CN116738339A - Multi-classification deep learning recognition detection method for small-sample electric signals - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a multi-classification non-invasive identification detection method for small-sample electric signals. Comprising the following steps: and the characteristic extraction module and the signal classification module. When the aircraft signal is subjected to feature extraction (201), aircraft signal samples containing labels are sent to a feature extraction module (202), deep features (211) of the extracted samples are input into a random forest module for classification, N samples are extracted by adopting a self-help sampling method (303), m features are extracted without being put back in a feature set (304), a decision tree is generated (305), a cycle number judgment module (306) is entered, the generated decision tree is formed into a random forest (307) for classification (308), voting (309), and a classification result (310) is output according to a majority vote principle. By the method, the problems of shallow feature extraction, gradient disappearance, single feature scale and the like are effectively solved, and the accuracy of multi-scale signal classification and identification of the aircraft is remarkably improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a multi-classification deep learning identification detection method for small-sample electric signals.
Background
The identification and classification of the aircraft signals are the core of the aircraft health management strategy, and the current health state of the complex system is judged to effectively find out the occurrence cause and source of the fault and provide a series of suggestions or decisions related to maintenance and guarantee. The aircraft health management strategy is widely accepted and applied in the field of aerospace industry, provides great guarantee for the safety and reliability of the aircraft, and becomes a necessary trend of the development of the aerospace industry.
The fault diagnosis systems developed for the complex equipment at present have certain limitations, most of the diagnosis systems are still in an experimental verification stage, and a plurality of technologies are required to be further researched and perfected when the systems are applied to actual engineering, so that the important requirements of the spacecraft fault diagnosis technology are broken through, and better guarantee and maintenance are provided for the spacecraft. Modern equipment tends to be large, complex, automatic and intelligent, particularly large equipment with more and more complex functions, and traditional fault diagnosis technology shows great limitation and cannot meet the requirements of the current complex equipment on real-time performance and accuracy of fault diagnosis.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem of signal scale recognition limitation in the existing aircraft signal classification and recognition method, and provides a small-sample electric signal multi-classification deep learning recognition detection method. The problems of shallow feature extraction, gradient disappearance, single feature scale and the like are effectively solved, and the accuracy of aircraft signal classification and identification is remarkably improved.
Traditional machine learning algorithms in aircraft signal recognition and classification methods lack feature extraction capability for high-dimensional data, and classification accuracy, classification speed and other performance indexes in aircraft signal classification problems are limited.
The invention adopts a deep learning feature extraction and random forest small sample electric signal multi-classification non-invasive identification detection method, is used as a new leading edge machine learning method, is widely applied to the fields of computer vision, natural language processing and the like related to data science, and has stronger robustness and universality. The deep learning method is based on a deep neural network model, and features can be automatically extracted from complex aircraft signal samples. The invention solves the problem of high-dimension complex data processing difficulty of the traditional machine learning method by a deep message network method, and improves the feature extraction capability and generalization capability.
The invention relates to a deep message network feature extraction algorithm and a random forest signal classification algorithm.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows an algorithm flow diagram for aircraft signal classification and identification according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a feature extraction flow chart of an aircraft signal according to one embodiment of the invention;
fig. 3 shows a flow chart for classifying aircraft signals based on random forests according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
A flowchart of a small sample electrical signal multi-classification deep learning recognition detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig. 1, which includes:
when the aircraft signal is to perform fault discrimination (101), firstly, data of complex equipment in the aircraft are subjected to signal acquisition and transmitted to a sensor (102), and the original signal obtained by the sensor is subjected to signal preprocessing (103).
Then, judging the signal source (104), if the signal source is historical data, entering a historical data reading link (105), and performing signal cluster analysis (106) on the data, so as to effectively assist expert labeling work (107), and finally constructing the historical data and corresponding labels into an expert database (108); if the source is real-time data, a real-time data reading step (109) is entered.
The historical data and the real-time data are converted into two-dimensional data (110) and are input into a neural network together, the deep features obtained through extraction are sent into a random forest classification algorithm (112) through feature extraction (111) of a deep belief network, and aircraft signal classification results (114) are obtained through a voting module (113). Then convergence judgment (115) is carried out, if the loss function of the classification result reaches convergence in training, a final link is entered to output a real-time fault diagnosis result (116); if the loss function of the classification result does not converge in training, returning to a random forest algorithm (112), updating voting weight parameters in the random forest algorithm (113), and performing a signal classification (114) process again until the loss function converges. When the training is judged to be converged, the training is completed, and a real-time fault diagnosis result is output (116).
The deep neural network is a probability generation model, and is formed by establishing joint distribution between one sample data and category labels and combining a plurality of hidden variables. The deep belief network is formed by stacking and combining a series of limited boltzmann machines (Restrict Boltzmann Machine), wherein the limited boltzmann machines are graphical models formed by visible layers and hidden layers, and the two layers meet the boltzmann distribution.
Neurons between the visual layer and the hidden layer belong to full connection, but no connection exists between the neuron nodes between the same layers, the neurons are independent and irrelevant, and the two layers meet the Boltzmann distribution, namely:
p(h|v)=p(h 1 |v),p(h 2 |v),…p(h n |v) (1)
according to the formula, the visual layer v and the hidden layer h are mutually reconstructed through p (h|v), and when the difference between the reconstructed vector of the hidden layer and an original input sample is smaller than a set minimum value through adjusting parameters, the minimum value of an energy function is found, and training is finished;
the purpose of training is to obtain three parameters, respectively network weights W mn Offset B n And offset C m ;
The energy equation for the joint configuration can be expressed as:
the joint probability distribution for a certain configuration can be determined by boltzmann distribution and energy function as shown in the following formula:
the joint probability density of the joint probability distribution is:
giving an electric signal sample set to meet independent identical distribution requirements: d= { v (1) ,v (2) ,…,v (N) The learning parameter θ= { W, b, c } is required. Since this probability satisfies a special gibbs probability distribution, there are:
thus, it is possible to obtain:
c i =c i +α(p(h i =1|v (1) )-p(h i =1|v (k) )) (10)
where α is the learning rate, k represents the kth cycle, and there are:
the deep belief network is a deep learning method formed by superposition of a plurality of limited boltzmann machines, the deep belief network method is adopted to perform feature learning on an expert database, a proper network layer number is selected, signals are reconstructed through layer-by-layer training, data dimension is reduced, and finally output of an electric signal sample after dimension reduction is obtained. The expert database is used for training the online classifier, so that the accuracy of online classification can be improved, and the time is shortened.
The feature extraction process of the deep belief network comprises the following steps:
when the aircraft signal is subjected to feature extraction (201), an aircraft signal sample containing a label is sent to a feature extraction module (202), greedy training according to layers is started to be carried out from top to bottom (203), a positive gradient is calculated (204), V '(205) of a visible unit is sampled, hidden activation h' (206) is resampled by a Gibbs method, a negative gradient is calculated (207), a neural network parameter is updated according to the negative gradient (208), whether the number of loops is reached or not is judged (209), if the number of loops is not reached, the visible unit module is resampled (205), if the number of loops is reached, an iteration step number judgment module (210) is started, and if the number of iteration steps is not reached, the training set is retrained to the training set return module (203); if the iteration step number reaches the iteration number, training (211) of the neuron convolution network is finished, and the deep sample features are extracted.
The Random Forest algorithm is a combined classifier formed by combining decision trees, has mature theory and application, is a mode identification algorithm with excellent performance, is mainly applied to classification identification problems, regression and the like of samples, particularly classification problems, has good performance on most data sets and has a very stable algorithm model. The random forest algorithm uses resampling technology (bootstrap) to randomly extract a plurality of samples from an original sample data set to form a new sample data set, repeatedly operates to form a plurality of sample data sets, constructs a decision tree for each resampled sample set as a training sample set, then combines the constructed decision tree to form a random forest, the decision tree is a multi-stage decision system, the classification process is sequentially carried out until finally acceptable classes are obtained, and the decision tree model formula is { h (X, theta } k ) K=1, 2, …, K }, where θ k K is the number of decision trees for independent co-distributed random variables. The classification and identification of the load electric signals of the spacecraft power supply system based on a random forest algorithm are mainly studied, the health state of the load electric signals of the spacecraft power supply system is judged, and in a given electric signal variable X, after each decision tree classifies the electric signals in sequence, voting is carried out to determine a final classification result. The random forest algorithm has mature theory and a lot of practical engineering applications, and the applications prove that the random forest algorithm has higher classification accuracy in the identification of complex data, has better tolerance to noise existing in the data, and does not have the occurrence of overfitting phenomenon.
The algorithm flow of the random forest is shown in fig. 3:
the random forest module starts operation (301), data are collected, features are set (302), N samples are extracted by adopting a self-help sampling method (303), m features are extracted in a feature set without replacement (304), m features are used as nodes to generate decision trees (305), a cycle number judgment module (306) is entered, if the cycle number is not reached, the self-help sampling method is returned to the sample extraction module (303), if the cycle number is reached, the generated decision trees are formed into random forests (307), the data are input for classification (308), the voting module (309) is entered, the statistics is carried out to obtain a vote, and a classification result (310) is output according to a majority vote principle.
The beneficial effects of the invention include:
compared with the existing method, the small-sample electric signal multi-classification non-invasive identification detection method provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. compared with the traditional method, the method converts one-dimensional data into two-dimensional data, adopts a deep belief network to extract the characteristics, and has higher training speed;
2. the method has good robustness and universality;
3. the method adopts a random forest algorithm, has high training speed, is easy to be made into a parallelization method, and further improves the operation efficiency;
4. the method effectively solves the problems of shallow feature extraction, gradient disappearance, single feature scale and the like, remarkably improves the accuracy of aircraft signal classification and identification, and makes excellent contribution to core fault identification of aircraft health management strategies.
Claims (3)
1. The multi-classification deep learning recognition detection method for the small-sample electric signals is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
a3 Determining (104) the source of the signal, wherein:
if the signal source is historical data, entering a historical data reading link (105), and performing signal cluster analysis (106) on the data, so as to effectively assist expert labeling work (107), and finally constructing the historical data and labels corresponding to the historical data into an expert database (108);
if the signal source is real-time data, a real-time data reading step (109) is entered,
a4 Converts the historical data and the real-time data into two-dimensional data (110) to be input into the neural network together,
a5 Feature extraction (111) using a deep belief network,
a6 The extracted deep features are sent into a random forest classification algorithm (112), a classification result (114) of the aircraft signal is obtained through a voting module (113),
a7 Performing convergence judgment (115), wherein:
if the loss function of the classification result reaches convergence in training, entering a final link to output a real-time fault diagnosis result (116);
if the loss function of the classification result does not converge in training, returning to a random forest classification algorithm (112), updating voting weight parameters in a voting module (113), performing signal classification (114) again until the loss function converges,
wherein:
the deep belief network is a probability generation model, which is formed by establishing joint distribution between one sample data and category labels and combining a plurality of hidden variables,
the deep belief network is formed by stacking and combining a series of limited boltzmann machines, wherein the limited boltzmann machines are graphical models consisting of visible layers and hidden layers,
the neurons between the visual layer and the hidden layer are fully connected, the nodes of the neurons between the same layer are not connected, are independent and irrelevant,
both the visual layer and the hidden layer satisfy the boltzmann distribution, namely:
p(h|v)=p(h 1 |v),p(h 2 |v),…p(h n |v) (1),
where h represents the state of the hidden layer, v represents the state of the visual layer, P represents the conditional probability,
namely: the visual layer v and the hidden layer h are mutually reconstructed through p (h|v), and when the difference between the reconstructed vector of the hidden layer and the original input sample is smaller than a set minimum value through adjusting parameters, the minimum value of the energy function is found, and training is finished;
the purpose of training is to obtain three parameters, respectively network weights W mn Offset B n And offset C m ;
The energy equation of the limited boltzmann machine is expressed as:
the joint probability distribution for a certain configuration can be determined by boltzmann distribution and energy function as shown in the following formula:
the joint probability density of the joint probability distribution is:
wherein a given set of electrical signal samples is made to satisfy independent co-distribution requirements:
D={v (1) ,v (2) ,…,v (N) the learning parameter θ= { W, b, c } is required, and since the joint probability satisfies a special gibbs probability distribution, there are:
thus, it is obtained:
c i =c i +α(p(h i =1|v (1) )-p(h i =1|v (k) )) (10)
where α is the learning rate, k represents the kth cycle, and there are:
the feature extraction operation of the deep belief network in the step A5 comprises the following steps:
a51 The aircraft signal samples containing the tags are fed into a feature extraction module (202),
a52 Performing a greedy training by layer from top to bottom (203),
a53 A positive gradient is calculated (204),
a54 A state V' (205) of the visual layer of the visual unit is sampled,
a55 Resampling the hidden activation h' (206) using the gibbs method,
a56 A negative gradient is calculated (207),
a57 Updating the neural network parameters according to the negative gradient (208),
a58 Judging whether the cycle number is reached (209), if the cycle number is not reached, returning to the step A54 to sample the visible unit module (205), if the cycle number is reached, entering an iteration step number judging module (210), if the iteration step number is not reached to the preset iteration number, returning to the step A52), and if the iteration step number is reached to the preset iteration number, ending training of the neuron convolutional network (211), and extracting the deep features of the sample.
2. The small sample electrical signal multi-classification deep learning identification detection method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
the random forest classification algorithm comprises the following steps:
b2 Sampling N samples (303) by self-help sampling method,
b3 Extracting m features without replacement in the feature set (304),
b4 Generating a decision tree (305) with m features as nodes,
b5 If the number of the loops is not reached, returning to the step B2), sampling (303) by a self-help sampling method, if the number of the loops is reached, forming a generated decision tree into a random forest (307),
b6 The input data is classified (308),
b7 Voting (309),
b8 Statistics of tickets and output classification results according to majority ticket principles (310).
3. The small sample electrical signal multi-classification deep learning identification detection method of claim 1, further comprising performing, prior to step A3:
a1 Data signals of complex devices in the aircraft are acquired by means of the sensors and transmitted to the sensors (102),
a2 Signal preprocessing (103) is performed on the raw signals obtained by the sensor.
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