CN116718285B - Liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator and use method thereof - Google Patents
Liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator and use method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN116718285B CN116718285B CN202311001043.7A CN202311001043A CN116718285B CN 116718285 B CN116718285 B CN 116718285B CN 202311001043 A CN202311001043 A CN 202311001043A CN 116718285 B CN116718285 B CN 116718285B
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- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-BJUDXGSMSA-N helium-3 atom Chemical compound [3He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003868 zero point energy Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
- G01K1/02—Means for indicating or recording specially adapted for thermometers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measuring Temperature Or Quantity Of Heat (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicating equipment, and particularly relates to a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator and a use method thereof; the device comprises a container, an optical prism, a rotating shaft assembly, a supporting frame, an optical fiber connecting joint for incident signals, an optical fiber connecting joint for receiving signals and a frame; a rotating bearing device, an optical prism and an optical fiber signal combination are arranged by utilizing a mass balance principle and a roller film principle under a helium-4 superfluid state; when the temperature is reduced below 2.1K, the common liquid phase is changed into superfluid, and superfluid liquid helium can move to the lowest possible position along the wall, so that liquid helium in a cavity with high liquid level can flow into a cavity with low liquid level through a capillary tube, the mass imbalance of liquid helium in a left cavity and a right cavity is caused, a rotating shaft assembly is caused to rotate, an optical prism fixedly arranged on the outer wall above the capillary tube rotates along with a bearing assembly, and an optical fiber signal is interrupted, so that the ultra-low Wen Wenou is indicated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicating equipment, and particularly relates to a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator and a use method thereof.
Background
Helium has two natural isotopes: helium-3, helium-4, helium present in nature being essentially helium-4; at 1 atmosphere, helium-4 atomic gas systems begin to liquefy at a temperature of 4.215K, but because of their strong zero point energy, interatomic van der waals attraction potential does not yet allow the system to solidify, and still remains a liquid until t=0k, which may be referred to as a permanent liquid, requiring pressurization to 25 atmospheres to begin solidification. At t=2.17k, the liquid helium-4 undergoes λ -phase transformation, the coefficient of viscosity η of the liquid helium after phase transformation is less than 10-12pa·s, the liquid helium before λ -phase transformation shows viscosity-free super-fluidity, and the liquid helium-4 before λ -phase transformation has the same properties as normal liquid. In order to distinguish the two different homoatomic helium-4 liquids, the normal liquid before lambda-phase transformation is called liquid HeI, and the superfluid liquid after phase transformation is called liquid HeII. The superfluid liquid helium can move along the wall to the lowest possible position, when the empty beaker is partially immersed in HeII, the liquid helium outside the beaker climbs up the cup opening along the outer wall of the beaker and enters the cup until the liquid level in the cup and the liquid level outside the cup are leveled. Conversely, when the beaker containing liquid helium is lifted out of the liquid helium surface, the liquid helium in the cup is continuously transferred to the outside of the cup along the wall of the cup and is dripped.
Because helium liquid phase belongs to ultra-low Wen Wenyu, the temperature of a temperature zone for distinguishing a normal-flow helium phase (HeI) from an ultra-flow helium phase (HeII) in ultra-low temperature is too difficult for a traditional temperature measuring instrument, and the measuring errors of some temperature sensors can be influenced by ultra-low temperature environments to generate additional interference errors, so that whether the temperature reaches the ultra-fluid state temperature of 2.1K of liquid helium or not can not be accurately indicated, and therefore, the development of a simple, reliable and low-cost ultra-low temperature environment temperature indicating device below 2.1K is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator that utilizes the unique physical property roller film principle that liquid helium has when transitioning from a normal helium phase HeI to an superfluid helium phase HeII to achieve a reliable indication that the temperature has reached the superfluid helium phase HeII temperature zone.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator comprises a container, an optical prism, a rotating shaft assembly, a supporting frame, an optical fiber connection joint for incident signals, an optical fiber connection joint for receiving signals and a frame;
the container is a sealed container and consists of a left chamber, a right chamber and a capillary tube; the left chamber and the right chamber are of cylindrical structures with the same volume, and the inside of the left chamber and the right chamber is filled with gaseous ultrapure helium with equal mass; the inner diameter of the left cavity is larger than that of the right cavity, and the tops of the left cavity and the right cavity are level and communicated through a capillary tube; the container is positioned in the frame;
the rotating shaft assembly consists of a central rotating shaft rod and a rotating bearing, two ends of the central rotating shaft rod are arranged on the supporting frame through the rotating bearing, and the middle part of the central rotating shaft rod is fixedly connected with the outer wall below the center of the capillary tube;
the optical prism is arranged above the central outer wall of the capillary tube, and the central point of the optical prism and the rotating shaft assembly are positioned on the same vertical line in the center; the top of the frame is provided with an optical fiber connection joint for incident signals and an optical fiber connection joint for receiving signals; the surface of the optical prism, which is the surface of the optical prism, can be irradiated with the light path of the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal, and the surface of the optical prism, which is the surface of the prism, which is the surface of the optical prism, can be irradiated with the light path of the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal.
Further, the outgoing light of the optical fiber connection joint of the incoming signal and the incoming surface of the optical prism are vertically arranged at 90 degrees, and the incoming light of the optical fiber connection joint of the incoming signal and the outgoing surface of the optical prism are vertically arranged at 90 degrees.
Further, the rotating shaft component is made of 316L stainless steel; the left cavity, the right cavity and the capillary tube are made of titanium alloy; the support frame is made of 316L stainless steel; the frame is made of 316L stainless steel.
Further, the optical prism, the optical fiber connection joint for the incident signal and the optical fiber for receiving the signal can be replaced by mechanical pointers, lever transmission or current conduction.
Further, the liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator is used for monitoring the ultralow temperature container or indicating the helium fluid state.
The application method of the liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator comprises the following steps:
step 1, checking that all parts of the indicator are good at normal temperature, wherein the rotation of a rotating shaft assembly is not hindered by hysteresis, the optical reflection performance of an optical prism is normal, and the transparency of an incidence surface and an emergent surface of the prism meets the requirement;
step 2, horizontally and fixedly arranging the indicator in a measurement temperature area, wherein an optical fiber connection joint for incident signals passes through an optical fiber transmitter outside the low-temperature-resistant optical fiber connection frame, and an optical fiber connection joint for receiving signals passes through an optical receiver outside the low-temperature-resistant optical fiber connection frame;
step 3, placing the capillary tube in a horizontal position, adjusting the positions of an optical fiber connection joint for receiving an incident signal, an optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal and an optical prism, and ensuring that an optical fiber emitted by an external optical fiber emitter is emitted to an incident surface of the prism through the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the incident signal, and an optical fiber emitted by an emergent surface of the prism is connected to an external optical receiver through the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal;
step 4, waiting for the temperature of the warm area to be reduced, and enabling helium-4 to enter a superfluid state when the temperature reaches 2.1K; because the liquid levels in the helium-4 in the left cavity and the right cavity are different, the superfluid characteristic causes the liquid to flow upwards along the inner wall of the cavity through the capillary, so that the mass is unbalanced, and the rotating shaft component is triggered to drive the optical prism to deflect, so that the optical signal is interrupted; at this time, the indicator completes helium-4 superfluid state indication;
and 5, after the helium-4 is converted into a gaseous state by rewarming, the mass of the liquid helium-4 in the left cavity and the right cavity is rebalanced, so that the optical prism is reset, and the optical fiber signal is conducted again.
The beneficial effects are that:
(1) The invention provides a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator, which is characterized in that a rotating bearing device, an optical prism and an optical fiber signal combination are arranged by utilizing a mass balance principle and a Rollin film principle under a helium-4 superfluid state; helium-4 gas begins to liquefy into normal liquid at 4.215K, at this time, although the liquid level is different because of the different inner diameters of the left and right chambers, the rotating shaft assembly does not deflect because the mass of helium-4 gas in the left and right chambers is the same, the indicator can still normally receive optical fiber signals; however, when the temperature is reduced below 2.1K, the common liquid phase becomes superfluid, and superfluid liquid helium can move to the lowest possible position along the wall, so that liquid helium in a cavity with high liquid level can flow into a cavity with low liquid level through a capillary tube, so that the mass of liquid helium in the left cavity and the right cavity is unbalanced, a rotating shaft assembly is caused to rotate, an optical prism fixedly arranged on the outer wall above the capillary tube rotates along with a bearing assembly, and an optical fiber signal is interrupted, so that the ultra-low Wen Wenou is indicated; the indicator effectively solves the temperature confirmation problem below an ultralow temperature 2.1K temperature zone, and can avoid errors caused by errors of a plurality of sensors due to the nature of a pure physical principle.
(2) The invention provides a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator, wherein the rotation of a rotating component in the indicator causes the occurrence of a rotation angle, and the combination of an optical prism and an optical fiber signal reflects the rotation angle signal is only one technical means; various other technical characteristics, such as mechanical pointer, lever transmission, current conduction and other modes, can be replaced to complete the rotation signal; the indicator is simple and reliable in principle and low in cost, and can adapt to different requirements through flexible and various expansion.
(3) The invention provides a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator which has small condition limitation, can be flexibly installed in various environments, can be directly placed in a temperature zone and is used for monitoring an ultralow-temperature container or indicating the state of helium fluid.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator according to the present embodiment;
the device comprises a 1-container, a 1.1-left chamber, a 1.2-right chamber, a 1.3-capillary, a 2-optical prism, a 2.1-prism incident surface, a 2.2-prism emergent surface, a 3-rotating shaft assembly, a 4-supporting frame, an optical fiber connection joint for 5-incident signals, an optical fiber connection joint for 6-receiving signals and a 7-frame.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be described in detail by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
The liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator comprises a container 1, an optical prism 2, a rotating shaft assembly 3, a support frame 4, an optical fiber connecting joint 5 for incident signals, an optical fiber connecting joint 6 for receiving signals and a frame 7, as shown in figure 1;
the container 1 is a sealed container and consists of a left chamber 1.1, a right chamber 1.2 and a capillary tube 1.3; the left chamber 1.1 and the right chamber 1.2 are of cylindrical structures with the same volume, and the inside of the left chamber and the right chamber is filled with gaseous ultrapure helium with the same mass and the pressure of 0.01-1 Mpa; the inner diameter d1 of the left chamber 1.1 is larger than the inner diameter d2 of the right chamber 1.2, the tops of the left chamber 1.1 and the right chamber 1.2 are level, and the left chamber 1.1 and the right chamber 1.2 are communicated through a capillary tube 1.3; the container 1 is located within a frame 7;
the rotating shaft assembly 3 consists of a central rotating shaft rod and rotating bearings, two ends of the central rotating shaft rod are arranged on the supporting frame 4 through the rotating bearings, and the middle part of the central rotating shaft rod is fixedly connected with the outer wall below the center of the capillary tube 1.3; the optical prism 2 is arranged above the central outer wall of the capillary tube 1.3, and the central point of the optical prism 2 and the rotating shaft assembly 3 are positioned on the same vertical line; the top of the frame 7 is provided with an optical fiber connection joint 5 for receiving an incident signal and an optical fiber connection joint 6 for receiving the signal; the optical fiber connection joint 5 for the incident signal is connected with an optical fiber transmitter outside the frame 7 through a low-temperature-resistant optical fiber, and the optical fiber connection joint 6 for receiving the signal is connected with an optical fiber receiver outside the frame 7 through a low-temperature-resistant optical fiber; the outgoing light of the optical fiber connection joint 5 of the incoming signal and the incoming surface of the optical prism 2 are vertically placed at 90 degrees, the incoming light of the optical fiber connection joint 6 of the received signal and the optical prism 2 obtain the outgoing surface, the outgoing surface of the optical prism 2 is vertically placed at 90 degrees, the optical fiber signal emitted by the optical fiber emitter irradiates the prism incoming surface 2.1 of the optical prism 2, and then the optical signal is reflected to the optical fiber receiver through the prism outgoing surface 2.2 of the optical prism 2.
In this embodiment, the material of the rotating shaft assembly 3 is 316L stainless steel; the left chamber 1.1, the right chamber 1.2 and the capillary tube 1.3 are made of titanium alloy; the support frame 4 is made of 316L stainless steel; the frame 7 is made of 316L stainless steel; in this embodiment, the optical prism, the optical fiber connection terminal for the incident signal and the optical fiber for receiving the signal may be replaced by mechanical pointers, lever transmission or current conduction.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a method for using the liquid helium-4 super-fluid state temperature indicator of embodiment 1 to monitor a super-low temperature container or indicate the liquid helium fluid state, comprising the following steps:
step 1, checking that all parts of the indicator are intact in a normal temperature state, wherein the rotation of the rotating shaft assembly 3 is not retarded, the optical reflection performance of the optical prism 2 is normal, and the transparency of the prism incident surface 2.1 and the prism emergent surface 2.2 meet the requirement;
step 2, horizontally and fixedly placing the indicator in a measurement temperature area, wherein the measurement temperature area is an ultra-low temperature container to be monitored or a non-liquid area in a liquid helium generating fluid area, an optical fiber connection joint 5 for incident signals passes through an optical fiber emitter outside a low temperature resistant optical fiber connection frame 7, and an optical fiber connection joint 6 for receiving signals passes through an optical receiver outside the low temperature resistant optical fiber connection frame 7;
step 3, placing the capillary 1.3 in a horizontal position, and adjusting the positions of the optical fiber connection joint 5 for receiving the incident signal, the optical fiber connection joint 6 for receiving the signal and the optical prism 2 so that the optical fiber connection joint 5 for receiving the incident signal is perpendicular to the incidence surface 2.1 of the prism by 90 degrees; the optical fiber connection joint 6 for receiving signals is vertical to the outgoing surface 2.2 of the prism at 90 degrees;
step 4, waiting for the temperature of the temperature zone to be reduced, and starting an ultralow temperature experiment; helium-4 enters a superfluid state when the temperature reaches 2.1K; because the inner diameter d1 of the left chamber 1.1 is larger than the inner diameter d2 of the right chamber 1.2, under the condition that the mass of helium-4 gas stored in the left chamber 1.1 and the right chamber 1.2 is the same, after the helium-4 gas is liquefied into superfluid, the liquid level of the left chamber 1.1 is lower than the liquid level of the right chamber 1.2, after the superfluid reaches ultralow temperature, the helium-4 gas is converted into superfluid liquid, superfluid characteristic enables superfluid of the right chamber 1.2 to rise along the inner wall and flow into the left chamber 1.1 through the capillary tube 1.3, so that the mass of helium-4 in the left chamber 1.1 and the right chamber 1.2 is unbalanced, and the rotating shaft assembly 3 is triggered to drive the optical prism 2 to deflect, and the optical signal is interrupted; therefore, when the monitoring liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator cannot receive the optical signal, the temperature in the ultralow temperature container is proved to be less than or equal to 2.1K, and the liquid helium enters the superfluid state;
and 5, after the helium-4 is converted into a gaseous state by rewarming, the mass of the liquid helium-4 in the left chamber 1.1 and the right chamber 1.2 is rebalanced, the optical prism 2 is reset, the signal is conducted again, and the optical prism can be reused in application according to the steps.
In summary, the above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator is characterized in that: the device comprises a container, an optical prism, a rotating shaft assembly, a supporting frame, an optical fiber connecting joint for incident signals, an optical fiber connecting joint for receiving signals and a frame;
the container is a sealed container and consists of a left chamber, a right chamber and a capillary tube; the left chamber and the right chamber are of cylindrical structures with the same volume, and the inside of the left chamber and the right chamber is filled with gaseous ultrapure helium with equal mass; the inner diameter of the left cavity is larger than that of the right cavity, and the tops of the left cavity and the right cavity are level and communicated through a capillary tube; the container is positioned in the frame;
the rotating shaft assembly consists of a central rotating shaft rod and a rotating bearing, two ends of the central rotating shaft rod are arranged on the supporting frame through the rotating bearing, and the middle part of the central rotating shaft rod is fixedly connected with the outer wall below the center of the capillary tube;
the optical prism is arranged above the central outer wall of the capillary tube, and the central point of the optical prism and the rotating shaft assembly are positioned on the same vertical line in the center; the top of the frame is provided with an optical fiber connection joint for incident signals and an optical fiber connection joint for receiving signals; the surface of the optical prism, which is the surface of the optical prism, can be irradiated with the light path of the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal, and the surface of the optical prism, which is the surface of the prism, which is the surface of the optical prism, can be irradiated with the light path of the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal.
2. The liquid helium-4 superfluid condition temperature indicator of claim 1 wherein: the outgoing light of the optical fiber connection joint of the incident signal and the incoming surface of the optical prism are vertically arranged at 90 degrees, and the incoming light of the optical fiber connection joint of the received signal and the outgoing surface of the optical prism are vertically arranged at 90 degrees.
3. The liquid helium-4 superfluid condition temperature indicator of claim 1 wherein: the rotating shaft component is made of 316L stainless steel; the left cavity, the right cavity and the capillary tube are made of titanium alloy; the support frame is made of 316L stainless steel; the frame is made of 316L stainless steel.
4. A liquid helium-4 superfluid condition temperature indicator according to any one of claims 1-3 wherein: the liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator is used for monitoring the ultralow temperature container or indicating the helium fluid state.
5. A method of using the liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator of claim 1, wherein: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, checking that all parts of the indicator are good at normal temperature, wherein the rotation of a rotating shaft assembly is not hindered by hysteresis, the optical reflection performance of an optical prism is normal, and the transparency of an incidence surface and an emergent surface of the prism meets the requirement;
step 2, horizontally and fixedly arranging the indicator in a measurement temperature area, wherein an optical fiber connection joint for incident signals passes through an optical fiber transmitter outside the low-temperature-resistant optical fiber connection frame, and an optical fiber connection joint for receiving signals passes through an optical receiver outside the low-temperature-resistant optical fiber connection frame;
step 3, placing the capillary tube in a horizontal position, adjusting the positions of an optical fiber connection joint for receiving an incident signal, an optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal and an optical prism, and ensuring that an optical fiber emitted by an external optical fiber emitter is emitted to an incident surface of the prism through the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the incident signal, and an optical fiber emitted by an emergent surface of the prism is connected to an external optical receiver through the optical fiber connection joint for receiving the signal;
step 4, waiting for the temperature of the warm area to be reduced, and enabling helium-4 to enter a superfluid state when the temperature reaches 2.1K; because the liquid levels in the helium-4 in the left cavity and the right cavity are different, the superfluid characteristic causes the liquid to flow upwards along the inner wall of the cavity through the capillary, so that the mass is unbalanced, and the rotating shaft component is triggered to drive the optical prism to deflect, so that the optical signal is interrupted; at this time, the indicator completes helium-4 superfluid state indication;
and 5, after the helium-4 is converted into a gaseous state by rewarming, the mass of the liquid helium-4 in the left cavity and the right cavity is rebalanced, so that the optical prism is reset, and the optical fiber signal is conducted again.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202311001043.7A CN116718285B (en) | 2023-08-10 | 2023-08-10 | Liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator and use method thereof |
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| CN202311001043.7A CN116718285B (en) | 2023-08-10 | 2023-08-10 | Liquid helium-4 superfluid state temperature indicator and use method thereof |
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