CN116803332A - Unequal image measuring method - Google Patents
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Abstract
An unequal image measuring method. The method mainly solves the problem that the unequal image size of the corresponding retina area cannot be accurately measured at present. The method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps: step one, calibrating, namely presenting a cross optotype and white points of a first quadrant and a third quadrant in front of the left eye of a subject, and presenting the cross optotype and white points of a second quadrant and a fourth quadrant in front of the right eye of the subject; the subject adjusts the position of visual stimulus through the direction key until four white spots are symmetrically distributed around the cross; step two, measuring, wherein a circular sinusoidal grating is presented in front of the dominant eye of the subject, a hollow circle is presented in front of the non-dominant eye, and black fixation points are respectively arranged in the centers of the circular sinusoidal grating and the hollow circle; the size of the green hollow circle is adjusted by a subject through a key, so that the green hollow circle is consistent with the size of the circular sine grating; the measuring method presents the stimulus of the eyes (respectively green hollow circles and circular sinusoidal gratings) at the same position, and can measure the unequal image sizes of the corresponding areas of the retinas of the eyes.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of ophthalmic measurement, in particular to an unequal image measurement method.
Background
Unequal images refer to the phenomenon that images seen by both eyes differ in size and/or shape. The disparity is affected by a number of factors, including the size of the retinal image, the distribution density of retinal photoreceptors, the processing of the visual pathway, and the like. The large unequal images can affect binocular vision functions such as binocular integration, stereoscopic vision and the like, and cause discomfort such as asthenopia, reading difficulty, dizziness, headache, space distortion and the like.
The incidence of the unequal images was reported to be about 3.5% by Burian et al. The unequal images most often occur in patients with refractive error, and are high risk groups of unequal images because of differences in the ocular axis, corneal curvature, and the like of the eyes, and differences in exogenous magnification that occur in the lenses of the eyes when corrected using the frame glasses. However, in the clinic, no dissimilarity is currently measured for patients at risk of dissimilarity in most cases. For patients with higher refractive power, doctors often empirically prescribe lenses with a lower refractive power for a more balanced binocular vision to reduce the exogenous power differences produced by the lenses. The more balanced lens prescription intentionally does not completely correct refractive aberrations, which can reduce optically induced aberrations, but can also affect the patient's corrected vision and binocular vision function. For patients with amblyopia with refractive power, the incomplete correction of their refractive power will affect their treatment of amblyopia. In addition to patients with refractive error, studies have shown that patients with retinal disease, asymmetric on either or both eyes, who have undergone refractive surgery, are also high risk populations that may have unequal images. Clinically, the reason that the conventional measurement of the unequally-shaped images is not possible is that the current unequally-shaped image test is poor in accuracy, the requirement on a tested person is high, and the unequally-shaped images of patients with strong interocular inhibition and poor binocular vision function cannot be measured.
At present, the measurement of unequal images mainly achieves the binocular vision-separating state by a direct comparison method, namely by red-green glasses, polarized glasses and the like, so that a person to be inspected can compare the sizes of visual targets seen by the eyes. The size of the optotype is adjusted to look the same, and the value of the unequal image can be calculated from the actual size difference of the binocular optotype. In order to make the examinee compare the targets seen by the eyes and avoid the occurrence of binocular competition, the targets are symmetrically presented at two sides of the central fixation target instead of being presented at the same position, and the targets are projected on the non-corresponding areas of the retinas of the eyes, so that the measured non-equal images between the non-corresponding areas at two sides of the fovea represent the non-equal images of the corresponding areas of the retinas of the eyes with the value. The accuracy of such measurement methods needs to be based on an assumption: the different retinal areas of the subject are not equally identical. Recent studies have found, however, that the unequal image sizes of the different regions of the retina are not entirely uniform. Particularly in some patients with retinal diseases (e.g., macular anterior membrane), the fundus lesions are mostly irregular, and thus the effect of the different areas of the retina on the different images may not be the same. Furthermore, since the optotype is projected on a non-corresponding area of the retina, perceptual comparison of two areas in visual space that do not require brain fusion may also affect the accuracy of the unequal image measurement. How to accurately measure the unequal size of the corresponding area of the retina is a current technical difficulty.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the background technology, the application provides an unequal image measuring method which mainly solves the problem that the unequal image size of the corresponding area of retina cannot be accurately measured at present.
The technical scheme adopted by the application is as follows:
a method of unequal image measurement comprising the steps of:
step one, calibrating, namely presenting a cross optotype and white points of a first quadrant and a third quadrant in front of the left eye of a subject, and presenting the cross optotype and white points of a second quadrant and a fourth quadrant in front of the right eye of the subject; the subject adjusts the position of visual stimulus through the direction key until four white spots are symmetrically distributed around the cross;
step two, measuring, wherein a circular sinusoidal grating is presented in front of the dominant eye of the subject, a hollow circle is presented in front of the non-dominant eye, and black fixation points are respectively arranged in the centers of the circular sinusoidal grating and the hollow circle; the size of the green hollow circle is adjusted by a subject through a key, so that the green hollow circle is consistent with the size of the circular sine grating; the unequal image size of the subject can be calculated through the actual size difference of the hollow circle and the circular sinusoidal grating;
and step three, repeating the step two for 5 to 10 times, and taking an average value.
The sine grating has a viewing angle of 3 degrees, a spatial frequency of 4cpd and an inclination of 45 degrees or 135 degrees.
The hollow circles are random in size.
The hollow circle is green.
The device used in the unequal image measuring method is a binocular vision separating device.
The beneficial effects of the application are as follows: the measuring method presents the stimulus of the eyes (respectively green hollow circles and circular sinusoidal gratings) at the same position, and can measure the unequal image sizes of the corresponding areas of the retinas of the eyes.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The application is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings: as shown, an unequal image measurement method includes the steps of: step one, calibrating, namely presenting a cross optotype and white points of a first quadrant and a third quadrant in front of the left eye of a subject, and presenting the cross optotype and white points of a second quadrant and a fourth quadrant in front of the right eye of the subject; the subject adjusts the position of visual stimulus through the direction key until four white spots are symmetrically distributed around the cross; step two, measuring, wherein a circular sinusoidal grating is presented in front of the dominant eye of the subject, a hollow circle is presented in front of the non-dominant eye, and black fixation points are respectively arranged in the centers of the circular sinusoidal grating and the hollow circle; the size of the green hollow circle is regulated by the subject through the key, so that the green hollow circle is consistent with the size of the circular sinusoidal grating, and the unequal image size of the subject can be calculated through the actual size difference of the hollow circle and the circular sinusoidal grating; and step three, repeating the step two for 5 to 10 times, and taking an average value.
The sine grating has a viewing angle of 3 degrees, a spatial frequency of 4cpd and an inclination of 45 degrees or 135 degrees.
The hollow circles are random in size.
The hollow circle is green.
The device adopted by the unequal image measuring method is binocular vision-splitting equipment (including but not limited to a split-view mirror, a head-mounted binocular display, VR glasses, a polarized light display, a flicker split-view display screen, a naked eye 3D display screen and the like), and different visual stimuli are respectively presented to eyes of a subject.
Example 20 subjects were enrolled in a school, a school student and a study student (23.151.18 years of age, meanStandard deviation), all subjects had vision with the naked eye or corrected vision of 0.00log mar or better. The exclusion criteria included: 1) The prior art has the history of eye diseases such as strabismus, amblyopia, retinal hole, retinal front membrane, central serous chorioretinopathy and the like or ophthalmic operation history; 2) History of systemic disease or history of recent medication in the past; 3) Attention disorders. The equivalent sphere power of the subject ranged from +1.50d to-9.00D. Subjects were divided into two groups according to whether the refractive power spread (equivalent sphere power) was greater than 1.50D: control subjects (N1-N8) refractive index spread +.>1.50D, 8 total; refractive error group subjects (A1-A12) refractive error +.>1.50D, 12 total. Control subjects (N1-N8) participated in and completed experiment one. Refractive error group subjects (A1-A8) and control group subjects (N1-N8) participated in and completed experiment two. Refractive error group subjects (A5-a 12) participated in and completed experiment three. During the course of the experiment, the test was completed by wearing appropriate frame correction glasses according to their diopters.
All subjects were blinded to the experimental purposes. All subjects had signed an informed consent prior to the start of the study. This study was in line with the spirit of the declaration of helsinki.
The experimental procedure used in this study was written and controlled based on MATLAB R2016b (MathWorks, inc., natick, mass., USA) and psytollbox (version v 3.0.14) kits, each run on a MacBookPro (13-inch, 2017 AppleInc, CA, USA) computer. Visual stimulus targets are presented on Gamma corrected head mounted 3-D displays (GOOVIS display, nade optics Inc., shenzhen, china) comprising two screens, each screen having a resolution of 19201080 pixels (corresponding to view angle 46 +.>26/>) The maximum luminance is 150cd/m2 and the refresh rate is 60Hz. The experimental inequality is induced by using afocal magnifier (inequality quantitative detection kit, xingda optical, jiangsu, china).
In this study we used a new method of unequal image measurement. Through the GOOVIS binocular split vision display, a circular sinusoidal grating (with the visual angle size of 3 degrees, the spatial frequency of 4cpd and the gradient of 45 degrees or 135 degrees) is presented in front of the dominant eye of the subject, a green hollow circle is presented in front of the non-dominant eye, and the centers of the circular sinusoidal grating and the green hollow circle are provided with black fixation points. Dominant eyes were determined by the stuck-at method. The size of the green hollow circle can be adjusted by the subject through the key, so that the green hollow circle is consistent with the size of the circular sine grating. By the actual size difference of the green hollow circle and the circular sinusoidal grating, the unequal image size of the subject can be calculated.
Each subject was pre-tested prior to the formal trial to ensure that the task was accurately understood. The unequal image measurement is divided into two steps, first a calibration task (fig. 1 a), where the subject can see a visual stimulus optotype consisting of one cross and four points, where the white point of the first and third quadrant appears just before the left eye and the white point of the second and fourth quadrant appears just before the right eye, both eyes of the cross optotype. The subject adjusts the position of visual stimulus by pressing upward, downward, leftward and rightward direction keys until four white spots are symmetrically distributed around the cross, and the calibration task can compensate hidden inclinations possibly existing, so that stable fusion of eyes of the subject is ensured. After achieving a stable fusion, the subject presses the "enter" key to begin the formal unequal measurement task (fig. 1 b), with the dominant eye seeing a circular sinusoidal grating and the non-dominant eye seeing a green hollow circle. The subject was asked to look at the central black fixation point and observe the edges of the circular sinusoidal grating and the green hollow circle with residual light. The size of the green hollow circle is firstly coarsely regulated by the keys in the upward, downward, rightward and leftward directions (respectively, the enlargement in the vertical direction, the enlargement in the horizontal direction and the reduction in the horizontal direction), the regulating range of each key is 4 pixels, the size of the green hollow circle is finely regulated by the e, d, s, f (respectively, the enlargement in the up, down, left and right directions) and i, k, j, l (respectively, the reduction in the up, down, left and right directions) letter keys, the regulating range of each key is 1 pixel, the key is just overlapped with the edge of the circular sine grating, and the 'carriage return' key is pressed to enter the next test after the regulation is completed. The viewing angle size of the sinusoidal grating in each test was fixed at 3 °, and the green hollow circles appeared in random sizes. The test was repeated 6 times in total and the results averaged 6 times.
In experiment one, we induced experimental inequality by wearing afocal magnifier to evaluate the accuracy of the new inequality measurement method. 8 non-refractive subjects participated in this experiment. Afocal magnifier is worn in front of the dominant eye of the subject through a trial frame to induce corresponding experimental dissimilarity. If the subject has corrective glasses, the subject needs to wear the corrective glasses and then wear the trial frame. We measured in random order the afocal magnifier wearing +1%, +2%, +5% magnification and the unequally image without the afocal magnifier. 2. In experiment two, we evaluated the reliability of the repeated measurements of this measurement method. The method is used for measuring the unequal images of 8 non-refractive error subjects and 8 refractive error subjects twice, and the interval time between the two measurements is longer than one day. 3. In experiment three, we wanted to explore the effect of optotype size and spatial frequency on the disparity. 8 diopter-spread subjects participated in this experiment. We measured the unequal images in random order using sinusoidal raster targets of different sizes (1, 2, 3, 4 degres) and different spatial frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4 cpd).
The calculation methods of the vertical unequal images and the horizontal unequal images are shown in formulas 1 and 2, and the calculation method of the measured amplification factor is shown in formula 3:
wherein VC and HC respectively represent the vertical diameter and the horizontal diameter of the green hollow circle after adjustment is completed, D represents the diameter of the grating, MA represents the measured unequal image when the afocal magnifier is worn, and NA represents the measured unequal image when the afocal magnifier is not worn.
In experiment one, we calculated the measured magnification and performed Pearson linear regression analysis of the results. We compared the slope of the fitted curve to 1 by a single sample t-test. In the second experiment, we evaluate the reliability of repeated measurement of the new unequal image measurement method by using correlation test and paired t test, and calculate the average value of the difference values of the two measurementsI.e., bias) and 95% confidence interval (confidence interval, CI) of the difference mean. To explore the effect of the size and spatial frequency of the optotype on the unequal images, we used repeated measures analysis of variance (Repeated Measures ANOVA) to analyze the results of experiment three with the size and spatial frequency of the optotype as factors in the group. Is divided intoThe relationship between the size of the resolving disparity and the refractive power, we also calculated the refractive power spread in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively, as follows:
wherein F90 and F180 respectively represent diopters of a vertical meridian and a horizontal meridian, fs represents sphere power, fc represents cylinder power,indicating the axial direction of the cylinder. And respectively calculating diopter of the vertical meridian and the horizontal meridian of the left eye and the right eye, so as to calculate diopter spread in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. We analyzed the relationship between the magnitude of the disparity and the refractive power in the vertical and horizontal directions using a correlation test. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze the normalization of the data, and the data that did not conform to the normalization distribution was used for rank sum test. The significance level was 0.05 (i.e. when P +.>0.05 rejection of the original hypothesis). All data analyses were performed using R4.1.2 (R Core Team, 2021).
Currently, two different image measuring methods are used: the novel unequal image checking graph (VA: slope=0.83; ha: slope=0.65) and the unequal image tester (VA: slope=0.83; ha: slope=0.70) all underestimate the magnitude of the unequal image, especially the horizontal unequal image. Compared with the method, the method for measuring the unequal images can more accurately measure the unequal images (VA: slope=1.141 and HA: slope=0.987).
The embodiments described with reference to the drawings are exemplary and intended to be illustrative of the application and should not be construed as limiting the application. The examples should not be construed as limiting the application, but any modifications based on the spirit of the application should be within the scope of the application.
Claims (6)
1. An unequal image measuring method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, calibrating, namely presenting a cross optotype and white points of a first quadrant and a third quadrant in front of the left eye of a subject, and presenting the cross optotype and white points of a second quadrant and a fourth quadrant in front of the right eye of the subject; the subject adjusts the position of visual stimulus through the direction key until four white spots are symmetrically distributed around the cross;
step two, measuring, wherein a circular sinusoidal grating is presented in front of the dominant eye of the subject, a hollow circle is presented in front of the non-dominant eye, and black fixation points are respectively arranged in the centers of the circular sinusoidal grating and the hollow circle; the size of the green hollow circle is adjusted by a subject through a key, so that the green hollow circle is consistent with the size of the circular sine grating; the unequal image size of the subject can be calculated through the actual size difference of the hollow circle and the circular sinusoidal grating;
and step three, repeating the step two for 5 to 10 times, and taking an average value.
2. The method of unequal image measurement according to claim 1, wherein: the sine grating has a viewing angle of 3 degrees, a spatial frequency of 4cpd and an inclination of 45 degrees or 135 degrees.
3. The method of unequal image measurement according to claim 1, wherein: the hollow circles are random in size.
4. The method of unequal image measurement according to claim 1, wherein: the hollow circle is green.
5. The method of unequal image measurement according to claim 1, wherein: the device used in the unequal image measuring method is a binocular vision separating device.
6. The method of unequal image measurement according to claim 1, wherein: the calculation methods of the vertical unequal images and the horizontal unequal images are shown in formulas 1 and 2, and the calculation method of the measured amplification factor is shown in formula 3:
；
；
；
wherein VC and HC respectively represent the vertical diameter and the horizontal diameter of the green hollow circle after adjustment is completed, D represents the diameter of the grating, MA represents the measured unequal image when the afocal magnifier is worn, and NA represents the measured unequal image when the afocal magnifier is not worn.
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