CN1167870A - Method and apparatus for measuring position of cementing plug - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for measuring position of cementing plug Download PDFInfo
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- CN1167870A CN1167870A CN 97111752 CN97111752A CN1167870A CN 1167870 A CN1167870 A CN 1167870A CN 97111752 CN97111752 CN 97111752 CN 97111752 A CN97111752 A CN 97111752A CN 1167870 A CN1167870 A CN 1167870A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 208000034656 Contusions Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000664 rectum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种固井胶塞位置测量方法及装置。测量装置由固井胶塞挡圈、压力传感器、压力信号测量电路、胶塞设定位置计数电路、A/D板和微机组成。测量方法有二：一是定位测量法，在设计井段预先放置胶塞挡圈，胶塞与挡圈相碰受阻，泥浆泵压升高，当压力升高到一定值后，剪断挡圈的凸出块，泵压复原，据此可判断胶塞是否到达设计井深；二是定时测量法，测量压力波在井口与胶塞间传递与反射的时间差，据此以及已知的压力波在泥浆中的传播速度，可计算出胶塞的位置。
The invention relates to a method and a device for measuring the position of a cementing rubber plug. The measuring device is composed of cementing rubber plug retaining ring, pressure sensor, pressure signal measuring circuit, rubber plug setting position counting circuit, A/D board and microcomputer. There are two measurement methods: one is the positioning measurement method. The rubber plug and retaining ring are placed in advance in the designed well section. The rubber plug and the retaining ring are blocked, and the mud pump pressure increases. The protruding block, the pump pressure is restored, based on which it can be judged whether the rubber plug has reached the designed well depth; the second is the timing measurement method, which measures the time difference between the transmission and reflection of the pressure wave between the wellhead and the rubber plug, and based on this and the known pressure wave in the mud. The propagation velocity in , the position of the rubber plug can be calculated.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of measuring position of cementing plug method and device thereof.
At present, judging that the common method of plug where is by measuring the mud amount of pump when replacing mud in the cementing, is that the sleeve pipe internal volume calculates according to casing size.But because mud flow rate measurement mechanism (volume measuring tank or the turbine flowmeter) precision of most well cementation usefulness is not high, or calculates the mud amount that pumps into by the strokes per minute of measuring pump, because of being subjected to the influence of pump work efficient, this metering result also is inaccurate.Exist U type tube effect in the well cementation process in addition (in the cementing process, because the cement slurry density in the sleeve pipe is greater than the density of casing annulus mud, and cause in the sleeve pipe head of liquid greater than sleeve pipe casing annulus head of liquid, cause the interior cement paste of sleeve pipe by the dirty voluntarily phenomenon of density contrast), make the position of plug more be difficult to accurately determine.For the well cementation of unstable well, because annular space exposes caving in of stratum etc., easily cause the cementing process to be obstructed, pump pressure is raise.If when replacing mud amount near design flow at this moment, can judge by accident breaks thinks that plug has arrived float collar (retainer ring) and located, and stops for mud, causes the interior cement plug of pipe long, and annular space cement returns the high deficiency, fails to reach the requirement of well cementation.Sometimes, plug has arrived the float collar bruising, thinks that but it is because the annular space formation collapse causes that pump pressure raises by mistake, and takes to replace by force the mud measure, causes the float collar damage, is replaced sky in the pipe, can not guarantee the cementing quality at casing shoe place.For drilling liner cementing, when the drilling rod plug meets with sleeve pipe plug (bottom plug or Japan-China hungry area plug), whether cuts off pin, when meeting the float collar bruising, all is the key factors that guarantee that cementing operation is finished smoothly, and at the scene in the practice of construction, raise by pump pressure and to judge, do not accomplish sometimes.
By the patent US5105883 sleeve pipe limiting joint of RobertE.Bode invention, mainly there are the body (being equivalent to a short sleeve) of screw thread and the plug defining baffle of assembling in it to form by the two ends car.It generally is connected on the casing string apart from float collar 150-200 foot place, when cementing arrives it for the mud plug, will be subjected to the obstruction of plug defining baffle, thereby causes demonstrating for the mud plug and having arrived sleeve pipe limiting joint position for slush pump voltage rise height.The major defect of this method is the workload that has increased casing job, has changed the structure of casing string, and the intensity of decannulation limiting joint body should meet outside the requirement of Strength Design of Casing Strings, also will avoid when perforation, to the short sleeve location influence.Simultaneously, the pump pressure signal display apparatus simply is difficult to analyze some special circumstances, because in the mud process, cause that the reason of pump pressure rising is more, as annular space formation collapse, back pressure valve obstruction etc.This patent can't regularly be measured the position of plug in the down-hole, promptly can not measure at an arbitrary position, and its sleeve pipe limiting joint complex structure, might become nonvolatilly sometimes, so that influences oil field operation.
Show according to the field statistics data, owing to the inaccurate problem that causes of plug position judgment accounts for 10% of well cementation mouthful number.Therefore, in the cementing process, regularly, the location monitor out the plug position,, guarantee that cementing quality has crucial meaning assurance cementing dynamic process.On-the-spot urgent need has such method and instrument.
The objective of the invention is to replace in the mud process, the time that can arrive,, guarantee the raising of cementing quality so that in the cementing process, grasp its dynamic process at the position and the inquisitive position display plug of inquisitive time measurement plug in cementing.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
A kind of measuring position of cementing plug method, i.e. location survey method is characterized in:
(1). place the plug back-up ring in advance in the planned well section;
(2). for mud top plug, plug and back-up ring are collided and are obstructed, slush pump voltage rise height;
(3). ground-pressure pick-up continuous monitoring pump pressure also receives pump pressure rising signal;
(4). after pressure is elevated to certain value, cut off the protrusion piece of back-up ring, plug passes through, and pump pressure is restored;
(5). the shape of the amplitude of pump pressure rising, ripple and feature and known pump pressure lift mode contrast, can judge whether plug arrives the design well depth.
A kind of measuring position of cementing plug method, i.e. mensuration regularly is characterized in:
(1). slow closed-in well choma sky, replace mud with little discharge capacity;
(2). treat that pump pressure rising 0.5-1MP opens the well head annular space later on again, change over to normal for drilling mud practice;
(3). ground-pressure pick-up receives pressure rising signal, and the gaging pressure ripple transmits between well head and plug and the time difference of reflecting;
(4). according to the time difference and the spread speed of known pressure ripple in mud of compression wave transmission and reflection, can calculate the position of plug.
When annular space cave-in mud circulation is obstructed, do not need closed-in well choma sky, directly the gaging pressure ripple transmits between well head and plug and the time difference of reflecting, and the position that calculates plug according to the time difference and the spread speed of known pressure ripple in mud of compression wave transmission and reflection.
A kind of measuring position of cementing plug device, be characterized in: this device is made up of cementing plug ring washer, plug, pressure sensor, cementing plug Position Finding Device, microcomputer, in knowing the breach of sleeve pipe junction of plug reached position, needs place the plug ring washer, plug is collided with back-up ring forward by the mud top in sleeve pipe, pressure sensor is installed in well head mud entrance place, ground, and microcomputer is connected with pressure sensor by the cementing plug Position Finding Device.
Fig. 1 is a structured flowchart of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a pressure signal measuring circuit schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a plug desired location counting circuit schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a plug ring washer structure chart of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the lateral view of plug ring washer shown in Figure 4;
Fig. 6 puts into the schematic diagram of sleeve pipe for plug back-up ring of the present invention.
Among the above figure: 1-plug ring washer; The 2-plug; The 3-pressure sensor; 4-pressure signal measuring circuit; 5-plug desired location counting circuit; The 6-A/D plate; The 7-microcomputer; The 8-cementing head; The 9-pit shaft; The 10-casing string; 11-drilling fluid (mud); The 12-cement paste; The 13-float collar; The 14-centralizer; The 15-guide shoe; The 16-casing coupling.
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiment:
A kind of measuring position of cementing plug method and device thereof, this device is made up of cementing plug ring washer, plug, pressure sensor, pressure signal measuring circuit, plug desired location counting circuit, A/D plate, microcomputer, microcomputer links by A/D plate, pressure signal measuring circuit and pressure sensor, realizes data acquisition and processing.The main cementing plug Position Finding Device of being made up of pressure signal measuring circuit and plug desired location counting circuit can directly show measurement result.Whole measuring system can be divided into location and two kinds of metering systems of timing.
1. location survey method
The location survey method is exactly the well section of following the tracks of the plug position at need, adds the plug ring washer in advance in its corresponding casing string, and when mud was replaced in cementing, plug and ring washer were collided and sent pressure signal, were determined the position at plug place by the ground-pressure pick-up reception.The plug ring washer is placed in the breach of sleeve pipe junction (it can not influence the intensity, latus rectum etc. of the connection of sleeve pipe and casing string, and place convenient, rapidly), and its structure is seen Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.The plug back-up ring is the annulus of being made by the high temperature resistant nylon or the pig iron, some protrusion pieces are arranged on the annulus inner ring, the back-up ring outer diameter D is greater than casing inner diameter and smaller or equal to sleeve pipe junction breach internal diameter, back-up ring inner diameter d 1 equals casing inner diameter, the protrusion piece inner diameter d 2 of back-up ring is less than nuclear diameter in the plug, and the thickness h of back-up ring is smaller or equal to the width of sleeve pipe junction breach.The protrusion piece internal diameter of back-up ring is less than more than the nuclear diameter 5mm in the plug, and each protrudes piece length b along the circumferential direction is 20mm.Preferably three of protrusion pieces on the plug back-up ring, three protrude piece and are in hexagonal angle.Plug ring washer dimension D, d1 are complementary with the respective sleeve size respectively, and sleeve pipe commonly used has 244.5mm, 177.8mm, 139.7mm, 127mm several.For API standard round retaining ring pipe, h is 25.4mm.For in the mud process, continuously monitor the variation of pump pressure by pressure sensor in cementing, when plug and ring washer met, pump pressure raise, and pressure sensor will receive this pressure rising signal, through the position that signal circuit is handled, analysis draws the plug place.After pressure is elevated to certain numerical value, will cuts off three and protrude piece, pump pressure is restored, and plug passes through, and collides with next ring washer again, follows the tracks of the position that plug is arrived with this in replacing the mud process.
For getting rid of the erroneous judgement that pump pressure that other reason causes raises and causes, the amplitude that raises according to pump pressure (compression wave), the shape and the feature of ripple, with the known pump pressure lift mode of this method relatively, judge that whether genuine and back-up ring collide for the mud plug.
2. mensuration regularly
Regularly mensuration is exactly to replace in the mud process in cementing, can measure the residing position of plug at any time.Measuring method is carried out in two kinds of situation, and the one, under the empty situation of permission closed-in well choma, carry out; The 2nd, in well, carry out under the constricted flow situation.Specifically be described below respectively:
In cementing in the mud process, when needs know that what position plug arrive, slow closed-in well choma sky earlier, again with little discharge capacity for mud, allow pump pressure raise behind 0.5～1MPa, can open the well head annular space, change normal cementing job over to.Owing to have plug in the sleeve pipe, the mud pressure ripple is delivered to behind the plug the reflected back well head from well head, gathers this pressure wave signal by the pressure sensor that is installed in well head.The position H that can calculate plug according to the time difference △ T and the spread speed V of compression wave in mud of compression wave transmission and reflection.
When reasons such as cave-in takes place cause cementing to replace mud to be obstructed, can closed-in well choma sky, but directly utilize the back pump pressure rising signal that is obstructed to detect the position of plug, its principle is same as a kind of measuring method.
In order to improve the precision of regularly measuring the plug position, need to survey the spread speed of accurate compression wave in mud of living in, can be when plug arrives permanent position (as certain plug ring washer well depth or the float collar well depth in the location survey), measure pressure rising signal one time, be delivered to the reflection interval behind the permanent position and calculate the spread speed of compression wave in mud exactly according to compression wave, draw the residing position of plug when regularly measuring exactly with this.
In the well cementation process, first lower casing string, and place the plug back-up ring, and then cement injection.Before the cement injection, first circulating mud, then by the cementing head cement injection, has annotated design flow after, replace mud top plug, make the plug ring washer of plug, until the bruising of arrival float collar by placing in advance on the tubing string.Simultaneously, cement paste returns into annular space through guide shoe and needs sealing well section in the pipe.For available above-mentioned two kinds of methods in the mud process tracking measurement is being carried out in the plug position.
The cementing plug Position Finding Device comprises pressure signal processing circuit, plug desired location counting circuit and A/D plate, and measured value shows with voltage signal, and is converted to data signal input Computer Processing by the A/D plate and draws measurement result.Fig. 3 is a plug desired location counting circuit schematic diagram of the present invention, and REF is that preset level value, Z1 are that ann reset end, Z2 are that clear terminal, FG1～FG6 are counting indicator lamp signal among the figure.
In addition, because the present invention has carried out continuously or the tracking and monitoring that is interrupted cementing plug, thereby can detect the U type tube effect that produces in the cementing process, be beneficial to the cementing process is carried out dynamic analysis and control, and can arrive the required pump of float collar bruising towards sum thereby calculate plug according to calculating pump efficiency (the actual output liquid amount of pump is the ratio of corresponding casing string internal volume output liquid amount theoretical with it) for mud plug position.These all are the powerful measure that improve well cementation success rate and cementing quality.Certainty of measurement of the present invention is 0.3 meter.
Claims (10)
1. measuring position of cementing plug method, i.e. location survey method is characterized in that:
(1). place the plug back-up ring in advance in the planned well section;
(2). for mud top plug, plug and back-up ring are collided and are obstructed, slush pump voltage rise height;
(3). ground-pressure pick-up continuous monitoring pump pressure also receives pump pressure rising signal;
(4). after pressure is elevated to certain value, cut off the protrusion piece of back-up ring, plug passes through, and pump pressure is restored;
(5). the shape of the amplitude of pump pressure rising, ripple and feature and known pump pressure lift mode contrast, can judge whether plug arrives the design well depth.
2. measuring position of cementing plug method according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
(1). place the plug back-up ring simultaneously in a plurality of planned well sections;
(2). plug is counted by back-up ring;
(3). can judge plug place well depth according to counting and pressure wave signal.
3. measuring position of cementing plug method, i.e. mensuration regularly is characterized in that:
(1). slow closed-in well choma sky, replace mud with little discharge capacity;
(2). treat that pump pressure rising 0.5-1MP opens the well head annular space later on again, change over to normal for drilling mud practice;
(3). ground-pressure pick-up receives pressure rising signal, and the gaging pressure ripple transmits between well head and plug and the time difference of reflecting;
(4). according to the time difference and the spread speed of known pressure ripple in mud of compression wave transmission and reflection, can calculate the position of plug.
4. measuring position of cementing plug method according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: when annular space cave-in mud circulation is obstructed, do not need closed-in well choma sky, directly the gaging pressure ripple transmits between well head and plug and the time difference of reflecting, and the position that calculates plug according to the time difference and the spread speed of known pressure ripple in mud of compression wave transmission and reflection.
5. according to claim 3 or 4 described measuring position of cementing plug methods, it is characterized in that: more accurate for making calculating, transmission and the reflection interval of available location survey method gaging pressure ripple between the plug of well head and permanent position, calculate the spread speed of compression wave in mud.
6. measuring position of cementing plug device, it is characterized in that: this device is made up of cementing plug ring washer, plug, pressure sensor, cementing plug Position Finding Device, microcomputer, in knowing the breach of sleeve pipe junction of plug reached position, needs place the plug ring washer, plug is collided with back-up ring forward by the mud top in sleeve pipe, pressure sensor is installed in well head mud entrance place, ground, and microcomputer is connected with pressure sensor by the cementing plug Position Finding Device.
7. measuring position of cementing plug device according to claim 6 is characterized in that: the cementing plug Position Finding Device in this device comprises pressure signal measuring circuit, plug desired location counting circuit and A/D plate.
8. measuring position of cementing plug device according to claim 6, it is characterized in that: the plug back-up ring in this device is the annulus of being made by the high temperature resistant nylon or the pig iron, some protrusion pieces are arranged on the annulus inner ring, the back-up ring outer diameter D is greater than casing inner diameter and smaller or equal to sleeve pipe junction breach internal diameter, back-up ring inner diameter d 1 equals casing inner diameter, the protrusion piece inner diameter d 2 of back-up ring is less than nuclear diameter in the plug, and the thickness h of back-up ring is smaller or equal to the width of sleeve pipe junction breach.
9. measuring position of cementing plug device according to claim 8 is characterized in that: the protrusion piece internal diameter of the plug back-up ring in this device is less than more than the nuclear diameter 5mm in the plug, and each protrudes piece length b along the circumferential direction is 20mm.
10. according to Claim 8 or 9 described measuring position of cementing plug devices, it is characterized in that: the protrusion piece on the plug back-up ring inner ring in this device is three, and three protrude pieces and are in hexagonal angle.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97111752A CN1060246C (en) | 1997-05-07 | 1997-05-07 | Method and apparatus for measuring position of cementing plug |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97111752A CN1060246C (en) | 1997-05-07 | 1997-05-07 | Method and apparatus for measuring position of cementing plug |
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| CN1167870A true CN1167870A (en) | 1997-12-17 |
| CN1060246C CN1060246C (en) | 2001-01-03 |
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| CN97111752A Expired - Fee Related CN1060246C (en) | 1997-05-07 | 1997-05-07 | Method and apparatus for measuring position of cementing plug |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103913743A (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2014-07-09 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司工程技术研究院 | Device for tracking and positioning rubber plug through sonar |
| CN104594851A (en) * | 2015-02-02 | 2015-05-06 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Intelligent well cementing equipment |
| CN104847338A (en) * | 2015-03-24 | 2015-08-19 | 胜利油田长龙橡塑有限责任公司 | Ultrasonic tracking and positioning system of well cementation rubber plug |
| CN104975847A (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2015-10-14 | 西南石油大学 | Oil gas cementing top cement plug position monitoring device and detection method thereof |
| CN107387065A (en) * | 2017-08-29 | 2017-11-24 | 西安漫垣机电设备有限公司 | A kind of cementing plug dynamic tracking instruction system and method |
| CN108825214A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2018-11-16 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Cementing plug positioning system and its localization method |
| CN109403911A (en) * | 2017-08-15 | 2019-03-01 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Well cementation tubing string and cementing method |
| CN110924927A (en) * | 2019-11-15 | 2020-03-27 | 长江大学 | Method, device and equipment for downlink real-time positioning of well cementation rubber plug and storage medium |
| CN119145847A (en) * | 2024-11-19 | 2024-12-17 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Knocking positioning centralizer |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4510994A (en) * | 1984-04-06 | 1985-04-16 | Camco, Incorporated | Pump out sub |
| US4674573A (en) * | 1985-09-09 | 1987-06-23 | Bode Robert E | Method and apparatus for placing cement plugs in wells |
| US4907649A (en) * | 1987-05-15 | 1990-03-13 | Bode Robert E | Restriction subs for setting cement plugs in wells |
| US5105883A (en) * | 1991-04-01 | 1992-04-21 | Bode Robert E | Casing restriction sub |
| CN1080687A (en) * | 1992-07-02 | 1994-01-12 | 邓友明 | Dark method in oil tube conveying gun perforation school and special-purpose depth correction instrument device |
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1997
- 1997-05-07 CN CN97111752A patent/CN1060246C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103913743A (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2014-07-09 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司工程技术研究院 | Device for tracking and positioning rubber plug through sonar |
| CN104594851A (en) * | 2015-02-02 | 2015-05-06 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Intelligent well cementing equipment |
| CN104594851B (en) * | 2015-02-02 | 2017-02-01 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Intelligent well cementing equipment |
| CN104847338A (en) * | 2015-03-24 | 2015-08-19 | 胜利油田长龙橡塑有限责任公司 | Ultrasonic tracking and positioning system of well cementation rubber plug |
| CN104975847A (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2015-10-14 | 西南石油大学 | Oil gas cementing top cement plug position monitoring device and detection method thereof |
| CN104975847B (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2017-06-16 | 西南石油大学 | A kind of oil gas well cementation top cement plug position monitoring device and its detection method |
| CN108825214B (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2021-07-27 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Well cementation rubber plug positioning system and positioning method thereof |
| CN108825214A (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2018-11-16 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Cementing plug positioning system and its localization method |
| CN109403911A (en) * | 2017-08-15 | 2019-03-01 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Well cementation tubing string and cementing method |
| CN109403911B (en) * | 2017-08-15 | 2021-09-24 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Well cementing pipe column and well cementing method |
| CN107387065A (en) * | 2017-08-29 | 2017-11-24 | 西安漫垣机电设备有限公司 | A kind of cementing plug dynamic tracking instruction system and method |
| CN110924927A (en) * | 2019-11-15 | 2020-03-27 | 长江大学 | Method, device and equipment for downlink real-time positioning of well cementation rubber plug and storage medium |
| CN119145847A (en) * | 2024-11-19 | 2024-12-17 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Knocking positioning centralizer |
| CN119145847B (en) * | 2024-11-19 | 2025-02-11 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | A knock positioning centralizer |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1060246C (en) | 2001-01-03 |
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