CN116895805A - Method for operating a fuel cell system and fuel cell system - Google Patents

Method for operating a fuel cell system and fuel cell system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116895805A
CN116895805A CN202310368641.1A CN202310368641A CN116895805A CN 116895805 A CN116895805 A CN 116895805A CN 202310368641 A CN202310368641 A CN 202310368641A CN 116895805 A CN116895805 A CN 116895805A
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China
Prior art keywords
fuel cell
cell system
operating parameter
determined
operating
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CN202310368641.1A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
M·卡雷
F·舍费尔
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
    • H01M8/04022—Heating by combustion
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    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04305—Modeling, demonstration models of fuel cells, e.g. for training purposes
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    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
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    • H01M8/04328—Temperature; Ambient temperature of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
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    • H01M8/04395—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of cathode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
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    • H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04425—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow at auxiliary devices, e.g. reformers, compressors, burners
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
    • H01M8/04447—Concentration; Density of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
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    • H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
    • H01M8/0447—Concentration; Density of cathode exhausts
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    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
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    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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Abstract

The application relates to a method for operating a fuel cell system, in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, wherein operating parameters of the fuel cell system are determined in at least one method step. It is proposed that in at least one operating state of the fuel cell system, operating parameters are determined by means of a physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) of the fuel cell system and by means of a software sensor.

Description

Method for operating a fuel cell system and fuel cell system
Technical Field
The application relates to a method for operating a fuel cell system and to a fuel cell system.
Background
DE 102020202874A1 has already proposed a method for operating a fuel cell system, in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, in which method the operating parameters of the fuel cell system are determined by means of a physical fluid analysis unit.
In EP3876321A2, a method for operating a fuel cell system, in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, has been proposed, in which method the operating parameters of the fuel cell system are determined by means of software sensors.
Disclosure of Invention
The application relates to a method for operating a fuel cell system, in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, wherein operating parameters of the fuel cell system are determined in at least one method step.
It is proposed that in at least one operating state of the fuel cell system, the operating parameters are determined by means of a physical fluid analysis unit of the fuel cell system and by means of a software sensor. The fuel cell system preferably comprises at least one fuel cell unit for electrochemically converting fuel. The operating parameters describe or characterize the efficacy and/or efficiency of the preferred fuel cell unit and/or fuel cell system in the electrochemical conversion of fuel. Particularly preferred operating parameters indicate the fuel availability of the fuel cell unit or the fuel availability of the fuel cell system. Fuel availability is the proportion of converted fuel in a fuel cell unit as compared to fuel fed into the fuel cell system or fuel cell unit. It is particularly preferred that the fuel availability of the fuel cell unit is kept below 1 in order to keep the risk of damage to the fuel cell unit due to an excess of oxygen in the fuel cell unit low. In particular, the exhaust gas downstream of the fuel cell unit comprises fuel residues. The fuel utilization of the fuel cell unit is preferably determined from the composition of the fuel at the fuel inlet of the fuel cell unit, in particular downstream of the reformer of the fuel cell system, and from the composition of the exhaust gas at the exhaust gas outlet of the fuel cell unit, in particular upstream of the branch in the feedback line and/or upstream of the afterburner of the fuel cell system. The fuel utilization of the fuel cell system is preferably determined from the composition of the fuel upstream of the reformer of the fuel cell system and/or upstream of the feed-in port in the fuel line of the fuel cell system and from the composition of the exhaust gas downstream of the branch into the feed-back line and in particular upstream of the afterburner. The operating parameters are preferably determined by a computing unit.
The physical fluid analysis unit preferably detects the composition of the fuel and/or the exhaust gas, in particular the proportion of at least one substance included in the fuel or the exhaust gas and/or the proportion of at least one atomic species included in the fuel or the exhaust gas. For feeding into the fuel cell system, the fuel comprises, for example, hydrogen, ammonia, methane, ethane, propane and/or other hydrocarbons, in particular alkanes. For example using natural gas or a hydrogen-natural gas mixture as fuel. For the outflow from the fuel cell unit, the exhaust gas comprises, in particular, water, carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide in addition to the fuel residues. For example, the fluid analysis unit detects the voltage and/or the current of the diffusion flow, in particular of the oxygen diffusion flow, in the inlet probe of a measuring fuel cell, a Nernst cell, a nitrogen oxide sensor (NOx sensor) and/or a physical fluid analysis unit through which the fuel and/or the exhaust gas flows. For example, the physical fluid analysis unit comprises a particle sensor, which is designed in particular for detecting carbon particles. The calculation unit preferably determines the operating parameters from the components of the fuel and/or exhaust gas detected by the fluid analysis unit, in particular from methods known from the prior art. In this respect, reference is made to application DE 102020202874A1, the content of which is incorporated into the present application in this connection.
The fuel cell system preferably comprises a sensor unit for detecting at least one state variable (in particular temperature and/or pressure) and/or at least one flow variable (in particular mass flow, volume flow, mass flow, etc.) of the fuel and/or the exhaust gas. The physical fluid analysis unit is preferably constructed independently of the sensor unit. The software sensor is preferably executed by the computing unit. The software sensor preferably determines the operating parameters on the basis of a model of the fuel cell system and on the basis of the variables detected by the sensor unit. The software sensor particularly preferably uses the energy and/or power balance model of the components and/or of the component groups of the fuel cell system, in particular according to methods known from the prior art, in order to determine the operating parameters. In this respect, reference is made to application EP3876321A2, the content of which is incorporated in this connection into the present application. Alternatively, the software sensor is configured as a digital twin of the fuel cell system.
The calculation unit preferably performs the determination of the operating parameters by means of the software sensor and the determination of the operating parameters by means of the physical fluid analysis unit independently of one another. The software sensor and the physical fluid analysis unit are preferably provided for redundant determination of the operating parameters. Alternatively, the operating parameters are determined by means of software sensors in at least one operating state of the fuel cell system, without using a physical fluid analysis unit to determine the operating parameters. Alternatively, the operating parameters are determined by means of a physical fluid analysis unit in at least one operating state of the fuel cell system, without the use of software sensors for determining the operating parameters. In operating states in which a physical fluid analysis unit and a software sensor are used in order to determine operating parameters, the determination of the operating parameters can be carried out simultaneously, overlapping in time or one after the other.
By means of the embodiment according to the application, the operating parameters can be determined advantageously reliably, in particular over the set total life of the fuel cell system. In particular, the risk of erroneous determinations of the operating parameters, for example due to wear of components of the physical fluid analysis unit and/or components of the fuel cell system that play a decisive role within the model of the software sensor, can advantageously be kept low. In particular, the fuel cell system can advantageously be operated for a long period of time without maintenance. In particular, wear of components of the physical fluid analysis unit and/or components of the fuel cell system that play a decisive role within the model of the software sensor can advantageously be detected early. In particular, maintenance related to a specific occasion can be performed before the stop of the fuel cell system.
It is furthermore proposed that in at least one method step of the method, the value of the operating parameter determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit and the further value of the operating parameter determined by means of the software sensor are compared with one another. The calculation unit preferably detects whether a deviation of the determined value of the operating parameter is smaller than a tolerance value. If the difference is smaller than the tolerance value for the operating parameter, the calculation unit preferably drives the operating state of the fuel cell system to continue to be activated at the time point of the comparison. If the difference is smaller than the tolerance value for the operating parameter, the calculation unit uses the value, the further value or an average of the value and the further value as the actual value of the operating parameter. For example, depending on the application, the actual value of the operating parameter is output, which is programmed into the memory of the computing unit and/or further processed for setting, in particular adjusting, the fuel cell system. If the deviation of the determined values of the operating parameters is greater than the tolerance value, the calculation unit preferably causes a defective operating state of the fuel cell system. In a fault operating state, the computing unit can, for example, output a deviation, perform a fault analysis as a function of the deviation, limit the power range of the fuel cell system relative to the maximum possible power range, increase a safety factor in the control or regulation of the fuel cell system, etc. The calculation unit preferably calculates the operating parameters a plurality of times per defined time interval. The calculation unit preferably uses, in the event of a deviation in the values of the operating parameters, the value of the operating parameter that is closer to the aforementioned agreed value of the operating parameter as the actual value of the operating parameter. Alternatively, the calculation unit uses the maximum value of the calculated value of the operating parameter as the actual value of the operating parameter, in particular in order to ensure that the actual value of the operating parameter is less than or equal to the actual value used for the operating parameter. By means of the embodiment according to the application, a reliable operation of the fuel cell system can be achieved.
It is furthermore proposed that in at least one method step of the method, a value of the further operating parameter determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit and a further value of the further operating parameter determined by means of the software sensor are compared with each other. For example, the fuel availability of the fuel cell unit is used as an operating parameter and the fuel availability of the fuel cell system is detected as a further operating parameter. In at least one embodiment of the method, the further operating parameter is an intermediate value, which is determined for determining the operating parameter. The operation of the fuel cell system can advantageously be monitored in an overall manner by the embodiment according to the application. In particular, the determination of the operating parameters can be monitored advantageously on a small scale.
It is furthermore proposed that the value and/or the further value of the operating parameter and/or of the further operating parameter be determined a plurality of times before the comparison with one another. The calculation unit preferably performs the comparison using the comparison value of the operating parameter and the comparison value of the further operating parameter. The comparison value can be the last determined value of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter or a function of a plurality of determined values of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter. The calculation unit preferably takes a smoothed average of the average value or of the calculated values of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter, in particular in order to use these values as comparison values or in order to evaluate the last calculated value of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter, in particular in terms of reliability. The risk of a faulty operating state triggered in an incorrect manner can advantageously be kept low by the embodiment according to the application.
It is furthermore proposed that the fault analysis is performed as a function of the value of the operating parameter or of a further operating parameter determined by means of a physical fluid analysis unit and as a function of a further value of the operating parameter or of a further operating parameter determined by means of a software sensor. The fault analysis is preferably performed by the computing unit in a fault operating state. The calculation unit preferably determines at least one component of the fuel cell system, which is responsible for the deviation when comparing the values of the operating parameters and/or when additionally comparing the values of the further operating parameters. The calculation unit preferably distinguishes between deviations in the determination of the operating parameters and deviations in the determination of further operating parameters in order to identify faulty components of the fuel cell system during the fault analysis. The calculation unit preferably distinguishes between a faulty determination of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter by means of the physical fluid analysis unit and a faulty determination of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter by means of the software sensor, for example on the basis of the aforementioned agreed values of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter and/or on the basis of the plausibility of the operating parameter or of the further operating parameter, taking into account the sensor data of the sensor unit, in particular in combination with the electrical power supplied by the fuel cell unit. In an advantageous simple embodiment, a list is stored in the memory of the computing unit, which list correlates the result of the comparison and/or of the further comparison with a faulty component of the fuel cell system. Alternatively, the computing unit comprises a machine learning based model for correlating faulty components of the fuel cell system with the results of the comparison and/or the further comparison. Additionally or alternatively, the software sensor can be used in different components and/or groups of components of the fuel cell system. In particular, the software sensor establishes an energy-and/or power balance for each component and/or group of components. Starting from each component and/or group of components of the fuel cell system monitored by the software sensor, the same parameters, in particular operating parameters and/or further operating parameters, are preferably calculated. If a biased and/or impractical value is determined in the component and/or group of components, the computing unit marks this component and/or group of components as faulty in the fault analysis. The calculation unit preferably outputs the results of the fault analysis, for example by means of a local output unit of the fuel cell system, in particular a display, a loudspeaker, an alarm lamp, etc., and/or by means of a communication unit of the fuel cell system informing an operator of the fuel cell system and/or of a maintenance service. The communication unit is provided, for example, for transmitting data, in particular fault analysis, operating parameters, sensor data for determining operating parameters, etc., via the internet, via a mobile radio, via a private data network, via a telephone network, a radio connection, etc. By means of the embodiment according to the application, faulty components of the fuel cell system can advantageously be detected quickly. In particular, maintenance, in particular repair, of the fuel cell system can advantageously be performed quickly.
It is furthermore proposed that in a stationary operating state of the fuel cell system, the operating parameters are determined by means of a software sensor and by means of a physical fluid analysis unit. In the stationary operating state, the load of the fuel cell system is preferably constant. Preferably, the fuel cell system is held at an operating point by a control or regulating unit of the fuel cell system in a stationary operating state. In particular, the control or regulating unit of the fuel cell system maintains the at least one state variable and/or the at least one flow variable of the fuel at least substantially, at least within the control accuracy or within the regulating accuracy of the fuel cell system. Preferably, the control or regulating unit of the fuel cell system maintains the operating parameter and/or the further operating parameter at least substantially, at least within the control accuracy or within the regulating accuracy of the fuel cell system in the stationary operating state. By means of the embodiment according to the application, the functional integrity of the software sensor and of the fluid analysis unit can advantageously be detected reliably and simply, in particular without dynamic effects.
It is furthermore proposed that the extent of use of the physical fluid analysis unit in the dynamic operating state of the fuel cell system is dependent on the value of the operating parameter in the stationary operating state of the fuel cell system, which value is determined by the physical fluid analysis unit and/or by the software sensor. In dynamic operating states, the fuel cell system has, for example, a time-dependent load, the fuel has a time-dependent component, and/or the operating point of the fuel cell system is shifted, for example, by an operator or by a control device upstream of the fuel cell system. Preferably, the computing unit determines the operating parameters in the dynamic operating state at least by means of a software sensor. With regard to the use of a physical fluid analysis unit in dynamic operating states, the calculation unit is preferably determined as a function of the comparison and/or further comparison performed in particular in stationary operating states. If the correct operation and functionality of the physical fluid analysis unit is already determined during the comparison, the calculation unit preferably determines the operating parameters in the dynamic operating state by means of the physical fluid analysis unit. If, during the further comparison, a rapid, highly dynamic change of the supplied fuel and/or a dynamic load change is detected, which change cannot be reflected by the software sensor due to its possible inertia, the calculation unit preferably determines further operating parameters in the dynamic operating state by means of the physical fluid analysis unit. By means of the embodiment according to the application, the risk of a faulty determination of the operating parameter and/or of the further operating parameter can advantageously be kept small.
It is furthermore proposed that the software sensor analyzes the enthalpy flow through a partial region of the fuel cell system, which includes a component or a group of components of the fuel cell system, such as a afterburner and/or a reformer. The calculation unit preferably determines the operating parameters from a partial region of the fuel cell system, which is arranged within a circuit formed by the fuel supply, the exhaust line and the feedback line of the fuel cell system. For example, the partial region comprises in particular only the reformer. The calculation unit preferably determines further operating parameters from a further partial region of the fuel cell system, which completely comprises a circuit formed by the fuel supply, the exhaust line and the feedback line of the fuel cell system or is arranged completely outside this circuit. For example, the partial region for determining the further operating parameters comprises in particular only the afterburner or at least the afterburner, the reformer, the fuel cell unit and the feedback line. Further examples for partial regions and further partial regions can be derived from EP3876321A2, in particular fig. 1 and 2 and the description thereof. The analysis of the partial regions and/or of the further partial regions is preferably carried out by means of an analysis of the energy and/or power balance of the respective partial region, in particular by establishing a balance of the energy flow which enters into the respective partial region and exits from the respective partial region. The calculation unit preferably takes into account at least the molar (molar) enthalpy flow carried by the fuel through the respective partial region in the balancing. Optionally, the calculation unit additionally takes into account, in the balancing, heat conduction, heat radiation, current flow, etc. into and/or out of the respective partial region. By means of the embodiment according to the application, the operating parameters can be determined with advantageously fewer sensors. In particular, for determining the operating parameters, the following sensor units can be used, which are included in the fuel cell system for controlling or regulating the fuel cell system.
It is furthermore proposed to use at least one oxygen sensor, nitrogen oxide sensor and/or particle sensor as a physical gas analysis unit. The oxygen sensor and the nitrogen oxide sensor are preferably provided for detecting an oxygen excess or an oxygen deficiency in the fuel and/or in the exhaust gas relative to a reference gas. The reference gas is, for example, ambient air, industrial gas having a defined oxygen content or further exhaust gas of the fuel cell unit, which flows out at the cathode of the fuel cell unit. The particle sensor is preferably arranged to detect carbon particles. By means of the embodiment according to the application, the composition of the fuel and/or the exhaust gas can be detected advantageously at low cost, in particular with standardized and/or commercially available sensors.
Furthermore, a fuel cell system, in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, is proposed, which has at least one physical fluid analysis unit and at least one calculation unit for carrying out the method according to the application. The term "computing unit" is to be understood in particular as meaning a unit having an information input, an information processing and an information output. Advantageously, the computing unit has at least one processor, a memory, input and output means, further electrical components, operating programs, adjustment routines, control routines and/or computation routines. The components of the computing unit are preferably arranged on a common circuit board and/or advantageously in a common housing. The computing unit can be configured as a local computing unit, which is arranged in a common housing of the fuel cell system, in particular together with the fuel cell unit, or as an external computing unit, which communicates with a local control or regulating unit of the fuel cell system via a wired or wireless data interface, in particular via radio waves. Particularly preferably, the computing unit comprises at least one private or public network server, in particular at least one internet server. In particular, the computing unit is configured as a cloud-based computing unit. The fuel cell system includes at least a fuel cell unit. The fuel cell unit comprises at least one fuel cell, in particular a high temperature fuel cell, such as a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and/or a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC). It is particularly preferred that the fuel cell unit comprises a plurality of fuel cells, which are preferably arranged in at least one stack. Preferably the fuel cell system comprises at least a reformer for reforming the fuel. Preferably the fuel cell system comprises a afterburner for converting fuel residues comprised in the exhaust gases. Preferably, the fuel cell system comprises a sensor unit for detecting at least one state variable and/or flow variable of the fuel and/or the exhaust gas. By means of the embodiment according to the application, a fuel cell system can be provided which can be operated in an advantageous manner.
The method according to the application and/or the fuel cell system according to the application should not be limited to the use variants and embodiments described above. In particular, the method according to the application and/or the fuel cell system according to the application can have a different number of individual elements, components and units and method steps than the number mentioned here in order to satisfy the functional manner described here. Furthermore, to the extent that the range of values specified in this disclosure is within the limits mentioned, values lying within the limits mentioned should also be regarded as public and can be used arbitrarily.
Further advantages result from the following description of the drawings. Embodiments of the application are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The figures, description and claims include a number of combined features. Those skilled in the art will also consider these features individually and combine them in a meaningful further combination in a suitable manner.
Drawings
Wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a fuel cell system according to the present application, and
fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the method according to the application.
Detailed Description
Fig. 1 illustrates a fuel cell system 12. The fuel cell system 12 is preferably configured as a high temperature fuel cell system. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a fuel cell unit 32 for electrochemically converting fuel. The fuel cell unit 32 preferably includes at least one fuel cell. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a fuel supply 34 for supplying fuel to the fuel cell unit 32. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes an exhaust line 38 for exhausting the exhaust gas formed by the fuel of the fuel cell unit 32. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a feedback line 40 for feeding a portion of the exhaust gas back into the fuel supply 34. The feedback line 40 preferably branches off at the branch of the exhaust line 38 and opens into the fuel supply 34 at the feed-in port. The fuel supply 34, the exhaust line 38 and the feedback line 40 form, inter alia, a circuit. The fuel cell unit 32 is preferably disposed within the circuit.
The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a fuel control unit 42, such as a fan, pump, compressor, and/or valve, for setting the fuel rate at which fresh fuel is fed into the circuit. The fuel control unit 42 is preferably arranged upstream of the feed-in opening in the fuel supply 34. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a fluid delivery unit 36, particularly a fan, pump or compressor, for recirculating fuel and a portion of the exhaust gas in a circuit. The fluid delivery unit 36 can be arranged downstream of the feed-in port in the feedback line 40 or in the fuel supply 34. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a afterburner 26 for thermally utilizing fuel residues included in the exhaust gases. The afterburner 26 is preferably arranged downstream of the branch in the exhaust line 38 towards the feedback line 40. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a reformer 28 for reforming fuel. The reformer 28 is preferably arranged in the fuel supply 34 downstream of the fuel control unit 42, downstream of the fluid delivery unit 36 and/or downstream of the feed-through. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes a partial region 22. In particular, only the reformer 28 is arranged in the partial region 22. The fuel cell system 12 preferably includes an additional sub-region 24. In particular, only the afterburner 26 is arranged in the further partial region 24.
The fuel cell system 12 includes at least one physical fluid analysis unit 14. The physical fluid analysis unit 14 is preferably arranged for detecting the composition of the fuel. The physical fluid analysis unit 14 is preferably arranged downstream of the reformer 28 in the fuel supply 34. Illustratively, the fuel cell system 12 shown in FIG. 1 includes an additional physical fluid analysis unit 16. The further fluid analysis unit 16 is preferably arranged for detecting a composition of the exhaust gases. The further physical fluid analysis unit 16 is preferably arranged upstream of the afterburner 26 in the exhaust line 38. The fuel cell system 12 includes at least one computing unit 30 for performing the method 10 illustrated in more detail in fig. 2.
Further components of the fuel cell system 12 which are not essential to the design of the method 10 described below and which are not shown here include, for example: an air supply, in particular an oxygen supply, to the fuel cell unit 32; an outlet for exhaust gases on the air side, in particular on the oxygen side; and a blower for delivering air, particularly oxygen, through the fuel cell unit 32. Further components of the fuel cell system 12 which are not essential to the design of the method 10 described below and which are not shown here include, for example: at least one heat carrier is used for heat transfer, in particular for transferring heat from the exhaust gas downstream of the afterburner 26 to the fuel supply and/or to the air supply, in particular to the oxygen supply.
Fig. 2 shows the method 10. The method 10 is configured to operate a fuel cell system 12. In the parameter determination steps 60, 64 of the method 10, the calculation unit 30 determines the operating parameters of the fuel cell system 12. The fuel availability of the fuel cell unit 32 is preferably determined as an operating parameter. In at least one further parameter determination step 48, 52, the calculation unit 30 preferably determines the fuel availability of the fuel cell system 12 as a further operating parameter. The method 10 preferably includes an operating parameter determination mode 76 and a further operating parameter determination mode 74. In the operation parameter determination mode 76, at least the operation parameter is preferably determined. In the additional operating parameter determination mode 74, at least the additional operating parameters are preferably determined. The additional operating parameter determination mode 74 and the operating parameter determination mode 76 can preferably be implemented independently of one another. The preferred method 10 includes a query 58 as to whether the should run parameter calculation mode 76 is implemented. The preferred method 10 includes an additional query 46 as to whether an additional operating parameter calculation mode 74 should be implemented. In the query 58 and/or the further query 46, the computing unit 30 queries, for example, the operating state of the fuel cell system 12 in order to determine therefrom whether the operating parameter determination mode 74, 76 should not be implemented or whether one or both of the operating parameter determination modes should be implemented. Alternatively, the calculation unit 30 reads out the settings in the operating program of the calculation unit 30, inquires of the operator of the fuel cell system 12 and/or the control device of the upper level of the fuel cell system 12 which of the operating parameter determination modes 74, 76 should be implemented. Additional queries 46 are preferably conducted after the initiation 44 of the method 10. For example, after the completion of the operation of the additional operating parameter determination mode 74, the query 46 is executed in parallel with the additional operating parameter determination mode 74 or in place of the additional operating parameter determination mode 74.
In a further operating parameter determination mode 74, further operating parameters are determined in at least one operating state of the fuel cell system 12 by means of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16 of the fuel cell system 12 and by means of software sensors. In the stationary operating state of the fuel cell system 12, further operating parameters are determined by means of the software sensor and by means of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16. Whether the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 is used to determine further operating parameters in the dynamic operating state of the fuel cell system 12 is determined by the computing unit 30 as a function of the values determined by the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 and/or by the software sensor of the further operating parameters in the stationary operating state of the fuel cell system 12.
The operating parameter determination mode 74 includes, as a further parameter determination step 48, a software sensor step in which the software sensor analyzes the enthalpy flow (Enthalpifeplus) through the further partial region 24 of the fuel cell system 12 in order to detect a further operating parameter. The method 10 preferably comprises a software repetition step 50 in which it is detected whether further operating parameters have been determined by means of software sensors frequently enough for statistical analysis.
The operating parameter determination mode 74 includes an analysis step as a further parameter determination step 52, in which at least one oxygen sensor, nitrogen oxide sensor and/or particle sensor is used as the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 in order to detect further operating parameters. The value of the further operating parameter determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 and the further value of the further operating parameter determined by means of the software sensor are determined several times. The method 10 preferably comprises an analysis repetition step 54, in which it is checked whether further operating parameters have been determined with the aid of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16 frequently enough for statistical analysis.
The method 10 preferably comprises a further comparison 20, in which the calculation unit 30 compares the value of the further operating parameter, which is determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16, and the further value of the further operating parameter, which is determined by means of the software sensor, with one another, in particular after the value has been combined 56. Based on the values of the further operating parameters, which are determined by means of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16, and on the further values of the further operating parameters, which are determined by means of the software sensor, the calculation unit 30 performs a fault analysis if these values deviate from one another. The calculation unit 30 determines, for example, whether there is a malfunction of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16 and/or a damage of components of the fuel cell system 12 arranged in the further sub-region 24, as a function of the values of the further operating parameters and/or of the deviations of these values from one another.
In the operating parameter determination mode 76, the operating parameters are determined in at least one operating state of the fuel cell system 12 by means of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16 of the fuel cell system 12 and by means of the software sensor. In the stationary operating state of the fuel cell system 12, the operating parameters are determined by means of the software sensor and by means of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16. Whether the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 is used to determine the operating parameter in the dynamic operating state of the fuel cell system 12 is determined by the computing unit 30 as a function of the values determined by the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 and/or by the software sensor of the operating parameter in the stationary operating state of the fuel cell system 12.
The operating parameter determination mode 76 includes, as the parameter determination step 60, a software sensor step in which the software sensor analyzes the enthalpy flow through the partial area 22 of the fuel cell system 12 in order to detect the operating parameter. The method 10 preferably includes a software repetition step 62 in which it is detected whether the operating parameters have been ascertained by means of the software sensor frequently enough for statistical analysis.
The operating parameter determination mode 74 includes an analysis step as the parameter determination step 64, in which at least one oxygen sensor, nitrogen oxide sensor and/or particle sensor is used as the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 in order to detect the operating parameter. The value of the operating parameter determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit 14, 16 and the further value of the operating parameter determined by means of the software sensor are determined a plurality of times. The method 10 preferably includes an analysis repetition step 66 in which it is detected whether operating parameters have been ascertained with the aid of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16 frequently enough for statistical analysis.
The method 10 preferably comprises a comparison 18, in which the calculation unit 30 compares the value of the operating parameter, which is determined by means of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16, and the further value of the operating parameter, which is determined by means of the software sensor, with one another, in particular after the values have been combined 68. Based on the values of the operating parameters, which are determined by means of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16, and on the further values of the operating parameters, which are determined by means of the software sensor, the calculation unit 30 performs a fault analysis if these values deviate from one another. The calculation unit 30 determines, for example, whether there is a malfunction of the physical fluid analysis units 14, 16 and/or a damage of components of the fuel cell system 12 arranged in the partial region 22, as a function of the values of the operating parameters and/or of the deviations of these values from one another. The preferred method 10 includes an additional query 70 in which the computing unit 30 detects whether the method 10 should be restarted or whether the method 10 is finished 72.

Claims (10)

1. Method for operating a fuel cell system, in particular a high-temperature fuel cell system, wherein an operating parameter of the fuel cell system is determined in at least one method step, characterized in that the operating parameter is determined in at least one operating state of the fuel cell system by means of a physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) of the fuel cell system and by means of a software sensor.
2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that in at least one method step, the value of the operating parameter determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) is compared with a further value of the operating parameter determined by means of the software sensor.
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in at least one method step, the value of a further operating parameter determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) is compared with the further value of the further operating parameter determined by means of the software sensor.
4. A method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the value of the operating parameter and/or the further operating parameter and the further value are determined a plurality of times before comparing (18, 20) with each other.
5. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that a fault analysis is performed as a function of the value of the operating parameter which is determined by means of the physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) and as a function of a further value of the operating parameter which is determined by means of the software sensor.
6. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the operating parameter is determined in a stationary operating state of the fuel cell system by means of the software sensor and by means of the physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16).
7. The method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the extent of use of the physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) in a dynamic operating state of the fuel cell system depends on the value of the operating parameter, which is determined by the physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) and/or by the software sensor in a stationary operating state of the fuel cell system.
8. The method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the software sensor analyzes the enthalpy flow through a partial area (22, 24) of the fuel cell system, which partial area comprises a component or a group of components of the fuel cell system, such as a afterburner (26) and/or a reformer (28).
9. The method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one oxygen sensor, nitrogen oxide sensor and/or particle sensor is used as a physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16).
10. Fuel cell system, in particular a high temperature fuel cell system, having at least one physical fluid analysis unit (14, 16) and having at least one calculation unit (30) for performing the method according to any of the preceding claims.
CN202310368641.1A 2022-04-07 2023-04-07 Method for operating a fuel cell system and fuel cell system Pending CN116895805A (en)

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DE102012023438B4 (en) 2012-11-30 2015-06-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for operating a fuel cell system and fuel cell system for carrying out the method
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