CN116761296B - Solar street lamp controller for adjusting brightness of LED (light-emitting diode) based on time and battery voltage - Google Patents
Solar street lamp controller for adjusting brightness of LED (light-emitting diode) based on time and battery voltage Download PDFInfo
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- CN116761296B CN116761296B CN202311029304.6A CN202311029304A CN116761296B CN 116761296 B CN116761296 B CN 116761296B CN 202311029304 A CN202311029304 A CN 202311029304A CN 116761296 B CN116761296 B CN 116761296B
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 113
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/345—Current stabilisation; Maintaining constant current
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/16—Controlling the light source by timing means
Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of solar street lamp controllers, in particular to a solar street lamp controller capable of adjusting LED brightness based on time and battery voltage. The main control power supply circuit comprises a lithium battery, a 5V voltage reduction module and a 3.3V voltage reduction module. The solar charging circuit comprises a charging main circuit and a charging control circuit, and the charging main circuit is electrically connected with the charging control circuit. The LED brightness adjusting circuit comprises a constant current control circuit and a street lamp port. The main control circuit comprises an MCU, a current and voltage measuring circuit and a clock circuit, wherein the current and voltage measuring circuit, the clock circuit and the MCU are connected. The brightness of the LED can be changed along with the time and the voltage value of the battery, so that the battery can be utilized more efficiently; the voltage threshold value for extinguishing the LEDs is set, so that the phenomenon of cyclic opening and closing of the LEDs caused by voltage rise due to the extinction of the LEDs can be avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of solar street lamp controllers, in particular to a solar street lamp controller capable of adjusting LED brightness based on time and battery voltage.
Background
Currently, the on-time control of solar street lamps on the market mainly depends on an illumination sensor, namely, the street lamps are turned on after illumination is smaller than a certain threshold value, and the brightness of the street lamps is mainly set by setting a certain brightness duration. The street lamp which determines the brightness of the street lamp by means of the illumination sensor and a certain brightness duration is not easy to meet the function that the street lamp is at a certain brightness in a certain date and clock time period. In addition, when the brightness of the current solar street lamp is adjusted, the electric quantity of the battery is not considered, and when the residual electric quantity of the battery is less, the street lamp still operates at the maximum brightness, so that the electric quantity of the battery is consumed quickly, the street lamp is extinguished, and the battery is unreasonable to use.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to provide a solar street lamp controller for adjusting the brightness of an LED (light-emitting diode) based on time and battery voltage, so as to solve the problem that the brightness of the existing solar street lamp cannot meet the fixed brightness of the street lamp in a limited date and time period and the street lamp is extinguished due to unreasonable battery application.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the application adopts the following technical scheme: a solar street lamp controller for adjusting the brightness of an LED based on time and battery voltage comprises a main control circuit, a solar charging circuit, an LED brightness adjusting circuit and a main control power supply circuit; the main control circuit comprises an MCU circuit, a current and voltage measuring circuit and a clock circuit, wherein the current and voltage measuring circuit and the clock circuit are electrically connected with the MCU; the solar charging circuit comprises a charging main circuit and a charging control circuit, and the charging main circuit is electrically connected with the charging control circuit; the main control power supply circuit comprises a lithium battery, a 5V voltage reduction module and a 3.3V voltage reduction module, wherein the 5V voltage reduction module and the 3.3V voltage reduction module are used for regulating and controlling the circuit voltage of the lithium battery; the main control power supply circuit is used for supplying power to the main control circuit; the LED brightness adjusting circuit comprises a constant current control circuit and a street lamp port, and the constant current control circuit is electrically connected with the street lamp port; the main control circuit is used for acquiring the voltage of the charging main circuit and the voltage of the lithium battery and controlling the charging voltage and the current of the charging main circuit to the lithium battery according to the voltage of the charging main circuit and the voltage of the lithium battery; the main control circuit is used for acquiring the date and time of the time circuit and regulating the LED brightness regulating circuit according to the date, time and lithium battery voltage.
Preferably, as an improvement, the main control circuit regulates and controls the LED brightness regulating circuit according to date, time and lithium battery voltage, and specifically comprises: the main control circuit acquires all preset time period data of the corresponding preset date according to the date, then judges the preset time period corresponding to the current time, acquires a preset voltage interval value corresponding to the preset time period, and executes street lamp brightness according to the preset voltage interval value; the main control circuit controls the street lamp to be turned off when the preset voltage threshold value is smaller than the preset battery protection voltage, and controls the street lamp to be turned on when the preset voltage threshold value is larger than the preset battery protection voltage.
Preferably, as an improvement, the MCU circuit includes a main control chip U1, a crystal oscillator X1, a switch SW1, a resistor R2, a resistor R3, a resistor R4, a capacitor C1, a capacitor C2, and capacitors C3 and 4P pin H1, where the main control chip U1 is an STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller; the current and voltage measuring circuit comprises an INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U2, an INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U3, a resistor R5, a resistor R6, a resistor R7 and a resistor R8; the clock circuit comprises a DS3231SN clock chip U4, a resistor R9, a resistor R10 and a button cell B1.
Preferably, as an improvement, the pin No. 5 of the main control chip U1 is connected to the first end of the capacitor C1, the first end of the resistor R1 and the first end of the crystal oscillator X1, the pin No. 6 of the main control chip U1 is connected to the first end of the capacitor C2, the second end of the resistor R1 and the second end of the crystal oscillator X1, and the second end of the capacitor C1 and the second end of the capacitor C2 are grounded; the No. 7 pin of the main control chip U1 is connected with the first end of the resistor R2, the first end of the capacitor C3 and the first end of the switch SW1, the second end of the resistor R2 is connected with a 3.3V power supply, the second end of the capacitor C3 and the second end of the switch SW1 are grounded, the No. 20 pin and the No. 44 pin of the main control chip U1 are respectively connected with the first ends of the resistor R3 and the resistor R4, the second ends of the resistor R3 and the resistor R4 are grounded, the No. 34 pin and the No. 37 pin of the main control chip U1 are respectively connected with the No. 2 pin and the No. 3 pin of the 4P pin H1, the No. 1 pin and the No. 4 pin of the 4P pin H1 are respectively connected with a 3.3V power supply and the ground, the No. 1 pin, the No. 24 pin, the No. 36 pin and the No. 48 pin of the main control chip U1 are all connected with a 3.3V power supply, and the No. 47 pin of the main control chip U1 is grounded; the 4-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 is connected with the 22-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R5, the 5-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 is connected with the 21-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R6, the second end of the resistor R5, the second end of the resistor R6 and the 6-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 are connected with 3.3V electricity, the 1-pin and the 7-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 are grounded, the 4-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U3 is connected with the 22-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R7, the 5-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U3 is connected with the 21-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R8, the second end of the resistor R8, the 6-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U3 is connected with the 3.3V 226 current and the 8-pin of the INA226 and the INA 7 is connected with the 10-pin of the INA 7; the 15 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects the 43 # pin of main control chip U1, resistance R9 first end, the 16 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects the 42 # pin of main control chip U1, resistance R10 first end, the 14 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects button cell B1 positive pole, resistance R9 second end, resistance R10 second end, the 2 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects 3.3V electricity, button cell B1 negative pole, the 13 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 ground connection.
Preferably, as an improvement, the charging main circuit comprises a photovoltaic panel, a resistor R11, a resistor R12, a resistor R13, a field effect transistor Q1, a MOS transistor D2, a power inductor L1 and a capacitor C4; the charging control circuit comprises a 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5, an NPN triode Q2, a PNP triode Q3, an isolation power supply J1, a resistor R14, a resistor R15, a resistor R16, a resistor R17, a resistor R18 and a resistor R19.
Preferably, as a modification, the positive electrode of the photovoltaic panel is connected with the first end R11 of the sampling resistor R11 + Pins 8 and 10 of INA226 current-voltage measurement chip U2, and second end R11 of sampling resistor R11 - Connect INA226 electric current voltage measurement chip U2's No. 9 pin, MOS pipe Q1 drain electrode, MOS pipe Q1 source electrode and grid connection resistance R12's both ends, MOS pipe Q1 source electrode is connected with schottky diode D1 positive pole, schottky diode D1 negative pole connect power inductance L1 first end schottky diode D2 negative pole, power inductance L1 second end connects sampling resistance R13 first end R13 + Pins 8 and 10 of the INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U3 and the anode of the capacitor C4, the second end R13 of the sampling resistor R13 - The cathode of the capacitor C4, the cathode of the Schottky diode D2 and the cathode of the battery are connected with the cathode of the photovoltaic panel; the No. 2 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5 is connected with the first end of the resistor R14, the second end of the resistor R14 is connected with a 3.3V power supply, the No. 3 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5 is connected with the No. 1 pin of the main control chip, the No. 1 pin of the isolation power J1 is grounded and the first end of the capacitor C5 is connected with the No. 2 pin of the isolation power J1 and the first end of the capacitor C6 and the second end of the capacitor C5, the No. 3 pin of the isolation power J1 is connected with the first end of the resistor R18, the No. 5 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5 and the collector of the PNP triode Q3, the No. 4 pin of the isolation power J1 is connected with the second end of the capacitor C6, the second end of the resistor R18, the collector of the NPN triode Q2 and the first end of the resistor R15, the second end of the resistor R15 is connected with the No. 6 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5, the first end of the resistor R16 and the first end of the resistor R17, the second end of the resistor R16 is connected with the base of the resistor Q3, the base of the resistor Q17 is connected with the second end of the resistor Q3, and the base of the emitter of the triode Q19 is connected with the second end of the resistor Q3.
Preferably, as an improvement, the constant current control circuit comprises a SY7203DBC boosting constant current chip U8, a current regulating resistor R20, a power inductor L4, a Schottky diode D4, a capacitor C12 and a capacitor C13.
Preferably, as an improvement, the No. 2 pin of the SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 is connected to the negative electrode of the street lamp interface terminal and the first end of the current regulating resistor R20, the second end of the current regulating resistor R20 is grounded, the No. 4 pin and the No. 5 pin of the SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 are connected to the first end of the power inductor L4 and the positive electrode of the schottky diode D4, the No. 7 pin of the SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 is connected to the second end of the power inductor L4 and the positive electrode of the capacitor C12, the second end of the capacitor C12 is grounded, the No. 8 pin of the SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 is connected to the negative electrode of the schottky diode D4, the first end of the capacitor C13 and the positive electrode of the street lamp interface terminal, the second end of the capacitor C13 is grounded, and the No. 8 pin of the SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 is connected to the No. 11 pin PA1 of the master control chip U1.
Preferably, as an improvement, the 5V buck module comprises an XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6, a capacitor C14, a capacitor C7, a capacitor C8, a schottky diode D3 and a power inductor L3; the 3.3V voltage reduction module comprises an RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7, a capacitor C9, a capacitor C10 and a capacitor C11.
Preferably, as an improvement, the positive electrode of the lithium battery, the positive electrode of the capacitor C14 and the first end of the capacitor C7 are connected with the No. 1 pin of the XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6, the No. 2 pin of the voltage stabilizing chip U6 is connected with the first end of the power inductor L3 and the negative electrode of the Schottky diode D4, the No. 3 pin of the XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6 is connected with the second end of the power inductor L3 and the positive electrode of the capacitor C8, and the No. 5, no. 6, no. 7 and No. 8 pins of the XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6 are connected with the negative electrode of the lithium battery, the negative electrode of the capacitor C14, the second end of the capacitor C7, the positive electrode of the Schottky diode D3 and the negative electrode of the capacitor C8; the pins 1 and 3 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 are connected with the positive electrode of the capacitor C9 and the second end of the power inductor L3, the pin 2 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the negative electrode of the capacitor C9 and the negative electrode of the lithium battery, the pin 4 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C10, the second end of the capacitor C10 is grounded, the pin 5 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the positive electrode of the capacitor C11, and the negative electrode of the capacitor C11 is grounded.
The beneficial effect of this scheme:
(1) The controller can change the brightness of the LED street lamp along with the clock time and the voltage value of the battery, so that the brightness adjustment of the LED and the utilization of the battery are more reasonable.
(2) The controller can extinguish the street lamp before the over-discharge protection of the lithium battery by setting the extinction voltage threshold value of the LED street lamp so as to save a small amount of electric quantity for the controller to use, and avoid inaccurate time caused by power failure of a clock chip used by the controller.
(3) The controller can avoid the LED street lamp circulation switch caused by voltage rise when the battery reaches the street lamp extinction threshold value and the street lamp is extinguished in a software setting mode.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a main control circuit diagram of the present application.
Fig. 2 is a circuit diagram of the current-voltage measurement of the present application.
Fig. 3 is a clock circuit diagram of the present application.
Fig. 4 is a diagram of a solar charging circuit of the present application.
Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of a solar charging drive control circuit according to the present application.
Fig. 6 is a main control power supply circuit of the present application.
Fig. 7 is a circuit diagram of the LED driving and brightness adjustment according to the present application.
Fig. 8 is a flow chart of the LED brightness adjustment according to the present application.
Fig. 9 is a flowchart of an implementation process of turning off the LED street lamp after reaching the battery protection voltage according to the present application.
Detailed Description
The following is a further detailed description of the embodiments:
examples:
the following description of the embodiments of the present application will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the application without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the application.
1-3, a main control circuit diagram is shown, wherein the main control circuit comprises an MCU minimum system circuit, a current and voltage measuring circuit and a clock circuit; the MCU minimum system circuit comprises an STM32F103C8T6 main control chip U1, a crystal oscillator X1, a switch SW1, a resistor R2, a resistor R3, a resistor R4, a capacitor C1, a capacitor C2 and a capacitor C3 and 4P pin H1; the current and voltage measuring circuit comprises an INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U2, an INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U3, a resistor R5, a resistor R6, a resistor R7 and a resistor R8; the clock circuit comprises a DS3231SN clock chip U4, a resistor R9, a resistor R10 and a button cell B1. Wherein: the No. 5 pin of the main control chip U1 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C1, the first end of the resistor R1 and the first end of the crystal oscillator X1, the No. 6 pin of the main control chip U1 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C2, the second end of the resistor R1 and the second end of the crystal oscillator X1, and the second end of the capacitor C1 and the second end of the capacitor C2 are grounded; the No. 7 pin of the main control chip U1 is connected with the first end of a resistor R2, the first end of a capacitor C3 and the first end of a switch SW1, the second end of the resistor R2 is connected with 3.3V electricity, the second end of the capacitor C3 and the second end of the switch SW1 are grounded, the No. 20 pin and the No. 44 pin of the main control chip U1 are respectively connected with the first ends of the resistor R3 and the resistor R4, the second ends of the resistor R3 and the resistor R4 are grounded, the No. 34 pin and the No. 37 pin of the main control chip U1 are respectively connected with the No. 2 pin and the No. 3 pin of a 4P pin H1, the No. 1 pin and the No. 4 pin of the 4P pin H1 are respectively connected with 3.3V power and ground, the No. 1 pin, the No. 24 pin, the No. 36 pin and the No. 48 pin of the main control chip U1 are connected with 3.3V power, and the No. 23 pin 47 pin of the main control chip U1 is grounded; the INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U2 is connected with the No. 22 pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R5, the No. 5 pin of the chip U2 is connected with the No. 21 pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R6, the second end of the resistor R5 and the second end of the resistor R6 are connected with 3.3V electricity, the No. 1 pin and the No. 7 pin of the chip U2 are grounded, the No. 8 pin and the No. 10 pin of the chip U2 are connected, the No. 4 pin of the INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U3 is connected with the No. 22 pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R7, the No. 5 pin of the chip U3 is connected with the No. 21 pin and the first end of the resistor R8 of the main control chip U1, the second end of the resistor R7 and the second end of the resistor R8 and the No. 6 pin of the chip U3 are connected with 3.3V electricity, the No. 1 pin and the No. 7 pin of the chip U3 are grounded, and the No. 8 pin of the chip U3 is connected with the No. 10 pin of the chip U3; the DS3231SN clock chip U4 has the 15 number pin connected to the 43 number pin of the main control chip U1 and the resistor R9 first end, the clock chip U4 has the 16 number pin connected to the 42 number pin of the main control chip U1 and the resistor R10 first end, the clock chip U4 has the 14 number pin connected to the positive electrode of the button cell B1, the resistor R9 second end, the resistor R10 second end and the clock chip U4 has the 2 number pin connected to the 3.3V power, the button cell B1 negative electrode and the clock chip U4 has the 13 number pin connected to the ground.
As shown in fig. 4-5, a solar charging circuit is shown, comprising a charging main circuit and a charging control circuit; the charging main circuit comprises a photovoltaic panel, a lithium battery, a resistor R11, a resistor R12, a resistor R13, a field effect transistor Q1, a MOS transistor D2, a power inductor L1 and a capacitor C4; the charging control circuit comprises a 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5, an NPN triode Q2, a PNP triode Q3, an isolation power supply J1, a resistor R14, a resistor R15, a resistor R16, a resistor R17, a resistor R18 and a resistor R19. For the charging main circuit part, the positive electrode of the photovoltaic panel is connected with the first end R11 of the sampling resistor R11 + Pins 8 and 10 of INA226 current-voltage measurement chip U2, and second end R11 of sampling resistor R11 - The power inductor is characterized by being connected with an INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 pin 9, a MOS tube Q1 drain electrode, a MOS tube Q1 source electrode and two ends of a grid electrode connection resistor R12, wherein the MOS tube Q1 source electrode is connected with a positive electrode of a Schottky diode D1, a negative electrode of the Schottky diode D1 is connected with a first end of a power inductor L1 and a negative electrode of the Schottky diode D2, and a second end of the power inductor L1 is connected with a first end R13 of a sampling resistor R13 + Pins 8 and 10 of INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U3 and anode of capacitor C4, and second end R13 of sampling resistor R13 - And the No. 9 pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U3, the anode of the lithium battery, the cathode of the capacitor C4, the anode of the Schottky diode D2 and the cathode of the battery are connected with the cathode of the photovoltaic panel. For the charge control circuit part, a No. 2 pin of a 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5 is connected with a first end of a resistor R14, a second end of the resistor R14 is connected with a 3.3V power supply, a No. 3 pin of the isolation optocoupler U5 is connected with a No. 1 pin of a main control chip, a No. 1 pin of an isolation power supply J1 is grounded, a first end of a capacitor C5 is connected, and a No. 2 pin of the isolation power supply J1 is connected with a 5V power supply positiveThe pole, the electric capacity C5 second end, the No. 3 pin of isolation power J1 connects electric capacity C6 first end, resistance R18 first end, no. 5 pins of 6N136 isolation opto-coupler U5, PNP triode Q3's collecting electrode, the No. 4 pins of isolation power J1 connect electric capacity C6 second end, resistance R18 second end, NPN triode Q2's collecting electrode, resistance R15 first end, resistance R15 second end connects isolation opto-coupler U5's No. 6 pins, resistance R16 first end, resistance R17 first end, resistance R16 second end connects triode Q3 base, resistance R17 second end connects triode Q2 base, triode Q2's projecting electrode connects triode Q3's projecting electrode, resistance R19 first end, R19 second end connects MOS pipe Q1 drain electrode.
The system also comprises a main control power supply circuit, as shown in fig. 6, wherein the main control power supply circuit comprises a 5V voltage reduction module and a 3.3V voltage reduction module; the 5V voltage reduction module comprises an XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6, a capacitor C14, a capacitor C7, a capacitor C8, a Schottky diode D3 and a power inductor L3; the 3.3V voltage reduction module comprises an RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7, a capacitor C9, a capacitor C10 and a capacitor C11. Wherein: the positive electrode of the lithium battery, the positive electrode of the capacitor C14 and the first end of the capacitor C7 are connected with the No. 1 pin of the voltage stabilizing chip U6, the No. 2 pin of the voltage stabilizing chip U6 is connected with the first end of the power inductor L3 and the negative electrode of the Schottky diode D4, the No. 3 pin of the voltage stabilizing chip U6 is connected with the second end of the power inductor L3 and the positive electrode of the capacitor C8, and the No. 5, the No. 6, the No. 7 and the No. 8 pins of the voltage stabilizing chip U6 are connected with the negative electrode of the lithium battery, the negative electrode of the capacitor C14, the second end of the capacitor C7 and the positive electrode of the Schottky diode D3 and the negative electrode of the capacitor C8; pins 1 and 3 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 are connected with the positive electrode of the capacitor C9 and the second end of the power inductor L3, pin 2 of the voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the negative electrode of the capacitor C9 and the negative electrode of the lithium battery, pin 4 of the voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C10, the second end of the capacitor C10 is grounded, pin 5 of the voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the positive electrode of the capacitor C11, and the negative electrode of the capacitor C11 is grounded.
The lithium battery has the over-discharge protection function, namely the battery can stop discharging after the battery voltage is smaller than a certain value, if the battery reaches the over-discharge protection, the controller can be powered off, and for the controller using the clock chip, the clock chip can cause the follow-up time inaccuracy due to the power off. Therefore, the street lamp needs to be extinguished before the over-discharge protection of the lithium battery so as to save a small amount of electric quantity for the controller. Therefore, the controller capable of setting the extinction voltage value of the LED street lamp is particularly important.
When the voltage value of the lithium battery is smaller than the preset battery protection voltage, the LED street lamp needs to be extinguished to avoid over-discharge of the battery, and the voltage of the lithium battery terminal can be increased due to the influence of the internal resistance of the lithium battery when the street lamp is extinguished, so that the voltage of the battery is larger than the preset battery protection voltage, and if related design is not carried out, the LED street lamp can be turned on and off circularly. In order to prevent the on and off problems of the power system caused by voltage rise, a hardware circuit method, that is, adding some electronic components, is currently used, and the circuit is commonly used to avoid the cyclic switching problem caused by voltage rise by utilizing the electrical characteristics. However, the hardware circuit method requires an additional electronic component, which results in a problem of high cost. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a street lamp in which the brightness of the LED can be changed with the voltage value of the battery over time, so that the brightness adjustment of the LED and the battery utilization are more reasonable. The problem of LED cyclic lighting and closing is solved by developing a software program and utilizing software setting, so that the hardware use cost is reduced while the same function is realized. Specifically, the main control circuit acquires all preset time period data of corresponding preset dates according to the dates, then judges preset time periods corresponding to the current time, sets some voltage intervals in each time period, and executes the brightness of the street lamp in the corresponding interval when the battery voltage is in which set voltage interval; introducing a voltage threshold in a program, controlling the street lamp to be turned off by a main control circuit when the voltage of the lithium battery minus the preset voltage threshold is smaller than the preset battery protection voltage, and controlling the street lamp to be turned on when the voltage of the lithium battery minus the preset voltage threshold is larger than the preset battery protection voltage.
As shown in fig. 7, the LED brightness adjustment circuit is shown, comprising a constant current control circuit and a street lamp port; the constant current control circuit comprises a SY7203DBC boosting constant current chip U8, a current regulating resistor R20, a power inductor L4, a Schottky diode D4, a capacitor C12 and a capacitor C13. Wherein: the No. 2 pin of the boosting constant current chip U8 is connected with the negative electrode of the street lamp interface terminal, the first end of the current regulating resistor R20, the second end of the current regulating resistor R20 is grounded, the No. 4 pin and the No. 5 pin of the chip U8 are connected with the first end of the power inductor L4 and the positive electrode of the Schottky diode D4, the No. 7 pin of the chip U8 is connected with the second end of the power inductor L4, the first end of the capacitor C12 and the positive electrode of the lithium battery, the second end of the capacitor C12 is grounded, the No. 8 pin of the chip U8 is connected with the negative electrode of the Schottky diode D4, the first end of the capacitor C13 and the positive electrode of the street lamp interface terminal, the second end of the capacitor C13 is grounded, and the No. 8 pin of the chip U8 is connected with the No. 11 pin PA1 of the main control chip U1.
The implementation process of the solar charging circuit is as follows: as shown in fig. 2, the current-voltage measurement chip U2 and the current-voltage measurement chip U3 respectively receive the output voltage of the photovoltaic panel and the voltage data of the lithium battery terminal through sampling resistors R11 and R13 in fig. 4, and then transmit the voltage data to the main control chip U1 in fig. 1, and the main control chip U1 adjusts the number 10 pin PA0 of the main control chip U1 to output a PWM wave with a certain duty ratio by analyzing the voltage of the output terminal of the photovoltaic panel and the voltage value of the lithium battery terminal, and the PWM wave is transmitted to the number 3 pin of the isolated optocoupler U5 in fig. 5, and controls the isolated optocoupler U5 to output a PWM wave with the same duty ratio to the second terminal of the isolated power source J1 in fig. 5, and the second terminal of the R19 is connected with the drain electrode of the MOS transistor Q1 in fig. 4, so as to control the frequency of switching on and off the charging circuit, thereby controlling the charging current and the charging voltage of the lithium battery.
The implementation process of the LED brightness adjusting circuit is as follows: as shown in fig. 2, the current-voltage measurement chip U3 detects the terminal voltage of the lithium battery, and then transmits the voltage data to the master control chip U1 in fig. 1, and the clock chip U4 in fig. 3 transmits the real-time clock to the master control chip U1 in fig. 1; after the main control chip U1 obtains the voltage and clock data, as shown in fig. 8, first, the comparison of the date and time period is performed, and it is determined in which date and time period the current time falls, the date and time period may be divided into a plurality of according to sunrise and sunset time of different local dates, and in which set time period the current time period is in, the subsequent operation in the corresponding time period is executed, for example, when the current time is in the date and time period 1, the following procedure of the date and time period 1 is executed subsequently; setting some battery voltage intervals in each time period, determining how large a PWM wave with a duty ratio is output by the No. 11 pin PA1 of the main control chip U1 according to the voltage interval in which the current battery terminal voltage is positioned, for example, if the electric quantity is sufficient, the PWM wave with a larger duty ratio can make the street lamp brighter, when the voltage is reduced to reach another voltage interval, the PWM wave with a smaller duty ratio is output by the No. 11 pin PA1 of the main control chip U1, so that the street lamp is more energy-saving, and if the voltage reaches the street lamp extinction threshold, the PWM wave is not output by the No. 11 pin PA1 of the main control chip U1, and the street lamp is extinguished; PWM waves output by the No. 11 pin PA1 of the main control chip U1 are connected with the No. 9 pin of the constant current chip U8 of FIG. 7, and the constant current chip U8 determines the current of the street lamp connected with the street lamp interface terminal according to the PWM duty ratio, so that the brightness of the street lamp is adjusted.
The implementation process of the main control power supply circuit is as follows: the lithium battery is powered by a 3S lithium battery, the voltage of the lithium battery is reduced to 5V through a voltage stabilizing chip U6 of XL1509-5.0E1 in FIG. 6, and then reduced to 3.3V through a circuit of a voltage stabilizing chip of RT9193-33GU5, so that a stable 3.3V power supply is provided for a main control chip U1 and electronic components.
The implementation process of turning off the LED street lamp after the battery voltage is less than the preset battery protection voltage is shown in fig. 9: the current and voltage measurement chip U3 detects the terminal voltage of the lithium battery, then transmits voltage data to the main control chip U1 in FIG. 1, and the clock chip U4 in FIG. 3 transmits a real-time clock to the main control chip U1 in FIG. 1; the main control chip U1 judges whether the current day or night is the daytime, if the current day is the daytime, the threshold F is set to be 0, then the No. 11 pin of the control chip U1 does not output PWM waves, and the street lamp is extinguished; if the voltage is at night, firstly subtracting the voltage threshold F from the battery terminal voltage, wherein F=0 when the voltage threshold F is assigned by daytime, namely if the voltage of the battery terminal minus 0 is larger than a preset battery protection voltage value, determining how much PWM wave with the duty ratio is output by the No. 11 pin PA1 of the main control chip U1 in the date, the time period and the battery terminal voltage at the current moment; when the street lamp system runs to the state that the voltage of the battery terminal minus 0 is smaller than a preset battery protection voltage value, the No. 11 pin of the control chip U1 does not output PWM waves, the street lamp is extinguished, the voltage of the terminal rises due to the fact that the extinction of the street lamp is not carried out, if the voltage threshold F is unchanged at the moment, the voltage threshold F is larger than the preset battery protection voltage when the next program is cycled, the street lamp is lighted again, alternate operation of lighting and extinction can occur, therefore, when the PWM is equal to 0, the value of the voltage threshold F is changed, for example, F=0.2 is set, even if the voltage of the battery terminal rises, the No. 11 pin PA1 of the main control chip U1 still does not output PWM waves, the street lamp is kept extinguished until the next day of battery charging and the voltage threshold is reset to 0 in the daytime, and the street lamp system completes a whole day of cycling.
It should be noted that, the numbers around the chips in fig. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 are actually pin numbers of the chips, and these pin numbers are defined by the chip manufacturer, mainly for convenience and brevity in distinguishing the positions of the pins, so that the developer can find the corresponding pins for connection and use, and are not the reference numerals of the components in the drawings of the conventional specification.
The foregoing is merely exemplary of the present application, and specific technical solutions and/or features that are well known in the art have not been described in detail herein. It should be noted that, in the present application, the optimal specification parameters of the electronic components are marked in the drawings, and it is possible for those skilled in the art to make several simple modifications, improvements and substitutions without departing from the technical solution of the present application, and these modifications should be regarded as equivalent solutions of the present application, and in the present application, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, terms such as "mounting", "connecting", "fixing" and the like should be interpreted broadly, and for example, they may be fixed connections, or they may be detachable connections, or they may be integrally connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communication between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances. The protection scope of the present application is subject to the content of the claims, and the description of the specific embodiments and the like in the specification can be used for explaining the content of the claims.
Claims (9)
1. A solar street lamp controller for adjusting LED brightness based on time and battery voltage is characterized in that: the LED brightness control circuit comprises a main control circuit, a solar charging circuit, an LED brightness adjusting circuit and a main control power supply circuit; the main control circuit comprises an MCU circuit, a current and voltage measuring circuit and a clock circuit, wherein the current and voltage measuring circuit and the clock circuit are electrically connected with the MCU; the solar charging circuit comprises a charging main circuit and a charging control circuit, and the charging main circuit is electrically connected with the charging control circuit; the main control power supply circuit comprises a lithium battery, a 5V voltage reduction module and a 3.3V voltage reduction module, wherein the 5V voltage reduction module and the 3.3V voltage reduction module are used for regulating and controlling the circuit voltage of the lithium battery; the main control power supply circuit is used for supplying power to the main control circuit; the LED brightness adjusting circuit comprises a constant current control circuit and a street lamp port, and the constant current control circuit is electrically connected with the street lamp port; the main control circuit is used for acquiring the voltage of the charging main circuit and the voltage of the lithium battery and controlling the charging voltage and the current of the charging main circuit to the lithium battery according to the voltage of the charging main circuit and the voltage of the lithium battery; the main control circuit is used for acquiring the date and time of the time circuit and regulating the LED brightness regulating circuit according to the date, time and lithium battery voltage; the main control circuit regulates and controls the LED brightness regulating circuit according to date, time and lithium battery voltage, and specifically comprises: the main control circuit obtains all preset time period data of the corresponding preset date according to the date, then judges the preset time period corresponding to the current time, obtains a preset voltage interval value corresponding to the preset time period, obtains the preset voltage interval value corresponding to the time period according to the lithium battery voltage, and executes street lamp brightness according to the PWM duty ratio corresponding to the preset voltage interval value; if the street lamp is in daytime, setting the threshold F to be 0, and controlling the street lamp to be extinguished by the main control circuit; if the voltage is at night, the main control circuit controls to turn on the street lamp when the voltage of the lithium battery minus the preset voltage threshold F is larger than the preset battery protection voltage, and when the voltage of the lithium battery minus the preset voltage threshold F is smaller than the preset battery protection voltage, the main control circuit controls the street lamp to be turned off, and the threshold F is set to be 0.2 until the battery is charged the next day, and the threshold F is reset to be 0.
2. The solar street lamp controller for adjusting brightness of an LED based on time and battery voltage according to claim 1, wherein: the MCU circuit comprises a main control chip U1, a crystal oscillator X1, a switch SW1, a resistor R2, a resistor R3, a resistor R4, a capacitor C1, a capacitor C2, a capacitor C3 and a 4P pin H1, wherein the main control chip U1 is an STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller; the current and voltage measuring circuit comprises an INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U2, an INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U3, a resistor R5, a resistor R6, a resistor R7 and a resistor R8; the clock circuit comprises a DS3231SN clock chip U4, a resistor R9, a resistor R10 and a button cell B1.
3. A solar street lamp controller for adjusting LED brightness based on time and battery voltage as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the No. 5 pin of the main control chip U1 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C1, the first end of the resistor R1 and the first end of the crystal oscillator X1, the No. 6 pin of the main control chip U1 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C2, the second end of the resistor R1 and the second end of the crystal oscillator X1, and the second end of the capacitor C1 and the second end of the capacitor C2 are grounded; the No. 7 pin of the main control chip U1 is connected with the first end of the resistor R2, the first end of the capacitor C3 and the first end of the switch SW1, the second end of the resistor R2 is connected with a 3.3V power supply, the second end of the capacitor C3 and the second end of the switch SW1 are grounded, the No. 20 pin and the No. 44 pin of the main control chip U1 are respectively connected with the first ends of the resistor R3 and the resistor R4, the second ends of the resistor R3 and the resistor R4 are grounded, the No. 34 pin and the No. 37 pin of the main control chip U1 are respectively connected with the No. 2 pin and the No. 3 pin of the 4P pin H1, the No. 1 pin and the No. 4 pin of the 4P pin H1 are respectively connected with a 3.3V power supply and the ground, the No. 1 pin, the No. 24 pin, the No. 36 pin and the No. 48 pin of the main control chip U1 are all connected with a 3.3V power supply, and the No. 47 pin of the main control chip U1 is grounded; the 4-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 is connected with the 22-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R5, the 5-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 is connected with the 21-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R6, the second end of the resistor R5, the second end of the resistor R6 and the 6-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 are connected with 3.3V electricity, the 1-pin and the 7-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U2 are grounded, the 4-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U3 is connected with the 22-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R7, the 5-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U3 is connected with the 21-pin of the main control chip U1 and the first end of the resistor R8, the second end of the resistor R8, the 6-pin of the INA226 current and voltage measurement chip U3 is connected with the 3.3V 226 current and the 8-pin of the INA226 and the INA 7 is connected with the 10-pin of the INA 7; the 15 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects the 43 # pin of main control chip U1, resistance R9 first end, the 16 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects the 42 # pin of main control chip U1, resistance R10 first end, the 14 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects button cell B1 positive pole, resistance R9 second end, resistance R10 second end, the 2 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 connects 3.3V electricity, button cell B1 negative pole, the 13 # pin of DS3231SN clock chip U4 ground connection.
4. A solar street light controller for adjusting LED brightness based on time and battery voltage as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the charging main circuit comprises a photovoltaic panel, a resistor R11, a resistor R12, a resistor R13, a field effect transistor Q1, a MOS transistor D2, a power inductor L1 and a capacitor C4; the charging control circuit comprises a 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5, an NPN triode Q2, a PNP triode Q3, an isolation power supply J1, a resistor R14, a resistor R15, a resistor R16, a resistor R17, a resistor R18 and a resistor R19.
5. The solar street lamp controller for adjusting brightness of an LED based on time and battery voltage of claim 4, wherein: the positive electrode of the photovoltaic panel is connected with the first end R11 of the sampling resistor R11 + Pins 8 and 10 of INA226 current-voltage measurement chip U2, and second end R11 of sampling resistor R11 - Connect INA226 electric current voltage measurement chip U2's No. 9 pin, MOS pipe Q1 drain electrode, MOS pipe Q1 source electrode and grid connection resistance R12's both ends, MOS pipe Q1 source electrode is connected with schottky diode D1 positive pole, schottky diode D1 negative pole connect power inductance L1 first end schottky diode D2 negative pole, power inductance L1 second end connects sampling resistance R13 first end R13 + Pins 8 and 10 of the INA226 current and voltage measuring chip U3 and the anode of the capacitor C4, the second end R13 of the sampling resistor R13 - Connecting INA226 current-voltage measurement coreThe No. 9 pin of the sheet U3 and the anode of the lithium battery, wherein the cathode of the capacitor C4, the anode of the Schottky diode D2 and the cathode of the battery are connected with the cathode of the photovoltaic panel; the No. 2 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5 is connected with the first end of the resistor R14, the second end of the resistor R14 is connected with a 3.3V power supply, the No. 3 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5 is connected with the No. 1 pin of the main control chip, the No. 1 pin of the isolation power J1 is grounded and the first end of the capacitor C5 is connected with the No. 2 pin of the isolation power J1 and the second end of the capacitor C5, the No. 3 pin of the isolation power J1 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C6, the first end of the resistor R18, the No. 5 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5 and the collector of the PNP triode Q3, the No. 4 pin of the isolation power J1 is connected with the second end of the capacitor C6, the second end of the resistor R18, the collector of the NPN triode Q2, the first end of the resistor R15 and the No. 8 pin of the 6N136 isolation optocoupler U5, the first end of the resistor R15 is connected with the second end of the resistor R16, the first end of the resistor R17, the first end of the resistor R16, the second end of the resistor R17, the base of the resistor Q3 and the base of the triode Q3 are connected with the second end of the resistor Q3, and the base of the triode Q19.
6. A solar street light controller for adjusting LED brightness based on time and battery voltage as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the constant current control circuit comprises a SY7203DBC boosting constant current chip U8, a current regulating resistor R20, a power inductor L4, a Schottky diode D4, a capacitor C12 and a capacitor C13.
7. The solar street lamp controller for adjusting brightness of an LED based on time and battery voltage of claim 6, wherein: the No. 2 pin of SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 connects street lamp interface terminal negative pole, current regulating resistor R20 first end, current regulating resistor R20 second end ground connection, the No. 4 pin of SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 connects power inductance L4 first end, schottky diode D4 positive pole after being connected, the No. 7 pin of SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 connects power inductance L4 second end, electric capacity C12 first end, lithium cell positive pole, electric capacity C12 second end ground connection, the No. 8 pin of SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 connects schottky diode D4 negative pole, electric capacity C13 first end, street lamp interface terminal positive pole, electric capacity C13 second end ground connection, the No. 8 pin of SY7203DBC boost constant current chip U8 connects master control chip U1's No. 11 pin PA1.
8. The solar street lamp controller for adjusting brightness of an LED based on time and battery voltage of claim 7, wherein: the 5V voltage stabilizing module comprises an XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6, a capacitor C14, a capacitor C7, a capacitor C8, a Schottky diode D3 and a power inductor L3; the 3.3V voltage stabilizing module comprises an RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7, a capacitor C9, a capacitor C10 and a capacitor C11.
9. The solar street lamp controller for adjusting brightness of an LED based on time and battery voltage of claim 8, wherein: the lithium battery anode, the capacitor C14 anode and the capacitor C7 first end are connected with the No. 1 pin of the XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6, the No. 2 pin of the voltage stabilizing chip U6 is connected with the power inductor L3 first end and the Schottky diode D3 cathode, the No. 3 pin of the XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6 is connected with the power inductor L3 second end and the capacitor C8 anode, and the No. 5, no. 6, no. 7 and No. 8 pins of the XL1509-5 voltage stabilizing chip U6 are connected with the lithium battery cathode, the capacitor C14 cathode, the capacitor C7 second end, the Schottky diode D3 anode and the capacitor C8 cathode; the pins 1 and 3 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 are connected with the positive electrode of the capacitor C9 and the second end of the power inductor L3, the pin 2 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the negative electrode of the capacitor C9 and the negative electrode of the lithium battery, the pin 4 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the first end of the capacitor C10, the second end of the capacitor C10 is grounded, the pin 5 of the RT9193-33GB voltage stabilizing chip U7 is connected with the positive electrode of the capacitor C11, and the negative electrode of the capacitor C11 is grounded.
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