CN116707444A - Solar cell testing device - Google Patents

Solar cell testing device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116707444A
CN116707444A CN202310962340.1A CN202310962340A CN116707444A CN 116707444 A CN116707444 A CN 116707444A CN 202310962340 A CN202310962340 A CN 202310962340A CN 116707444 A CN116707444 A CN 116707444A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
solar cell
test
pins
testing device
light
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN202310962340.1A
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Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN116707444B (en
Inventor
张素侠
于浩
刘前霞
佟飞
刘逸飞
彭文娟
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Beijing Zhuoli Hanguang Analytical Instrument Co ltd
Zolix Instruments Co ltd
Original Assignee
Beijing Zhuoli Hanguang Analytical Instrument Co ltd
Zolix Instruments Co ltd
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Application filed by Beijing Zhuoli Hanguang Analytical Instrument Co ltd, Zolix Instruments Co ltd filed Critical Beijing Zhuoli Hanguang Analytical Instrument Co ltd
Priority to CN202310962340.1A priority Critical patent/CN116707444B/en
Publication of CN116707444A publication Critical patent/CN116707444A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN116707444B publication Critical patent/CN116707444B/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02SGENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S50/00Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification
    • H02S50/10Testing of PV devices, e.g. of PV modules or single PV cells
    • H02S50/15Testing of PV devices, e.g. of PV modules or single PV cells using optical means, e.g. using electroluminescence
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25BTOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
    • B25B11/00Work holders not covered by any preceding group in the subclass, e.g. magnetic work holders, vacuum work holders
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/0092Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof measuring current only
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a solar cell testing device, which comprises: the test board is provided with at least one light-transmitting part; the test clamp is used for clamping the solar cell and is arranged on the test bench, a plurality of first pins are arranged on the test clamp, and the solar cell is opposite to the light-transmitting part when the test clamp clamps the solar cell, so that light rays penetrate through the light-transmitting part and irradiate the solar cell; the plurality of first pins are respectively connected with a plurality of sub-electrodes used for connecting a plurality of sub-battery modules in the solar battery so as to respectively collect currents of the plurality of sub-battery modules in one solar battery. The invention solves the technical problems of low performance detection efficiency and complex structure of the testing device for the solar battery.

Description

Solar cell testing device
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of photoelectric detection, in particular to a solar cell testing device.
Background
In recent years, the solar photovoltaic power generation industry has grown rapidly, and the development of high-performance solar cells has become a major issue.
For the solar cell, in order to characterize the performance of the solar cell (generally, the performance is represented by the photoelectric conversion rate of the solar cell, that is, the capability of the solar cell for converting light energy into electric energy), the solar cell needs to be fixed at a detection position by a fixing and clamping device, and a lighting part of the solar cell is irradiated by light rays and detected according to the current output by the solar cell.
However, most of the existing fixing and clamping devices adopt a probe contact mode to realize the transmission of photocurrent in the solar cell, the probe needs to be fixed through a fixing structure, and then the probe contacts with an electrode of the solar cell.
Aiming at the problems of low performance detection efficiency and complex structure of a testing device of a solar battery in the related technology, no effective solution is provided at present.
Therefore, the inventor has put forward a solar cell testing device by virtue of experience and practice of related industries for many years, so as to overcome the defects of the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a solar cell testing device which can clamp a plurality of sub-electrodes of a solar cell at the same time, so that a plurality of sub-cell modules in the solar cell can be detected respectively, the detection efficiency is improved, and the structure of the testing device is simplified.
The invention further aims to provide a solar cell testing device, after the solar cell is clamped and fixed, the vertical positions of the solar cell are provided with the areas through which light can pass, the solar cell can be irradiated by the light above or below the light route, the light route is not blocked or blocked, the operation is convenient, and the detection accuracy is improved.
The object of the invention can be achieved by the following scheme:
the invention provides a solar cell testing device, which comprises:
a test bench having at least one light-transmitting portion thereon;
the test clamp is used for clamping the solar battery, the test clamp is arranged on the test bench, a plurality of first pins are arranged on the test clamp, and in the state of clamping the solar battery,
the solar cell is opposite to the light-transmitting part, so that light passes through the light-transmitting part to irradiate the solar cell;
the first pins are respectively connected with a plurality of sub-electrodes used for connecting a plurality of sub-battery modules in the solar battery so as to respectively collect currents of the plurality of sub-battery modules in one solar battery.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transparent portion is a hollowed-out area disposed on the test bench, the test clip clamps the solar cell, the solar cell is located above the transparent portion, and the projection of the solar cell on the horizontal plane is at least overlapped with a part of the projection of the transparent portion on the horizontal plane.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the solar cell testing device further includes a fixing base, the fixing base is disposed at the top of the test bench, and the test clip is detachably disposed at the top of the fixing base.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fixing base is provided with a magnetic block, and the test clip is magnetically fixed on the top of the fixing base through the magnetic block.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the top surface of the fixing base is an inclined surface so as to adjust the clamping angle of the test clip, and the panel of the solar cell is located in a horizontal plane when the test clip clamps the solar cell.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the test clip includes a rotating member and a fixing member, the rotating member is connected with the fixing member through a torsion spring, and a bottom surface of the fixing member is connected with a top surface of the fixing seat;
the first pins are arranged on the rotating piece and/or the fixing piece.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the test clip is further provided with a plurality of second pins, the second pins are in one-to-one correspondence with the first pins, the second pins are respectively connected with the corresponding first pins, and the second pins are respectively connected with a plurality of test wires to respectively transmit currents of the sub-battery modules.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the solar cell testing device further includes a data collection portion, the data collection portion is disposed at the top of the test bench, a plurality of data interfaces are disposed in the data collection portion, the plurality of data interfaces are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of test wires, a knob is disposed on the data collection portion, a connection portion is disposed on the knob, and the knob is rotated to connect the data interfaces and the test wires at corresponding positions through the connection portion.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the data acquisition unit is provided with a wire connection port, the wire connection port is respectively connected with a plurality of the data interfaces, and the wire connection port is used for externally transmitting the acquired current data.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the data collection portion is provided with a plurality of test marks, the plurality of test marks are distributed on the periphery of the knob at intervals along the circumferential direction of the knob, the plurality of test marks correspond to the plurality of first pins one by one, and when the knob is rotated to point to the corresponding test mark, the connection portion on the knob connects the corresponding data interface and the corresponding test line, so as to collect the current of the corresponding sub-battery module.
From the above, the solar cell testing device of the invention has the characteristics and advantages that:
be provided with printing opacity portion and the test clip that is used for centre gripping solar cell on the testboard, the centre gripping position orientation printing opacity portion of test clip, under test clip carries out the centre gripping state to solar cell, solar cell be in with printing opacity portion relative position for outside light can pass printing opacity portion direct irradiation to solar cell, when guaranteeing to carry out firm centre gripping to solar cell, testing arrangement's setting can not cause to shelter from or prevent the light path, improves the accuracy that detects.
Because a plurality of first pins are arranged on the test clamp, when the test clamp clamps the solar battery, the first pins are respectively correspondingly connected with a plurality of sub-electrodes of a plurality of sub-battery modules in the solar battery, so that the requirements of simultaneously clamping the plurality of sub-electrodes of the solar battery can be met, the plurality of sub-battery modules in the solar battery can be respectively detected, the detection efficiency is improved, the structure of the test device is simplified, and the detection of the performance of the solar battery is facilitated.
Drawings
The following drawings are only for purposes of illustration and explanation of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Wherein:
fig. 1: is a front view of the solar cell testing device.
Fig. 2: a top view of the solar cell testing device is provided.
The reference numerals in the invention are:
1. a test bench; 101. A light transmitting portion;
2. testing the clip; 201. A rotating member;
202. a fixing member; 203. A torsion spring;
204. a first pin; 205. A second pin;
3. a fixing seat; 4. A magnetic block;
5. a test line; 6. A data acquisition unit;
7. a knob; 8. A wiring port;
9. and (5) testing the identification.
Detailed Description
For a clearer understanding of technical features, objects, and effects of the present invention, a specific embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Words such as up, down, top, bottom, etc. having indication directionality in the present invention are accurate in the up, down, top, bottom, etc. directions in fig. 1, and are described herein.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the invention provides a solar cell testing device, which comprises a testing table 1 and a testing clamp 2 for clamping a solar cell, wherein the testing table 1 is a horizontal platform, the testing table 1 can be arranged on a testing station along the horizontal direction, and at least one light transmission part 101 is arranged on the testing table 1; the test clamp 2 is arranged on the test bench 1, a plurality of first pins 204 are arranged on the test clamp 2, and when the test clamp 2 clamps the solar cell, the solar cell is opposite to the light-transmitting part 101 in the vertical position, so that light can directly irradiate the solar cell through the light-transmitting part 101; in the state of clamping the solar cell by the test clamp 2, the plurality of first PINs (i.e., PIN PINs) 204 are respectively connected with a plurality of sub-electrodes (a plurality of sub-cell modules are arranged in one solar cell) for connecting the plurality of sub-cell modules in the solar cell, and each sub-cell module can respectively convert light energy and electric energy so as to respectively collect currents of the plurality of sub-cell modules in one solar cell.
In the invention, the light transmission part 101 and the test clamp 2 for clamping the solar cell are arranged on the test bench 1, the clamping part of the test clamp 2 faces the light transmission part 101, and when the test clamp 2 clamps the solar cell, the solar cell is positioned at a position vertically opposite to the light transmission part 101, so that external light can directly irradiate the solar cell through the light transmission part 101, the stable clamping of the solar cell is ensured, and meanwhile, the arrangement of the test device can not shade or prevent the light path, thereby improving the detection accuracy. In addition, since the plurality of first pins 204 are arranged on the test clip 2, when the test clip 2 clamps the solar cell, the plurality of first pins 204 are respectively and correspondingly connected with the plurality of sub-electrodes of the plurality of sub-cell modules in the solar cell, so that the requirements of simultaneously clamping the plurality of sub-electrodes of the solar cell can be met, the plurality of sub-cell modules in the solar cell can be respectively detected, the detection efficiency is improved, the structure of the test device is simplified, and the detection of the performance of the solar cell is facilitated.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the transparent portion 101 is a rectangular hollow area disposed in the middle of the test bench 1, when the test clip 2 clamps the solar cell, the solar cell is located just above the transparent portion 101, and the projection of the solar cell on the horizontal plane coincides with at least a part of the projection of the transparent portion 101 on the horizontal plane, so as to ensure that external light can directly irradiate onto the solar cell from above and/or below, the test bench 1 and the test clip 2 will not block or obstruct the light path, and ensure the accuracy of detection.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the solar cell testing device further includes a fixing base 3, the fixing base 3 is disposed at the top of the test bench 1, the bottom of the fixing base 3 is fixedly connected with the top of the test bench 1, the test clip 2 is detachably disposed at the top of the fixing base 3, so that the test clip 2 is convenient to disassemble and assemble, and the test clip 2 can be disassembled from the fixing base 3 and then clamped and fixed with the solar cell, and then reinstalled on the fixing base 3, thereby facilitating operation, shortening the time required for replacing the solar cell in the testing process, and improving the testing efficiency.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, a magnetic block 4 is arranged on the fixing seat 3 or in the fixing seat 3, the test clamp 2 is magnetically fixed on the top of the fixing seat 3 through the magnetic block 4, the test clamp 2 is fixed through a magnetic attraction mode, and the test clamp 2 is convenient to detach. The magnetic block 4 may be a magnet, the test clip 2 may be made of a metal material that can be attracted by the magnet, or another magnet may be disposed on the test clip 2, so as to meet the requirement of the attraction and fixation of the test clip 2 and the magnetic block 4, and the specific implementation manner is not limited in the present invention.
Further, the top surface of the fixing seat 3 is set to be an inclined plane so as to adjust the clamping angle of the test clamp 2, so that the plate surface of the solar cell is positioned in the horizontal plane under the clamping state of the test clamp 2 on the solar cell. (i.e., solar cells are spread out in a horizontal direction). Because under the test clip 2 normally held the solar cell state, solar cell can extend along with the orientation of the clamp mouth of test clip 2, in order to guarantee that test clip 2 carries out the face of solar cell under the clamp state solar cell and is located the horizontal plane to the solar cell is directly shone to the light of being convenient for, needs before the test, adjusts the inclined plane angle of fixing base 3 according to the clamp mouth orientation of test clip 2, in order to guarantee that test clip 2 carries out the face of solar cell under the clamp state solar cell and is located the horizontal plane.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the test clip 2 includes a rotating member 201 and a fixing member 202, the rotating member 201 and the fixing member 202 are connected by a torsion spring 203, and the bottom surface of the fixing member 202 is connected to the top surface of the fixing seat 3; the plurality of first pins 204 are disposed on the rotating member 201 and/or the fixing member 202.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the test clip 2 is further provided with a plurality of second pins 205, the plurality of second pins 205 are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of first pins 204, the plurality of second pins 205 are respectively connected with the corresponding first pins 204, and the plurality of second pins 205 are respectively connected with the plurality of test wires 5 to respectively transmit currents of the plurality of sub-battery modules.
Further, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the solar cell testing device further includes a data collecting portion 6, the data collecting portion 6 is disposed at the top of the test bench 1, a plurality of data interfaces are disposed in the data collecting portion 6, the plurality of data interfaces are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of test wires 5, a knob 7 is disposed on the data collecting portion 6, a connecting portion is disposed on the knob 7, and the knob 7 is rotated so as to connect the data interfaces and the test wires 5 at the corresponding positions through the connecting portion. In the testing process, a worker can turn the knob 7 to a preset position, so that the corresponding data interface is communicated with the testing wire 5, current data of the sub-battery module connected with the corresponding data interface can be collected through the corresponding first pin 204, then the current data are transmitted into the data collecting part 6 through the corresponding second pin 205 and the corresponding testing wire 5, and then the current data can be transmitted outwards, so that the current data can be recorded and/or collected and analyzed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar battery can be determined according to the illumination intensity of the irradiated solar battery and the output current.
The connection part may be, but is not limited to, a section of conductor disposed on the knob 7, through which the data interface and the test wire 5 at the corresponding position can be connected.
Further, as shown in fig. 2, a plurality of test marks 9 are provided on the data collecting portion 6, the plurality of test marks 9 are distributed on the periphery of the knob 7 along the circumferential direction of the knob 7 at intervals, the plurality of test marks 9 are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of first pins 204, and the corresponding test marks 9 are pointed by the rotating knob 7, so that the corresponding data interface and the test line 5 are connected by the connecting portion on the knob 7 to collect the current of the corresponding sub-battery module. Wherein, as shown in fig. 2, the plurality of test marks 9 may be marks 1 to 12 capable of determining the rotation angle of the knob 7.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the data acquisition unit 6 is provided with a wiring port 8, where the wiring port 8 is connected to a plurality of data interfaces, the wiring port 8 may be connected to an external storage device or an analysis device, and the wiring port 8 is used for externally transmitting acquired current data so as to record and/or acquire and analyze the current data. Wherein the wire connection 8 may be, but is not limited to, a BNC interface.
The solar cell testing device has the characteristics and advantages that:
1. in this solar cell testing device, be provided with printing opacity portion 101 and be used for centre gripping solar cell's test clip 2 on testboard 1, test clip 2's clamping part is towards printing opacity portion 101, and test clip 2 can centre gripping solar cell and make solar cell be in the position with printing opacity portion 101 vertical relatively for outside light can pass printing opacity portion 101 direct irradiation to solar cell on, when guaranteeing to carry out firm centre gripping to solar cell, testing device's setting can not cause shielding or hindrance to the light path, improves the accuracy that detects.
2. In the solar cell testing device, the plurality of first pins 204 are arranged on the testing clamp 2, and the plurality of first pins 204 can be respectively and correspondingly connected with the plurality of sub-electrodes of the plurality of sub-cell modules in the solar cell so as to meet the requirement of simultaneously clamping the plurality of sub-electrodes of the solar cell, respectively detect the plurality of sub-cell modules in the solar cell, improve the detection efficiency, simplify the structure of the testing device and facilitate the detection of the performance of the solar cell.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Any equivalent changes and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and principles of this invention, and are intended to be within the scope of this invention.

Claims (10)

1. A solar cell testing apparatus, characterized in that the solar cell testing apparatus comprises:
a test bench having at least one light-transmitting portion thereon;
the test clamp is used for clamping the solar battery, the test clamp is arranged on the test bench, a plurality of first pins are arranged on the test clamp, and in the state of clamping the solar battery,
the solar cell is opposite to the light-transmitting part, so that light passes through the light-transmitting part to irradiate the solar cell;
the first pins are respectively connected with a plurality of sub-electrodes used for connecting a plurality of sub-battery modules in the solar battery so as to respectively collect currents of the plurality of sub-battery modules in one solar battery.
2. The solar cell testing device according to claim 1, wherein the light-transmitting portion is a hollowed-out area arranged on the test bench, the solar cell is located above the light-transmitting portion in a state that the test clip clamps the solar cell, and a projection of the solar cell on a horizontal plane is at least overlapped with a part of a position of the projection of the light-transmitting portion on the horizontal plane.
3. The solar cell testing device of claim 1, further comprising a holder disposed on top of the test stand, the test clip being detachably disposed on top of the holder.
4. The solar cell testing device according to claim 3, wherein the fixing base is provided with a magnetic block, and the test clip is magnetically fixed on the top of the fixing base through the magnetic block.
5. The solar cell testing device according to claim 3, wherein the top surface of the fixing base is an inclined surface to adjust the clamping angle of the test clamp, and the panel of the solar cell is located in a horizontal plane when the test clamp clamps the solar cell.
6. The solar cell testing device according to claim 5, wherein the testing clip comprises a rotating member and a fixing member, the rotating member is connected with the fixing member through a torsion spring, and the bottom surface of the fixing member is connected with the top surface of the fixing seat;
the first pins are arranged on the rotating piece and/or the fixing piece.
7. The solar cell testing device according to claim 1, wherein the testing clip is further provided with a plurality of second pins, the second pins are in one-to-one correspondence with the first pins, the second pins are respectively connected with the corresponding first pins, and the second pins are respectively connected with a plurality of testing wires to respectively transmit currents of the sub-cell modules.
8. The solar cell testing device according to claim 7, further comprising a data collection part, wherein the data collection part is arranged at the top of the test bench, a plurality of data interfaces are arranged in the data collection part, the data interfaces are in one-to-one correspondence with the test wires, a knob is arranged on the data collection part, a connection part is arranged on the knob, and the knob is rotated to connect the data interfaces and the test wires at the corresponding positions through the connection part.
9. The solar cell testing device according to claim 8, wherein the data acquisition part is provided with wiring ports, the wiring ports are respectively connected with a plurality of the data interfaces, and the wiring ports are used for externally transmitting acquired current data.
10. The solar cell testing device according to claim 8, wherein a plurality of test marks are arranged on the data acquisition part, the plurality of test marks are distributed on the periphery of the knob at intervals along the circumferential direction of the knob, the plurality of test marks are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of first pins, the corresponding test marks are pointed by rotating the knob, and then the corresponding data interface and the corresponding test line are connected by the connection part on the knob so as to acquire the current of the corresponding sub-cell module.
CN202310962340.1A 2023-08-02 2023-08-02 Solar cell testing device Active CN116707444B (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202310962340.1A CN116707444B (en) 2023-08-02 2023-08-02 Solar cell testing device

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
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CN116707444B CN116707444B (en) 2023-11-10

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN204349918U (en) * 2015-01-09 2015-05-20 顺德中山大学太阳能研究院 A kind of MWT solar cell IV test macro
CN208890761U (en) * 2018-11-07 2019-05-21 北京赛凡光电仪器有限公司 A kind of solar cell sealing testboard
CN111106798A (en) * 2020-03-02 2020-05-05 陕西众森电能科技有限公司 Solar cell module electrical property test lead device
KR20200121048A (en) * 2019-04-15 2020-10-23 한국에너지기술연구원 Device and method for hot spot test of photovoltaic module
CN114650008A (en) * 2022-02-25 2022-06-21 宁波工程学院 Perovskite solar cell quantum efficiency test fixture

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN204349918U (en) * 2015-01-09 2015-05-20 顺德中山大学太阳能研究院 A kind of MWT solar cell IV test macro
CN208890761U (en) * 2018-11-07 2019-05-21 北京赛凡光电仪器有限公司 A kind of solar cell sealing testboard
KR20200121048A (en) * 2019-04-15 2020-10-23 한국에너지기술연구원 Device and method for hot spot test of photovoltaic module
CN111106798A (en) * 2020-03-02 2020-05-05 陕西众森电能科技有限公司 Solar cell module electrical property test lead device
CN114650008A (en) * 2022-02-25 2022-06-21 宁波工程学院 Perovskite solar cell quantum efficiency test fixture

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