Zn. In another aspect, the metal complex has a chemical structure as compared to an Fc ⁺ The minimum oxidation potential in solution of less than about 0.6V for Fc coupling.

Non-limiting examples of HIL and HTL materials that can be used in an OLED in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified with references disclosing those materials as follows: CN, DE, EP EP, JP07-, JP EP, EP JP07-, JP US, US US, WO US, US WO, WO.

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c)EBL：

An Electron Blocking Layer (EBL) may be used to reduce the number of electrons and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a barrier layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiency and/or longer lifetime than a similar device lacking such a barrier layer. Furthermore, a blocking layer may be used to limit the emission to a desired area of the OLED. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the EBL interface. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the EBL interface. In one aspect, the compound used in the EBL contains the same molecule or the same functional group as used in one of the hosts described below.

d) A main body:

the light-emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present disclosure preferably contains at least a metal complex as a light-emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is greater than that of the dopant. Any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria are met.

Examples of metal complexes used as hosts preferably have the general formula:

wherein Met is a metal; (Y) ¹⁰³ -Y ¹⁰⁴ ) Is a bidentate ligand, Y ¹⁰³ And Y ¹⁰⁴ Independently selected from C, N, O, P and S; l (L) ¹⁰¹ Is another ligand; k' is an integer value of 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal; and k' +k "is the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complex is:

wherein (O-N) is a bidentate ligand having a metal coordinated to the O and N atoms.

In another aspect, met is selected from Ir and Pt. In another aspect, (Y) ¹⁰³ -Y ¹⁰⁴ ) Is a carbene ligand.

In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one selected from the group consisting of: a group consisting of, for example, the following aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds: benzene, biphenyl, triphenylene, tetramethylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene,Perylene and azulene; a group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as: dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, Benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothiophenopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and a group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are the same type or different types of groups selected from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, a boron atom, a chain structural unit, and an aliphatic ring group. Each option in each group may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, the host compound contains in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

/>

Wherein R is ¹⁰¹ Selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, and when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has a similar definition as Ar mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or from 1 to 20. X is X ¹⁰¹ To X ¹⁰⁸ Independently and separatelySelected from C (including CH) or N. Z is Z ¹⁰¹ And Z ¹⁰² Independently selected from NR ¹⁰¹ O or S.

Non-limiting examples of host materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials: US, WO WO, WO-based US, WO WO, US, US and US,

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e) Other emitters:

one or more other emitter dopants may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention. Examples of other emitter dopants are not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is generally used as an emitter material. Examples of suitable emitter materials include, but are not limited to, compounds that can produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (i.e., TADF, also known as E-delayed fluorescence), triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes.

Non-limiting examples of emitter materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials: CN, EB, EP1239526, EP, JP, KR TW, US20010019782, US TW, US20010019782, US US, US US, WO US, US US, WO.

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f)HBL：

A Hole Blocking Layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a barrier layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiency and/or longer lifetime than a similar device lacking the barrier layer. Furthermore, a blocking layer may be used to limit the emission to a desired area of the OLED. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (farther from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the HBL interface. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (farther from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the HBL interface.

In one aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains the same molecules or the same functional groups as used in the host described above.

In another aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; l (L) ¹⁰¹ Is another ligand, and k' is an integer from 1 to 3.

g)ETL：

An Electron Transport Layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. The electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped) or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as it is generally used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, the compounds used in ETL contain in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

wherein R is ¹⁰¹ Selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when aryl or heteroaryl, have similar definitions as for Ar described above. Ar (Ar) ¹ To Ar ³ Having a definition similar to Ar mentioned aboveMeaning. k is an integer of 1 to 20. X is X ¹⁰¹ To X ¹⁰⁸ Selected from C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complex used in ETL contains (but is not limited to) the following formula:

wherein (O-N) or (N-N) is a bidentate ligand having a metal coordinated to atom O, N or N, N; l (L) ¹⁰¹ Is another ligand; k' is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

Non-limiting examples of ETL materials that can be used in an OLED in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials: CN103508940, EP01602648, EP01734038, EP01956007, JP2004-022334, JP2005149918, JP2005-268199, KR0117693, KR20130108183, US20040036077, US20070104977, US2007018155, US20090101870, US20090115316, US20090140637, US20090179554, US2009218940, US2010108990, US2011156017, US2011210320, US2012193612, US2012214993, US2014014925, US2014014927, US20140284580, US6656612, US8415031, WO2003060956, WO2007111263, WO2009148269, WO2010067894, WO2010072300, WO2011074770, WO2011105373, WO2013079217, WO2013145667, WO2013180376, WO2014104499, WO2014104535,

/>

h) Charge Generation Layer (CGL)

In tandem or stacked OLEDs, CGL plays a fundamental role in performance, consisting of n-doped and p-doped layers for injecting electrons and holes, respectively. Electrons and holes are supplied by the CGL and the electrode. Electrons and holes consumed in the CGL are refilled with electrons and holes injected from the cathode and anode, respectively; subsequently, the bipolar current gradually reaches a steady state. Typical CGL materials include n and p conductivity dopants used in the transport layer.

In any of the above mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms may be partially or fully deuterated. The minimum amount of deuterated hydrogen atoms in the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% and 100%. Thus, any of the specifically listed substituents, such as (but not limited to) methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and the like, can be in their non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms. Similarly, substituent classes (e.g., without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc.) can also be in their non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms.

It should be understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without departing from the spirit of the invention. The invention as claimed may thus include variations of the specific examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that the various theories as to why the present invention works are not intended to be limiting.

Material synthesis

Synthesis of 4-chloro-5- (methyl-d 3) -2-phenylpyridine-3-d: 2, 4-dichloro-5-methylpyridine (20.0 g,123mmol,1.0 eq), phenylboronic acid (15.1 g,123mmol,1.0 eq), potassium carbonate (34.1 g,247mmol,2.0 eq) and ethanol (411 mL) were charged to a 1L 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar, condenser and thermowell. The reaction mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 10 minutes. Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (4.28 g,3.70mmol,0.03 eq.) was added and the reaction mixture was then heated at 70 ℃ for 1.5 hours. After the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, volatile components were removed under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (200 mL) was added to the residue and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine (150 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of 0-20% ethyl acetate in slow 5% increments to give 4-chloro-5-methyl-2-phenylpyridine (18.7 g,74% yield) as a white solid. The product was converted to 4-chloro-5- (methyl-D3) -2-phenylpyridine-3-D using an H/D exchange method.

Synthesis of 4- (4- (2, 2-dimethylpropyl-1, 1-d 2) phenyl-2, 6-d 2) -5- (methyl-d 3) -2-phenylpyridine-3-d: 4-chloro-5- (methyl-d 3) -2-phenylpyridine-3-d (10.20 g,49.35mmol,1.0 eq.) 2- (4- (2, 2-dimethyl-propyl-1, 1-d) ₂ ) Phenyl-2, 6-d ₂ ) 4, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolan (16.48 g,59.21mmol,1.2 eq), potassium carbonate (13.64 g,98.70mmol,2.0 eq), 1, 4-dioxane (185 mL) and water (62 mL) were charged into a 500mL 4-neck round bottom flask equipped with a stirring rod, thermowell and condenser. The reaction mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 10 minutes. 2-dicyclohexyl-phosphido-2 ',6' -dimethoxydiphenyl (SPhos) (2.43 g,5.92mmol,0.12 eq.) and palladium (II) acetate (0.66 g,2.96mmol,0.06 eq.) were added. The reaction mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 10 minutes, followed by heating at 87 ℃ for 18 hours. After the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (250 mL) was added and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine (2×250 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of 5-40% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 4- (4- (2, 2-dimethylpropyl-1, 1-d 2) phenyl-2, 6-d 2) -5- (methyl-d 3) -2-phenylpyridine-3-d (10.5 g, 94%) as an off-white solidYield).

Synthesis of examples of the invention: will [ Ir [ bis (2- (4-fluorophenyl-2' -yl) -4, 5-bis (methyl-d) ₃ ) Pyridin-1-yl (-1H) ₂ MeOH) ₂ ]Trifluoromethanesulfonate (7 g,9.3mmol,1.0 eq), 4- (4- (2, 2-dimethylpropyl-1, 1-d 2) phenyl-2, 6-d 2) -5- (methyl-d 3) -2-phenylpyridine-3-d (3.0 g,9.3mmol,1.0 eq) and acetone (230 mL) were charged to a 500mL 4-neck round bottom flask. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 15 minutes. Triethylamine (4.0 mL,27.9mmol,3.0 eq.) was added followed by heating the reaction mixture at 50℃for 24 hours under a strict nitrogen flow. Dichloromethane (100 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The yellow residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL) and passed through (25g) The pad was filtered and rinsed with dichloromethane (100 mL) until all yellow product eluted. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (50 mL) containing 20% dichloromethane and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The suspension was filtered and the solid was dissolved in THF and photoisomerized for 48 hours. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of hexane containing 0-50% dichloromethane to give the inventive example (2.9 g,63% yield) as a yellow solid. />

Comparative examples were synthesized: ir (4, 5-bis (methyl-d) ₃ ) -2- (4- (methyl-d) ₃ ) Phenyl-2' -yl) pyridin-1-yl) (-1H) ₂ (MeOH) ₂ ]Trifluoromethanesulfonate (7.0 g,9.3mmol,1.2 eq), 4- (4- (2, 2-dimethylpropyl-1, 1-d 2) phenyl-2, 6-d 2) -5- (methyl-d 3) -2-phenylpyridine-3-d (2.5 g,7.8mmol,1.0 eq) and acetone (380 mL) were charged to a 500mL 4-neck round bottom flask. The mixture was purged with nitrogenBubbling for 15 minutes. Triethylamine (13.0 mL,93mmol,12.0 eq.) was added followed by heating the reaction mixture under a severe nitrogen flow at 50℃for 8 hours. Dichloromethane (100 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The yellow residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL) and passed through (25g) The pad was filtered and rinsed with dichloromethane (100 mL) until all yellow product eluted. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (50 mL) containing 20% dichloromethane and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The suspension was filtered and the solid was dissolved in THF and photoisomerized for 48 hours. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of hexane containing 0-50% dichloromethane to give comparative example (2.2 g,32% yield) as a yellow solid.

Experimental data

Device example: all device examples pass through high vacuum @<10 ^-7 Tray) thermal evaporation (VTE) manufacture. The anode electrode being Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Cathode is made of->LiF of (2), then->AI composition of (c). All devices were immediately after manufacture in a nitrogen glove box @<1ppm h2O and O2) was encapsulated with an epoxy-sealed glass cover, and a desiccant was incorporated inside the encapsulation.

The organic stack of the device example consists of: starting from the ITO surface, in turnHas HATCN as hole injection layer(HIL)，/>The hole transport material HTM of (2) acts as a Hole Transport Layer (HTL), -, and->Is used as an Electron Blocking Layer (EBL),>is doped with 40 wt.% H2 and 5 wt.% emitter as an emission layer (EML), -a layer of H1 >H2 of (2) as Barrier Layer (BL)>Liq (8-quinolinolato lithium) with 35% ETM as Electron Transport Layer (ETL). As used herein, HATCN, HTM, EBL, H, H2 and ETM have the following structures: />

The apparatus was manufactured using the compound a of the present invention and the comparative compound B shown below:

after fabrication, the device was tested to measure EL and JVL. For this purpose, the samples were energized with a current density of 10mA/cm2 using a 2-channel Keysight B2902A SMU and measured using a Photo Research PR735 spectroradiometer. Collecting the radiation intensity (L) (W/str/cm) of 380nm to 1080nm ² ) And total integrated photon count. The device is then placed under a large area silicon photodiode for JVL scanning. The photodiode current was converted to photon counts using integrated photon counts at 10mA/cm2 for the device. The scan voltage is 0 to equal to 200mA/cm 2. The EQE of the device is calculated using the total integrated photon count. All results are summarized in the following table, wherein voltage and EQE at a current density of 10mA/cm2 are reported as related values normalized to the results of the comparative examples.

It is understood that the device EQE in these structures for 520nm emitters (compounds of the present invention) would be expected to be lower than for about 540nm emitters (comparative compounds) due to factors such as excited state quenching. In contrast, we observed an increase in EQE for the compounds of the present invention. As shown in the device data, compound a of the present invention demonstrates advantages in terms of color saturation, voltage and efficiency and these values exceed any value that may be attributed to experimental error, and the observed improvement is significant and unexpected.

Claims

1. Ir (L) _A ) _n (L _B ) _m (L _C ) _p Wherein:

each of m and n is independently 1 or 2, p is 0 or 1, and m+n+p=3;

ligand L _A Having the formula IOr formula II->Is of a structure of (2);

ring a' is a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, or is absent;

ligand L _B Having the formula IIIIs of a structure of (2);

ligand L _C Is a bidentate ligand;

part C is a monocyclic or polycyclic fused ring system, wherein each ring in the monocyclic or polycyclic system is independently a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

Z ¹ and Z ² Is independently C or N;

X ¹ to X ¹¹ Is independently C or N;

each R is ^A 、R ^A '、R ^B 、R ^C And R is ^D Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, ether, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, seleno, and combinations thereof;

At least one R ^C Or R is ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group;

any two substituents can be joined or fused to form a ring;

the limiting conditions are as follows:

a) Without two R' s ^D Substituents join to form a benzofuran or benzothiophene structure fused to ring D through a furan or thiophene ring, respectively, and substituted with fluorine or cyano substituents;

b) Ligand L _A And ligand L _B Not joined to form a hexadentate ligand;

c)R ₁ not trimethylsilyl;

d) If ring D contains 1, 3-difluorobenzene, then ring B has no more than one electron withdrawing group attached; and wherein the compound is not one of:

2. the compound of claim 1, wherein a total of at least two R ^C Or R is ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group; or at least two of R ^C Or at least two R ^D Comprising an electron withdrawing group; and/or wherein each electron withdrawing group is independently selected from the group consisting of: F. CF (compact flash) ₃ 、CN、COCH ₃ 、CHO、COCF ₃ 、COOMe、COOCF ₃ 、NO ₂ 、SF ₃ 、SiF ₃ 、PF ₄ 、SF ₅ 、OCF ₃ 、SCF ₃ 、SeCF ₃ 、SOCF ₃ 、SeOCF ₃ 、SO ₂ F、SO ₂ CF ₃ 、SeO ₂ CF ₃ 、OSeO ₂ CF ₃ 、OCN、SCN、SeCN、NC、 ⁺ N(R) ₃ 、(R) ₂ CCN、(R) ₂ CCF ₃ 、CNC(CF ₃ ) ₂ BRR', substituted or unsubstituted dibenzoborolan, 1-substituted carbazole, 1, 9-substituted carbazole, substituted or unsubstituted pyridine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazine, substituted or unsubstituted pyridoxine, substituted or unsubstituted triazine, substituted or unsubstituted oxazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, Isonitriles, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, partially and fully fluorinated alkyl groups, partially and fully fluorinated aryl groups, partially and fully fluorinated heteroaryl groups, cyano-containing alkyl groups, cyano-containing aryl groups, cyano-containing heteroaryl groups, isocyanates,

each of R, R _e And R is _f Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, ether, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, seleno, and combinations thereof.

3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X ¹ To X ⁴ Each of which is C or X ¹ To X ⁴ At least one of which is N; and/or wherein X ⁸ To X ¹¹ Each of which is C or X ⁸ To X ¹¹ At least one of which is N; and/or wherein X ⁵ To X ⁷ Each of which is C or X ⁵ To X ⁷ At least one of which is N; and/or wherein Z ¹ Is C and Z ² Is N, or wherein Z ¹ Is N and Z ² Is C; and/or

Wherein ligand L _A Comprising at least one electron withdrawing group; and/or wherein the ligand L _A Having the structure of formula I whereinR ₁ Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or wherein the ligand L _A Having the structure of formula II, wherein R _1' Is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group; and/or wherein part C is selected from the group consisting of: pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, oxazole and thiazole.

4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the ligand L _A Selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

X ¹⁴ 、X ¹⁵ 、X ¹⁶ and X ¹⁷ Each independently is C or N;

each R is ^AA ' independently represents a single to maximum number of substitutions, or no substitutions;

each R is ^AA ' independently is hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, ether, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, seleno, and combinations thereof;

R ^AA and R is ^BB Independently representing a single to a maximum allowable number of substitutions, or no substitutions; each R is ^AA And R is ^BB Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenylA group, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, ether, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, seleno, and combinations thereof; and

any two substituents can be joined or fused to form a ring.

5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the ligand L _A Selected from the group consisting of: l (L) _Ai (R ^J )(R ^K )(R ^L )(R ^M ) And L _Ai' (R ^J )(R ^K ')(R ^L )(R ^M ) Wherein i is an integer from 1 to 12 and 15 to 30, i' is selected from 1, 13 and 14, R ^J 、R ^K 、R ^L And R is ^M Each of R1 to R50, and R ^K ' is independently selected from R2 to R50;

wherein L is _A1 (R1) (R2) (R1) (R1) to L _A30 (R50) has the following structure:

wherein R1 to R50 have the following structure:

6. the compound of claim 1, wherein L _B Selected from the group consisting of:

/>

wherein:

t is selected from the group consisting of: B. al, ga and In;

K ¹ ' is a direct bond;

Y ¹ to Y ¹³ Independently selected from the group consisting of: c and N;

Y' is selected from the group consisting of: BR (BR) _e 、BR _e R _f 、NR _e 、PR _e 、P(O)R _e 、O、S、Se、C＝O、C＝S、C＝Se、C＝NR _e 、C＝CR _e R _f 、S＝O、SO ₂ 、CR _e R _f 、SiR _e R _f And GeR _e R _f ；

R _e And R is _f Capable of being fused or joined to form a ring;

R _a1 、R _b1 、R _c1 、R _d1 、R _a 、R _b 、R _c 、R _d 、R _e and R is _f Is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, seleno, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; general substituents as defined herein; and

7. The compound of claim 1, wherein L _B Selected from the group consisting of:

/>

wherein:

R _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e ' each independently represents zero, a single, or a maximum allowable number of substitutions to its associated ring;

R _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e ' each independently is hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of:

Deuterium, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, borane, and combinations thereof; and

8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the ligand L _B Selected from the group consisting of:

L _B1 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA) to L _B41 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)、L _B42 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) to

L _B68 (RG)(RH)(EA)(EB)、L _B69 (RG)(RH) (RI) (EA) to L _B90 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)、L _B91 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) to L _B92 (RG)(RH)(EA)(EB)、L _B93 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA) to

L _B96 (RG)(RH)(RI)(EA)、L _B97 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) to L _B98 (RG) (RH) (EA) (EB) and

L _B99 (RG) (RH) (RI) (EA) wherein G, H and I are each independently integers of 1 to 50, A and B are each independently integers of 1 to 100, and L _B1 (R1) (R1) (R1) (E1) to

L _B99 (R50) (E100) each is defined as follows:

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wherein R1 to R50 have the following structure: />

and

wherein E1 to E100 have the following structure: />

/>

9. the compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula Ir (L _A )(L _Bk ) ₂ Or Ir (L) _A ) ₂ (L _Bk ) Wherein L is _A Is according to formula I or formula II;

Wherein k is an integer of 1 to 148, and each L _Bk The structure is as follows: />

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10. the compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula Ir (L _A )(L _B )(L _Cj-I ) Or Ir (L) _A )(L _B )(L _Cj-II )；

Wherein each L _Cj-I With the basisIs of a structure of (2); and

each L _Cj-II With the basisWherein for L _Cj-I And L _Cj-II Each L of (a) _Cj ，R ²⁰¹ And R is ²⁰² The definition is as follows:

/>

wherein R is ^D1 To R ^D246 The structure is as follows:/>

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11. the compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula Ir (L _A )(L _B )(L _C ) Wherein L is _C Selected from the group consisting of:

/>

wherein:

t is selected from the group consisting of: B. al, ga and In;

K ¹ ' is a direct bond or is selected from the group consisting of: NR (NR) _e 、PR _e O, S and Se;

each Y ¹ To Y ¹³ Independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen;

C＝S、C＝Se、C＝NR _e 、C＝CR _e R _f 、S＝O、SO ₂ 、CR _e R _f 、SiR _e R _f And GeR _e R _f ；

R _e And R is _f Capable of being fused or joined to form a ring;

each R is _a 、R _b 、R _c And R is _d Capable of independently representing a single to the maximum possible number of substitutions, or no substitution; each R is _a1 、R _b1 、R _c1 、R _d1 、R _a 、R _b 、R _c 、R _d 、R _e And R is _f Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents as defined herein; and

R _a1 、R _b1 、R _c1 、R _d1 、R _a 、R _b 、R _c and R is _d Any two adjacent substituents of (a) can be fused or joined to form a ring or form a multidentate ligand.

12. The compound of claim 1, wherein L _C Selected from the group consisting of:

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wherein R is _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e ' each independently represents zero substitution, a single substitution, or at most the maximum allowed substitution of its associated ring;

wherein R is _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e ' each independently is hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents as defined herein; and

wherein R is _a '、R _b '、R _c '、R _d ' and R _e ' two phasesThe ortho substituents can be fused or joined to form a ring or to form a multidentate ligand.

13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

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14. an organic light emitting device, comprising:

an anode;

a cathode; and

an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer comprises the compound of claim 1.

15. A consumer product comprising an organic light emitting device, the organic light emitting device comprising:

an anode;

a cathode; and