CN1167378A - Transmission device and system - Google Patents
Transmission device and system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1167378A CN1167378A CN97102515A CN97102515A CN1167378A CN 1167378 A CN1167378 A CN 1167378A CN 97102515 A CN97102515 A CN 97102515A CN 97102515 A CN97102515 A CN 97102515A CN 1167378 A CN1167378 A CN 1167378A
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- correlation
- data
- transmission channel
- transmission
- characteristic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/026—Arrangements for coupling transmitters, receivers or transceivers to transmission lines; Line drivers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
- H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
- H04L25/0228—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals
- H04L25/023—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals with extension to other symbols
- H04L25/0236—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals with extension to other symbols using estimation of the other symbols
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/08—Modifications for reducing interference; Modifications for reducing effects due to line faults ; Receiver end arrangements for detecting or overcoming line faults
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/38—Synchronous or start-stop systems, e.g. for Baudot code
- H04L25/40—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits
Abstract
A transmission apparatus which can realize high demodulation efficiency even in the case where the channel characteristic is deteriorated. The same pattern data as those of the known pattern data contained in the transmitting data to be transmitted to the channel is generated on the receiving side and the correlation between said pattern data and the receiving data to be received through the channel is obtained. Then, the channel characteristic is successively estimated based on the correlation value and the receiving data will be demodulated depending upon said estimated result. Thus, since the channel characteristic can be estimated based on the receiving data, the data can be demodulated correctly even in the case where the receiving data is distorted due to the characteristic deterioration.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of transmitting device and transmission method, more specifically say, is transmitting device and the used a kind of method of reseptance of this cordless telephone that may be used on the digital cordless telephone.
Now, many countries are investigated various systems (digital cordless telephone system and Digital Cellular System) in order to set up digital mobile communication system.They have, such as, DECT (the digital cordless telecommunication in Europe) and GSM (Groupe Specil de Mobile) system.
In this system, such as in the digital automobile telephone system, terminal runs at high speed, and received signal is subjected to easily because the influence of the decline that transmission channel conditions causes often makes receptivity reduce.In these cases, will depart from synchronization timing, and demodulation efficient is degenerated, the error rate increases.At this time, the synchronous situation of whole system is degenerated.
In view of above-mentioned, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of transmitting device and transmission method, compare the distortion that more can prevent channel with common device.
The present invention has reached above-mentioned and other purpose by a kind of transmitting device is provided, and this transmitting device comprises: mode producing device (4A) is used for producing the identical mode data (ts) of known data patterns that comprises with the transmission data that send to transmission channel; Related detection device (4A) is used for detecting successively the reception data (r that receives by transmission channel
k) and mode data (ts) between correlation, with it as correlation (CorrRS
k); And signal processing apparatus (4A), according to the correlation characteristic of estimating transmission channel continuously, then according to this estimation demodulate reception data (r as a result
k).
In addition, transmission method according to the present invention comprises: produce with the transmission data that send to transmission channel in the identical pattern (ts) of known mode data that comprises, then, obtain this mode data (ts) and the reception data (r that receives by transmission channel
k) between correlation; Correlation (CorrRS according to above-mentioned processing acquisition
k) characteristic of estimating transmission channel continuously, then, according to this estimation demodulate reception data (r as a result
k).
At receiving terminal, produce with the transmission data that send to transmission channel in the same mode data (ts) of known mode data that comprises, and obtain this mode data (ts) and the reception data (r that receives by transmission channel
k) between correlation.Then, according to this correlation (CorrRS
k) characteristic of estimating transmission channel continuously, and according to this estimation demodulate reception data (r as a result
k).Like this, be easy to realize this transmitting device and transmission method, even, also can correctly demodulate data because characteristic degenerates makes when receiving data distortion.
From detailed description, will make character of the present invention, principle and purposes clearer below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.In the accompanying drawings, with identical label or the identical parts of symbolic representation.
Fig. 1 is a block diagram, an embodiment of expression transmitting device of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a block diagram, represents the structure of an example of the receiving element of this transmitting device;
Fig. 3 is the simple linear graph of expression decline model;
Fig. 4 A-4C is the calculating of explanation correlation and its average schematic diagram of energy;
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram that the expression correlation distributes;
Fig. 6 is the flow chart of the estimation program of expression transmission channel characteristic;
Fig. 7 is the performance diagram of the every bit noise of expression to the energy ratio.
Referring now to accompanying drawing most preferred embodiment of the present invention is described
(1) general structure
The digital general structure of taking phone is at first described.As shown in Figure 1, can take phone 1 and constitute by multiple circuit, such as, high frequency (RF) signal processing circuit 3, modulation-demodulation and data processing circuit 4, audio frequency treatment circuit 5 also has sending-receiving antenna 2.When reappearing the sound signal that sends,, and launch by sending-receiving antenna 2 by microphone 7 input communication persons' speech by loud speaker 6.
Here, treatment circuit 3 to 5 is by CPU (CPU) 9 controls, and CPU is connected with circuit 3 to 5 respectively by bus 8.CPU9 carries out work according to the program that is stored among read-only memory (ROM) 10A, and utilization random-access memory (ram) 10B is as computational chart.In addition, CPU9 also and between the display operation unit 11 transmits and receive data, and have and communication device between interface.
Fig. 2 represents to concentrate on the receiving system phone taken 1 on every side in more detail, high frequency (RF) signal processing circuit 3 is carried out high frequency to received signal by RF/IF (radio frequency/intermediate frequency) testing circuit 3A and is amplified, and carrying out orthogonal detection, 3B is converted to digital signal with it by mould/number (A/D) transducer.Data be will receive then and modulation-demodulation and data processing circuit 4 delivered to.
4 pairs of confessions of modulation-demodulation and data processing circuit are separated among digital signal processor (DSP) 4A that calls and are carried out demodulation by the reception data of signal processing, and carry out Synchronous Processing, equilibrium treatment, demodulation process and carry out error correction by frequency correction channel (FCCH), demodulating data is delivered to audio frequency digital signal processing circuit 5A.The audio data that this audio frequency digital signal processing circuit is used for the demodulation compression.
Then, will carry out the principle of wave shape equalization and demodulation process in next section discussion by digital signal processor 4A for demodulation.
(2) demodulation process
Owing to a plurality of reflected waves receptions with different time of delays of different local reflections are become composite wave, thereby can decline.As shown in Figure 3, can simulate this state with the lateral type filter.High time delay to 5, h have been considered in the expression of this figure
kThe tap coefficient of the signal loudness of corresponding each time-delay is determined in expression.
As can be seen from Figure 3, decline is expressed as by tap coefficient h
kThe summation of a plurality of data values of each that separates.In other words, we can say that decline is each delayed bit and tap coefficient h
kThe result of convolution integral.Therefore, if can stipulate the scope (being 5 at this moment) of whole delay, then by obtaining tap coefficient h
kCan determine the characteristic of transmission channel.
In order to eliminate decline to taking the influence of phone 1 side, by wave shape equalization to received signal, signal is got back to does not have the state that decline exists.Specifically, if can correctly find the tap coefficients value h of expression transmission channel characteristic
k, then can constitute the filter with this transmission channel characteristic opposite characteristic, so can eliminate the influence of decline.Therefore, in fact, how correctly the characteristic of estimating transmission channel becomes extremely important for improving receptivity.
Yet in the situation of mobile communication, transmission channel characteristic changes along with the continuation of time, so general being difficult for correctly estimated it.But in automobile telephone system, such as gsm system, because as access system, it is short as 580 μ s to distribute to the unit transmission time (i.e. character group) that sends data, thereby the influence that declines in each character group can think almost constant with time division multiple access.
In this embodiment, be to utilize the known mode data (training sequence) that are included in each character group center to come the estimation tap coefficient h
k.In training sequence, can consider several patterns.If but we only note the part of the bit pattern in 26 long known mode, then are present in auto-correlation (AutoCorr
k) in orthogonality relation be shown below:
＝1 (k＝0)
=0 (k ≠ 0) ... (1) here, ts represents training sequence.
Then, utilization sends signal system s
kWith tap coefficient h
kCan be with received signal coefficient r
kBe expressed as follows:
Very clear, can obtain training sequence ts and received signal r according to above-mentioned two formulas
kBetween correlation CorrRS
kAs follows:
At this moment, if received signal r
kBit pattern identical with the bit pattern of training sequence ts, then because of the orthogonality of training sequence, substituting equation (3) has following equation to set up:
CorrRS
k＝h
k ……(4)
More specifically say, by calculating received signal r
kAnd the correlation CorrRS between the training sequence ts
kTap coefficient can be tried to achieve, and the characteristic (channel response) of transmission channel can be estimated.And obtain correlation peak by detecting regularly, can obtain synchronization timing.Like this, if the channel response and the synchronization timing of utilization estimation then can demodulate and be subjected to the influence of fading minimal data.
(3) channel response evaluation method
(3-1) summary
The characteristic that system of the present invention comes estimating transmission channel according to the described principle of the preceding paragraph.The simplest example be the peak dot of correlation as sync bit, and the correlation that will put is as parameter (tap coefficient h
k) adjust the characteristic (channel response) of transmission channel.Below one section this processing method will be discussed, can further increase the accuracy of detection of sync bit.
In this embodiment, shown in Fig. 4 C, can obtain the correlation CorrRS that obtains according to formula (3)
kEnergy average, and can obtain the average peak value of this energy, so that synchronization timing to be set.Shown in Fig. 4 B, 10 correlation C have been obtained this moment
0, C
1C
9, and detect synchronization timing according to these.Its reason is as shown in Figure 5, because the influence of decline produces a plurality of peak dots, at this moment will get only value.About this, when calculating average energy (moving average), answer the weighted calculation correlation.
Below the roughly situation of channel response calculation procedure will be described with the described method of Fig. 6.
At first, if to the estimation process of channel response from step SP1, then at step SP2, such as, calculate received signal r
kAnd 10 correlations between the training sequence ts.Why obtain 10 correlation C
0, C
1C
9Enough, this is because almost know synchronization position under the situation that can take phone.Simultaneously, use and calculate tap coefficient h
kThe same fully method of correlation is calculated 10 correlations, to draw the characteristic of transmission channel; Yet,, for simplicity, they can be divided into different classes because these will be used for determining the situation of sync bit.
Use this structure, if obtained 10 correlation C
0, C
1C
9, then can calculate the energy weighted sum of each correlation, and try to achieve moving average.In the present embodiment, calculate the energy weighted sum of 5 correlations, obtained 6 cover average energy E
0, E
1E
5
Among the step SP4 below, detected energy mean value E
0, E
1E
5Maximum, the processing that enters step SP5 then.In step SP5, obtain synchronization timing according to the position of detecting, and this synchronization timing is set.
Then, in step SP6, will provide the average peaked one group of correlation of energy as tap coefficient h
0, h
1H
4, the characteristic of transmission channel is set.In step SP7, finish these processing.
At this, for the digital signal processor 4A of demodulation according to as obtained the filter of opposite characteristic than the channel response that obtains, according to demodulate reception data recently.
(3-2) estimation process example
The instantiation that exists or do not have the estimation process when declining will be described below.
Under the situation of not having decline, received signal r
kWith training sequence ts is consistent, correlation C
3Be 10 peak points in the correlation.Therefore, if detect the correlation that provides peak dot, then can correctly detect synchronization position.
Yet, having under the situation of decline, in the sequence of correlation, can produce several peak values, can not correctly obtain sync bit in some cases.Therefore, as described in the preceding paragraph,, try to achieve their weighted average subsequently, can obtain to represent the average energy of the correlation of channel response by the energy on the correlation that obtains each time point.
In this embodiment, obtain average energy E according to following formula
n:
E
n＝W
-2|C
n|+W
-1|C
n+1|+W
0|C
n+2|
+W
1|C
n+3|+W
2|C
n+4| ……(5)
Here, | C
k| (k=n, n+1 ..., n+4) be correlation C
k(k=n, n+1 ..., energy n+4).W
iBe weight coefficient, this coefficient W
i(i=-2 ,-1,0,1,2) have the same effect of window for the average energy that obtains correlation, therefore, and by changing the window that weight coefficient can obtain to have different qualities.
More specifically say a large amount of window profiles is arranged, as rectangle, triangle, square cosine or the like.At this, for simplicity, with triangular windows as an example, with each coefficient W
i(i=-2 ,-1,0,1,2) are provided with as follows:
W
0=8, W
± 1=7, W
± 2=6 ... (6) then, suppose that 5 correlations are C
0=3, C
1=5, C
2=10, C
3=6, C
4=2, average energy E when n=0
0As follows:
E
0＝6×3+7×5+8×10+7×6+6×2＝187 ……(7)
To other average energy E
1, E
2, E
3, E
4Also carry out this calculating (step SP3), so can detect sync bit (step SP4 and SP5) by detecting these peak energies.
At this, will adopt the result that said method obtains the synchronization timing situation and the result of easy detection correlation energy peak value acquisition synchronization timing situation to compare, determine poor between two results.
The result who supposes the correlation of acquisition is C
0=1, C
1=2, C
2=5, C
3=3, C
4=2, C
5=3, C
6=4, C
7=2, C
8=2, C
9=1, Fig. 5 expresses this situation.
As shown in Figure 5, when obtaining synchronization timing, at correlation C by the peak value that detects correlation simply
2(=5) are located correlation and are had maximum.Like this, if adopt this method, then with correlation C
2Timing be made as correct synchronization timing.At this moment, the tap coefficient of adjustment channel response is as follows:
h
2＝C
0， h
1＝C
1， h
0＝C
2，
h
-1=C
3, h
-2=C
4... (8) yet, according to the channel response of reality, as shown in Figure 5, at correlation C
6Near the almost same C of other peak value that sees
2Equally big.Therefore, if this point is not noticed in equilibrium when receiving data, the expection error rate will increase.
On the other hand, when asking for average energy, if according to 10 correlation C
n6 average energy E that try to achieve
0, E
1, E
2, E
3, E
4, E
5As follows:
E
0=93, E
1=103, E
2=112, E
3=96, E
4=91, E
5=82 ... (9) then the peak value of these average energies is E
2=112, this is correlation C
2To C
6The weighted sum value.Therefore, the middle correlation C that will in 5 correlations, obtain
4On timing be accepted as synchronization timing.
So, can will adjust the tap coefficient h of channel response
kBe set to:
h
2＝C
2， h
1＝C
3， h
0＝C
4，
h
1＝C
5， h
-2＝C
6 ……(8)
The result of Huo Deing comprises and will provide the correlation C of two peak values like this
2And C
6As tap coefficient, can think the channel response of its very approaching reality, although compared some errors with the method for a detection peak.Therefore, if according to this tap coefficient to receiving data decoding, then compared error rate demodulate reception data that can be lower with former method.And the example of back is more suitable for being provided with synchronization timing.
Can determine this point by Fig. 7.In the figure, the longitudinal axis is represented the error rate, and transverse axis represents that every energy is to the ratio of noise.As can be seen from Figure, if adopt average energy (solid line) that synchronization timing is set, when every energy uprised the ratio of noise, the error rate reduced.
According to said structure, when reception comprises the transmission data of known bits pattern (training sequence), obtain the correlation that receives between data and the presetting bit pattern (training sequence) can taking phone 1 one sides, and, can eliminate the influence of decline by by maximum related value estimation channel response to received signal.
In addition, during each of time is fixing, obtain the average energy of a plurality of correlations of in time series, obtaining continuously, and, then can further reduce the influence that declines by estimate channel response by being provided with of the correlation that provides maximum average energy in them to receive channel.
Even, also can correctly draw and receive regularly therefore, because the influence of decline etc. makes under the situation of received signal distortion.Like this, be easy to obtain a kind of phone taken that can detect synchronous regime and be difficult for departing from from this synchronous regime.
And, equalization characteristic can be improved by improving synchronization performance, thereby the demodulation productive rate of data can be improved.So, can obtain further to reduce the phone taken of the error rate.
(4) other embodiment
In the above-described embodiments, correlation is obtained as scalar value (one dimension value), yet the present invention is not limited to this, also can be widely applied to the situation that it is obtained as vector value (two-dimentional value).
In addition, the foregoing description is that the situation that can take phone is handled, yet the present invention is not limited to this, also may be used on other receiving system, such as automobile telephone.
Have, the foregoing description is to handle with the situation of receiving system again, yet the present invention is not limited to this, also can be widely applied to from the replay device of recording medium replay high-density recording data.
More than most preferred embodiment of the present invention is described, but those skilled in the art understands that variations and modifications can be arranged, these all belong to spiritual scope of the present invention.Appended claims has comprised these variations and modification.
Claims (9)
1. transmitting device comprises:
The mode producing device is used for producing the identical pattern of known mode that comprises with the transmission data that send to transmission channel;
Related detection device is used to detect by the reception data of described transmission channel reception and the correlation between the described mode data; With
Signal processing apparatus is estimated the characteristic of described transmission channel continuously according to described correlation, and according to the described reception data of described estimation demodulation as a result.
2. according to the transmitting device of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
Described signal processing apparatus obtains a plurality of mean values of obtainable described correlation in the predetermined time period in time series, and described reception data synchronization is set regularly during described mean value peaked is provided.
3. according to the transmitting device of claim 2, it is characterized in that:
When calculating described mean value, described signal processing apparatus is weighted respectively the correlation as calculating object.
4. according to claim 1,2 or 3 transmitting device, it is characterized in that:
Described transmission channel is included in the recording medium in the transmission path.
5. transmission method comprises:
Produce with the transmission data that send to transmission channel in the identical pattern of known mode data that comprises, and obtain described mode data and by the correlation between the reception data of described transmission channel reception;
According to the correlation that above-mentioned processing obtains, estimate the characteristic of described transmission channel continuously, and according to the described reception data of described estimation demodulation as a result.
6. according to the transmission method of claim 5, it is characterized in that:
In estimation during described transmission characteristic,, and described reception data synchronization is set regularly according to during the mean value that is obtained peaked at a cell mean that obtains the described correlation in the predetermined time period on the time series.
7. according to the transmission method of claim 6, it is characterized in that:
When calculating described mean value, by to the correlation of calculating object respectively weighting obtain described mean value.
8. its basic structure and design are as mentioned with reference to the described transmitting device of each accompanying drawing.
9. one kind as mentioned with reference to the described transmission method of each accompanying drawing.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9601760A GB2309864A (en) | 1996-01-30 | 1996-01-30 | An equalizer and modulator using a training sequence and multiple correlation with a stored copy of the sequence |
| GB9601760.3 | 1996-01-30 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1167378A true CN1167378A (en) | 1997-12-10 |
| CN1121764C CN1121764C (en) | 2003-09-17 |
Family
ID=10787738
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97102515A Expired - Fee Related CN1121764C (en) | 1996-01-30 | 1997-01-27 | Transmission device and system |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5978416A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0788260B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3875332B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR970060725A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1121764C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69723596T2 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2309864A (en) |
| TW (1) | TW320804B (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JPH10145324A (en) * | 1996-11-13 | 1998-05-29 | Sony Corp | Discrimination device for digital audio broadcast |
| US6243428B1 (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 2001-06-05 | Ericsson Inc. | Method and apparatus for band-adaptive demodulation |
| GB2339120B (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2003-03-19 | Nec Technologies | Channel estimation device for digital telecommunications stations |
| GB2347831B (en) | 1999-03-06 | 2004-07-07 | Nec Technologies | Sychronisation in digital data transmission systems |
| US6791960B1 (en) | 1999-03-15 | 2004-09-14 | Lg Information And Communications, Ltd. | Pilot signals for synchronization and/or channel estimation |
| US7496132B2 (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2009-02-24 | Kg Electronics Inc. | Pilot signals for synchronization and/or channel estimation |
| US6721299B1 (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2004-04-13 | Lg Information & Communications, Ltd. | Pilot signals for synchronization and/or channel estimation |
| US7012906B1 (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2006-03-14 | Lg Information & Communications, Ltd. | Pilot signals for synchronization and/or channel estimation |
| US7643540B2 (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2010-01-05 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Pilot signals for synchronization and/or channel estimation |
| KR100294711B1 (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2001-07-12 | 서평원 | Frame Synchronization Method using Optimal Pilot Symbol |
| DE69910546T2 (en) * | 1999-06-11 | 2004-06-24 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Improved channel estimation method |
| US7230910B2 (en) * | 2001-01-30 | 2007-06-12 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Optimal channel sounding system |
| US8363536B2 (en) * | 2006-08-28 | 2013-01-29 | Qualcomm Incorporated | OFDM channel estimation |
| KR20130049978A (en) * | 2011-11-07 | 2013-05-15 | 한국전자통신연구원 | Apparatus and method for enhancing channel |
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| US4825448A (en) * | 1986-08-07 | 1989-04-25 | International Mobile Machines Corporation | Subscriber unit for wireless digital telephone system |
| DE4013384A1 (en) * | 1990-04-26 | 1991-10-31 | Philips Patentverwaltung | RECEIVER WITH AN ARRANGEMENT FOR FREQUENCY DEPOSIT ESTIMATION |
| DK168750B1 (en) * | 1990-05-01 | 1994-05-30 | Dancall Telecom As | Method of counter distortion in a receiver of signals which has passed a transmission channel |
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| FR2706100B1 (en) * | 1993-03-03 | 1995-07-21 | Alcatel Mobile Comm France | Method for equalizing a block of data in reception in a time division multiple access communications system and receiver implementing this method. |
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-
1996
- 1996-01-30 GB GB9601760A patent/GB2309864A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1997
- 1997-01-07 KR KR1019970000140A patent/KR970060725A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-01-16 JP JP00579197A patent/JP3875332B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-01-27 CN CN97102515A patent/CN1121764C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-01-30 DE DE69723596T patent/DE69723596T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-01-30 EP EP97300610A patent/EP0788260B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-04 US US08/796,069 patent/US5978416A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-12 TW TW086101668A patent/TW320804B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9601760D0 (en) | 1996-04-03 |
| US5978416A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
| GB2309864A (en) | 1997-08-06 |
| CN1121764C (en) | 2003-09-17 |
| KR970060725A (en) | 1997-08-12 |
| EP0788260A2 (en) | 1997-08-06 |
| DE69723596T2 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
| DE69723596D1 (en) | 2003-08-28 |
| EP0788260B1 (en) | 2003-07-23 |
| JP3875332B2 (en) | 2007-01-31 |
| JPH09214417A (en) | 1997-08-15 |
| TW320804B (en) | 1997-11-21 |
| EP0788260A3 (en) | 2000-09-06 |
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