CN116851006A - Preparation method of leaf-shaped Ce-doped CdS photocatalyst and application of photocatalyst in preparing fuel by mineralizing organic matters - Google Patents
Preparation method of leaf-shaped Ce-doped CdS photocatalyst and application of photocatalyst in preparing fuel by mineralizing organic matters Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000001089 mineralizing effect Effects 0.000 title description 5
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Cd]Cl YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- QQZMWMKOWKGPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QQZMWMKOWKGPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000005447 environmental material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 12
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 description 12
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 12
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- 238000006552 photochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/04—Sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/40—Carbon monoxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/38—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/10—Photocatalysts
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental material preparation, and discloses a preparation method of a leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalyst and application of the photocatalyst in preparing fuel by photocatalytic mineralization of organic matters. Firstly, preparing the leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalyst by a hydrothermal method. The doping effect of Ce on CdS induces rich S vacancies, which helps to improve H of the photocatalytic material 2 Dissociation activity of O and reduction of CO 2 And a reduction reaction energy barrier. At the same time Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ The ions capture a large amount of charge and act as active sites to promote charge carriersSeparation and transfer capability. Thanks to the improvement of the carrier separation efficiency and CO 2 Reduction reaction energy barrier is reduced, and the CO yield of the optimized Ce-CdS photocatalyst is 5 times that of pure CdS and is single CO 2 11.2 times of the reduction system. The invention realizes the efficient mineralization of organic pollutants by the leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalyst and the mineralization of CO 2 The purpose of high selectivity reduction to CO fuel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of energy environment, and relates to a preparation method of a leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalyst, and a photocatalytic mineralization and mineralization product CO applied to organic matters 2 Reduction to CO fuel.
Background
Photocatalytic technology is considered to be the most promising and practical solution to the energy and environmental problems. CO during the treatment of organic wastewater 2 Usually the final degradation product, causes a certain waste of carbon resources, and is unfavorable for improving the increasingly serious greenhouse effect. Therefore, in the continuous photocatalytic oxidation-reduction process, namely a two-in-one self-circulation system, organic pollutants are used as hole sacrificial agents in CO 2 The photo-generated electrons are efficiently utilized in the reduction process, and considerable photocatalytic performance can be obtained. Therefore, the self-recovery strategy is used in the two-in-one system, so that not only can the organic pollutants be degraded, but also the final CO can be obtained 2 Reduction of the product to CO fuel is an attractive strategy. However, in order to mineralize organic pollutants and simultaneously CO 2 Reduction to CO requires development of a photocatalytic material having excellent photooxidative degradation and photoreduction properties.
CdS photocatalysts generally have a wide visible light absorption range and a sufficiently negative potential at the conduction band edge, which is an important material for the development of photocatalytic technology. Many efforts have been made to further improve the stability, migration and utilization efficiency of CdS photogenerated carriers. However, exploring an effective strategy to improve the photocatalytic performance of CdS remains a significant challenge. The use of heteroatom doping strategies to tailor the band position and charge density distribution of CdS has proven to be a very promising strategy. In addition, inUnder the effect of heteroatom doping, abundant S vacancies can be obtained in the metal sulfide, and the photocatalytic activity is further promoted. Notably, cerium (Ce) has a value between Ce 3+ And Ce (Ce) 4+ The low redox potential in between is typically used as a heteroatom to modulate the photocatalytic properties of the semiconductor material. In addition, water is CO 2 A rate determining step of reducing the S vacancy by lowering the energy barrier of the intermediate conversion to H 2 Plays an important role in O decomposition. At present, the proposal that the Ce doped CdS photocatalyst is used for photocatalytic mineralization of organic matters and continuous preparation of fuel is not reported.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the above consideration, the invention adopts a doping strategy to anchor Ce ions on CdS to form abundant S vacancies. By Ce 3+ And Ce (Ce) 4+ The charge trapping sites promote carrier separation and transfer capability and participate as active sites in CO 2 Reduction reaction, utilizing abundant S vacancies, improving H of photocatalysis material 2 Dissociation activity of O and reduction of CO 2 And a reduction reaction energy barrier. Thereby efficiently mineralizing tetracycline pollutants and CO in the two-in-one self-circulation photocatalysis system 2 Reducing to CO. By CO 2 The self-supply system produces CO gas fuel with near perfect selectivity, which provides a concept for further treatment of sustainable organic pollutants and carbon resource recovery.
The invention constructs a series of leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalysts by using a simple hydrothermal method, and is used for photocatalytically mineralizing organic pollutants and mineralizing mineralized products CO under the irradiation of a xenon lamp 2 And (3) CO conversion application.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention comprises the following steps:
a preparation method of a leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalyst comprises the following steps:
adding a mixed solution of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, cadmium chloride, thiourea, deionized water and ethylene glycol into a reaction kettle, ultrasonically dissolving, then placing into an oven for hydrothermal reaction, washing with deionized water for several times after the reaction is finished, and drying in a vacuum drying oven to obtain leaf-shaped Ce-CdS.
Wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the ratio of the mass of the cerium nitrate hexahydrate, the cadmium chloride and the thiourea is 0.01 to 0.08:4:4.
in the mixed solution of deionized water and ethylene glycol, the volume ratio of the deionized water to the ethylene glycol is 1:1.
The temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 160-200 ℃ and the reaction time is 6-18 h.
The leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalyst prepared by the invention is used for photocatalytic mineralization of organic pollutants and mineralization of CO 2 The use of CO conversion.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) The invention constructs a series of leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalysts by a simple hydrothermal method. Simultaneous mineralization of organic pollutants and mineralization of product CO 2 The reduction to CO fuel, the degradation rate of organic pollutant (tetracycline) reaches 91.5% in the reaction time of 6 hours, and the CO yield reaches 25.3 mu mol/g.
(2) The doping effect of Ce leads a large number of S vacancies to be obtained in CdS, ce 3+ /Ce 4+ Sites help to capture charges to facilitate transfer and separation of charges, and Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ The sites can be used as active sites to participate in photocatalysis reaction, and abundant S vacancies are helpful for improving H of photocatalysis material 2 Dissociation activity of O and reduction of CO 2 The reduction reaction energy barrier is realized, thereby realizing the efficient mineralization of organic pollutants under the action of the Ce doped CdS photocatalyst and mineralization of CO as a product 2 Is used for preparing CO fuel through high-selectivity reduction.
(3) The invention selects leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS as a photocatalyst, and efficiently degrades and mineralizes the tetracycline into CO under the conditions of visible light irradiation and the existence of water molecules 2 And mineralized product CO is prepared by utilizing a self-circulation strategy of two-in-one photocatalysis 2 The reduction to CO fuel is a green and environment-friendly carbon resource recycling and converting technology.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows XRD patterns (a) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra (b) of pure CdS and Ce-doped CdS (Ce 1-CdS, ce2-CdS, ce4-CdS and Ce 8-CdS);
FIG. 2 is an SEM (a) of Ce4-CdS and the corresponding EDS element profile (b-e);
FIG. 3 is a UV-vis diagram (a) of a pure CdS and Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst; band gap diagram (b) of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst;
FIG. 4 is a photocurrent response (a) of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst; impedance diagram (b) of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst; steady state fluorescence (c) and transient fluorescence spectrum (d) of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
Comparative example 1:
(1) Preparation of leaf-shaped CdS: adding a mixed solution of 4mmol of cadmium chloride, 4mmol of thiourea, 10mL of deionized water and 10mL of ethylene glycol into a 50mL reaction kettle, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 0.5h, putting into a 180 ℃ oven for hydrothermal reaction for 12h, washing with deionized water for 5 times, and drying in a 60 ℃ vacuum drying oven to obtain leaf-shaped CdS;
putting the CdS photocatalyst in the step (1) into a photochemical reaction instrument, introducing high-purity Ar to remove other gases in the reaction instrument, and carrying out photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and reduction of CO under visible light 2 Experiments prove that the degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst for 6h of tetracycline is 66.9%, and CO is reduced 2 The conversion efficiency of CO conversion is 5.2 mu mol/g;
example 1:
(1) Preparation of Ce 1-CdS: adding a mixed solution of 0.01mmol of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, 4mmol of cadmium chloride, 4mmol of thiourea, 10mL of deionized water and 10mL of ethylene glycol into a 50mL reaction kettle, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 0.5h, putting into a 180 ℃ oven for hydrothermal reaction for 12h, washing with deionized water for 5 times, and drying in a 60 ℃ vacuum drying oven to obtain leaf-shaped Ce1-CdS;
putting the Ce1-CdS composite photocatalyst in the step (1) into a photochemical reaction instrument, introducing high-purity Ar to remove other gases in the reaction instrument, and carrying out photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and reduction of CO under visible light 2 Experiments prove that the photocatalyst has 6h four ringsThe degradation efficiency of the element is 76.8 percent, and the CO is reduced 2 The conversion efficiency of CO is 14.7 mu mol/g;
example 2:
(1) Preparation of Ce 2-CdS: adding a mixed solution of 0.02mmol of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, 4mmol of cadmium chloride, 4mmol of thiourea, 10mL of deionized water and 10mL of ethylene glycol into a 50mL reaction kettle, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 0.5h, putting into a 180 ℃ oven for hydrothermal reaction for 12h, washing with deionized water for 5 times, and drying in a 60 ℃ vacuum drying oven to obtain leaf-shaped Ce2-CdS;
putting the Ce2-CdS composite photocatalyst in the step (1) into a photochemical reaction instrument, introducing high-purity Ar to remove other gases in the reaction instrument, and carrying out photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and reduction of CO under visible light 2 Experiments prove that the degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst for 6h of tetracycline is 85.5%, and CO is reduced 2 The conversion efficiency of CO is 19.8 mu mol/g;
example 3:
(1) Preparation of Ce 4-CdS: adding a mixed solution of 0.04mmol of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, 4mmol of cadmium chloride, 4mmol of thiourea, 10mL of deionized water and 10mL of ethylene glycol into a 50mL reaction kettle, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 0.5h, putting into a 180 ℃ oven for hydrothermal reaction for 12h, washing with deionized water for 5 times, and drying in a 60 ℃ vacuum drying oven to obtain leaf-shaped Ce4-CdS;
putting the Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst in the step (1) into a photochemical reaction instrument, introducing high-purity Ar to remove other gases in the reaction instrument, and carrying out photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and reduction of CO under visible light 2 Experiments prove that the degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst for 6h of tetracycline is 91.5%, and CO is reduced 2 The conversion efficiency of CO is 25.3 mu mol/g;
example 4:
(1) Preparation of Ce 8-CdS: adding a mixed solution of 0.08mmol of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, 4mmol of cadmium chloride, 4mmol of thiourea, 10mL of deionized water and 10mL of ethylene glycol into a 50mL reaction kettle, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 0.5h, putting into a 180 ℃ oven for hydrothermal reaction for 12h, washing with deionized water for 5 times, and drying in a 60 ℃ vacuum drying oven to obtain leaf-shaped Ce8-CdS;
putting the Ce8-CdS composite photocatalyst in the step (1) into lightIn a chemical reaction instrument, high-purity Ar is introduced to remove other gases in the reaction instrument, and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and reduction of CO are carried out under visible light 2 Experiments prove that the degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst for 6h of tetracycline is 95.7%, and CO is reduced 2 The conversion efficiency of CO is 26.3 mu mol/g;
FIG. 1 (a) is an XRD pattern of pure CdS, ce1-CdS, ce2-CdS, ce4-CdS, and Ce8-CdS composite photocatalyst, and characteristic peaks of all samples are in hexagonal system CdS (JCPLS No. 41-1049). It is difficult to identify the characteristic peaks of Ce in the XRD spectrum, probably because Ce in CdS exists in the form of ions. While the peak intensity at 26.5 ° ((101) plane) of all Ce-CdS samples gradually decreased with increasing Ce content, indicating that Ce doping changed the crystal structure of CdS, resulting in a certain concentration of S vacancies. FIG. 1 (b) shows electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of pure CdS, ce1-CdS, ce2-CdS, ce4-CdS, and Ce8-CdS composite photocatalyst. As the Ce doping amount increases, the peak intensity at g=2.003 gradually increases, indicating that the S vacancy concentration also gradually increases, compared to pure CdS. Thus, by doping of cerium metal, there are abundant S vacancies in CdS, which will help to increase H 2 Dissociation activity of O molecules and reduction of CO 2 And a reduction reaction energy barrier.
FIG. 2 shows SEM (a) of Ce4-CdS and the corresponding EDS element profiles (b-e). As can be seen from FIG. 2 a, ce4-CdS takes on the leaf morphology. In addition, as can be seen from fig. 2 b, the metal Ce is uniformly dispersed on the CdS surface, which is advantageous for uniform distribution of active sites and improvement of CO 2 Reduction efficiency.
FIG. 3 is a UV-vis diagram of (a) pure CdS and Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst; (b) band gap diagram of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS composite photocatalyst. The light absorption capacity and band structure of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS were studied by UV-vis DRS. As shown in FIG. 3 (a), the calculated band gap was about 2.37eV (FIG. 3 (b)) with the light absorption edge of pure CdS at 560 nm. In contrast, ce4-CdS has a significant red shift in the visible region. In addition, the band gap of Ce4-CdS is also reduced (2.35 eV), which shows that the energy band of CdS can be effectively regulated by Ce doping, and also shows that the Ce4-CdS can absorb solar energy more effectively and generate CO for photo-reduction 2 Is a single electron.
FIG. 4 is a plot of photocurrent response (a), impedance plot (b), steady state fluorescence plot (c) and transient fluorescence plot (d) for pure CdS and Ce 4-CdS. As shown in fig. 4 (a). The photocurrent response of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS both show different degrees of photocurrent response intensity at the moment of lamp turn-on. The photocurrent density of Ce4-CdS is 6 times that of pure CdS, which shows that the doping effect of Ce and the existence of S vacancy improve the photogenerated charge separation efficiency of Ce 4-CdS. Similarly, EIS was used to evaluate interfacial charge transfer (b of fig. 4). As expected, the Ce4-CdS composite material exhibited a smaller semi-circular radius. This is due to the doping of Ce to produce a large amount of Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ Site, ce 3+ /Ce 4+ The sites not only can capture a large amount of photo-generated electrons, but also can be used as active sites to participate in CO 2 Thus improving the charge transfer mode in Ce4-CdS and reducing the surface resistance. Furthermore, the steady state photoluminescence spectrum of pure CdS showed a strong emission peak at 428nm, whereas the intensity of Ce4-CdS with a large number of S vacancies was significantly reduced, indicating that Ce doping and induced S vacancies helped to suppress recombination of photogenerated carriers (c of fig. 4). In FIG. 4 (d), the lifetimes of pure CdS and Ce4-CdS are fitted by a double exponential decay function. τ 1 And τ 2 Corresponding to radioactive and non-radioactive energy transfer, respectively. Ce4-CdS has smaller τ than pure CdS 1 And a larger τ 2 Ce doping is shown to act as a good electron capture site, and can extend photoelectron lifetime through non-radiative quenching.
Photocatalytic mineralization of organic pollutants and reduction of CO by prepared materials 2 The performance was evaluated by a self-made two-in-one self-circulating photocatalytic system. The photocatalyst and the aqueous solution of the organic contaminant were mixed, and after passing high purity Ar gas through the reactor for 30min, the reactor was closed. The light source is provided by a 300W xenon lamp. After illumination for a fixed time, the gas product is detected by gas chromatography, and the corresponding yield of CO can be obtained by bringing the result into a standard curve. The concentration of the organic contaminant is detected by an ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
Claims (5)
1. The preparation method of the leaf-shaped Ce doped CdS photocatalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps: adding a mixed solution of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, cadmium chloride, thiourea, deionized water and ethylene glycol into a reaction kettle, ultrasonically dissolving, then placing into an oven for hydrothermal reaction, washing with deionized water for several times after the reaction is finished, and drying in a vacuum drying oven to obtain leaf-shaped Ce-CdS.
2. The method of manufacturing according to claim 1, wherein: the ratio of the mass of the cerium nitrate hexahydrate, the cadmium chloride and the thiourea is 0.01 to 0.08:4:4.
3. the method of manufacturing according to claim 1, wherein: in the mixed solution of deionized water and ethylene glycol, the volume ratio of the deionized water to the ethylene glycol is 1:1.
4. The method of manufacturing according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 160-200 ℃ and the reaction time is 6-18 h.
5. Use of a leaf-like Ce-doped CdS photocatalyst prepared according to any one of claims 1 to 4 for photocatalytic mineralization of organic pollutants and mineralization of CO as a product 2 The use of CO conversion.
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Citations (5)
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CN104689835A (en) * | 2015-03-18 | 2015-06-10 | 湖南大学 | CeO2 (Cerium Oxide) nano-particle/CdS (Cadmium Sulfide) nano-rod composite photo-catalyst as well as preparation method and application thereof |
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CN114289036A (en) * | 2022-01-14 | 2022-04-08 | 福州大学 | Sulfide photocatalyst containing rare earth elements and preparation method and application thereof |
CN114515581A (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2022-05-20 | 北京化工大学 | Doped CdS photocatalyst and application thereof in catalytic conversion of CO2In (1) |
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YONGQIAN WANG ET AL.: ""Comparative Study of Structural and Photocatalytic Properties of M-Doped (M = Ce3+, Zn2+, Cu2+) Dendritic-Like CdS"", 《JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS》, vol. 46, no. 3, 20 December 2016 (2016-12-20), pages 1599, XP036146002, DOI: 10.1007/s11664-016-5202-1 * |
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