CN116706426A - Battery, electronic equipment and diaphragm processing method - Google Patents
Battery, electronic equipment and diaphragm processing method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN116706426A CN116706426A CN202211739496.5A CN202211739496A CN116706426A CN 116706426 A CN116706426 A CN 116706426A CN 202211739496 A CN202211739496 A CN 202211739496A CN 116706426 A CN116706426 A CN 116706426A
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- Prior art keywords
- ferroelectric material
- battery
- negative electrode
- base film
- material layer
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/431—Inorganic material
- H01M50/434—Ceramics
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
The application provides a battery, electronic equipment and a processing method of a diaphragm, relates to the technical field of electronic products, and aims to solve the problems of inhibiting dendrite growth phenomenon of a metal negative electrode in the battery and improving the capacity, service life and safety of the battery. The battery includes a positive electrode, a metal negative electrode, and a separator. The diaphragm is arranged between the anode and the metal cathode, the diaphragm comprises a base film and a ferroelectric material layer arranged on the surface of the base film facing the metal cathode, the ferroelectric material layer comprises ferroelectric materials, the ferroelectric materials generate electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field between the anode and the metal cathode, the direction of the electric polarization is opposite to the direction of the charging electric field, and the intensity of the electric polarization is positively related to the intensity of the charging electric field. The battery provided by the application is used for storing electric quantity.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of electronic products, in particular to a battery, electronic equipment and a processing method of a diaphragm.
Background
With the development of economy, electronic devices such as portable electronic products, unmanned aerial vehicles, electric vehicles, and the like are now urgently required to have higher energy density, higher power density, longer cycle life, and safer batteries. The energy density of the existing lithium ion battery using graphite as the negative electrode is close to the upper limit, and the requirements of users on the cruising and standby of the electronic equipment cannot be met.
The metal negative electrode of lithium, sodium, potassium and the like has high theoretical specific capacity and low electrochemical potential, and is a high-energy negative electrode material with wide development prospect. The metal cathode can greatly improve the energy density of the battery and remarkably improve the user experience. However, the metal negative electrode has dendrite growth phenomenon, which not only causes the degradation of battery capacity and life, but also causes problems such as separator penetration, battery short circuit, and even thermal runaway explosion, thus impeding the commercialization process of the high energy density metal negative electrode battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a battery, electronic equipment and a processing method of a diaphragm, which are used for solving the problems of inhibiting dendrite growth phenomenon of a metal negative electrode in the battery and improving the capacity, service life and safety of the battery.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the application adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, a battery is provided that includes a positive electrode, a metal negative electrode, and a separator. The diaphragm is arranged between the positive electrode and the metal negative electrode, and comprises a base film and a ferroelectric material layer arranged on the surface of the base film facing the metal negative electrode. The ferroelectric material layer comprises a ferroelectric material. The ferroelectric material generates electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field between the positive electrode and the metal negative electrode, the direction of the electric polarization is opposite to that of the charging electric field, and the intensity of the electric polarization is positively related to that of the charging electric field.
In this way, in the charging process, under the action of the charging electric field, the ferroelectric material generates a reverse polarization electric field due to the ferroelectric effect, and the direction of the reverse polarization electric field is opposite to that of the charging electric field. On this basis, since the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field, the reverse polarization electric field generated at the site where the intensity of the charging electric field is stronger is also stronger. And the electric field intensity of the charging electric field is stronger at the microscopic convex part and weaker at the microscopic concave part. Therefore, the ferroelectric material has a strong reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic bump and a weak reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic depression. In this way, when electrolyte ions from the positive electrode diffuse to the position of the ferroelectric material opposite to the microscopic protrusions, the electrolyte ions are subjected to the action of a strong reverse polarization electric field, so that the electrolyte ions further move to the surrounding area of the microscopic protrusions and are not directly deposited at the microscopic protrusions, and the electrolyte ions are uniformly distributed on the surface of the metal negative electrode, thereby inhibiting dendrite growth, ensuring the capacity and service life of the battery and improving the use safety of the battery.
In one possible implementation of the first aspect, the ferroelectric material is a ferroelectric ceramic material. The ferroelectric ceramic material has higher dielectric constant, and the generated reverse polarization electric field has higher intensity under the premise of a certain charging electric field, so that electrolyte ions can be effectively dispersed to the surrounding area of the microcosmic convex part in the charging process, and the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited.
In one possible implementation of the first aspect, the ferroelectric material is a lead-free ferroelectric material. The lead-free ferroelectric material does not contain lead element, is environment-friendly and causes less environmental pollution.
In one possible implementation of the first aspect, the ferroelectric material is a relaxor ferroelectric material. The energy required by the movement of ions in the relaxation ferroelectric material is lower, the relaxation ferroelectric material can have higher polarization intensity, electrolyte ions can be effectively dispersed to the surrounding area of a microcosmic bulge part in the charging process, and the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited.
In one possible implementation of the first aspect, the ferroelectric material comprises polyvinylidene fluoride ferroelectric polymer, odd nylon, vinylidene dicyano copolymer, aromatic and aliphatic polyureas, barium titanate, potassium niobate, lithium tantalate, barium strontium niobate, barium sodium niobate, bismuth ferrite, barium strontium titanate, calcium strontium titanate, barium zirconate titanate, phosphorus Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium lead niobate (Pb (Mg) 1/ 3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ) Zinc lead niobate (Pb (Zn) 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ) Scandium lead tantalate (Pb (Sc) 1/2 Ta 1/2 )O 3 ) Indium barium niobate-lead titanate ((1-x) Ba (In) 0.5 Nb 0.5 )O 3 -xPbTiO 3 ) (wherein 0<x<1) Bismuth sodium titanate (Bi) 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 ) Bismuth ferrite-barium titanate (BiFeO) 3 -BaTiO 3 ) At least one of them.
In one possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the curie temperature of the ferroelectric material is greater than or equal to 100 ℃. Specifically, the curie temperature (Tc) of the ferroelectric material may be 120 ℃, 150 ℃, 180 ℃, 200 ℃, 300 ℃, 400 ℃, or 500 ℃. When the ambient temperature of the ferroelectric material is below the curie temperature, the ferroelectric material has ferroelectric effect, can generate electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field, and enables the direction of the electric polarization to be opposite to the direction of the charging electric field, and the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field. When the ambient temperature of the ferroelectric material is above the curie temperature, the ferroelectric material changes from a low temperature ferroelectric phase to a high temperature non-ferroelectric phase, resulting in the disappearance of the ferroelectric effect of the ferroelectric material. And the internal temperature of the battery in the charging process is usually less than 100 ℃, so when the Curie temperature (Tc) of the ferroelectric material is more than or equal to 100 ℃, the ferroelectric material in the battery has ferroelectric effect in the whole charging process, and can effectively inhibit the growth of dendrites in the whole charging process.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in the ferroelectric material layer, a mass percentage of the ferroelectric material is greater than or equal to 90% and less than or equal to 98%. In this range, the ferroelectric material has a moderate mass ratio, can effectively inhibit dendrite growth, and simultaneously reserves enough design space for the binder to ensure the bonding force of the ferroelectric material on the second surface.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the ferroelectric material layer further includes a binder, the binder is adhered to a surface of the base film facing the metal negative electrode, the ferroelectric material is in a powder form, and the ferroelectric material is dispersed in the binder. The adhesive is used for improving the binding force of the ferroelectric material on the second surface, and the ferroelectric material is bound on the second surface through the adhesive.
In one possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the binder includes at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polydopamine, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene butadiene rubber, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polylactic acid, sodium alginate, poly-p-styrenesulfonic acid, lithium poly-p-styrenesulfonate, and gelatin.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in the ferroelectric material layer, the mass percentage of the binder is greater than or equal to 2% and less than or equal to 10%. Within this range, the bonding force of the ferroelectric material on the second surface can be ensured. Meanwhile, enough design space is reserved for the ferroelectric material to effectively inhibit the growth of dendrites.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the particle size of the ferroelectric material is nano-scale, that is, the particle size of the ferroelectric material is greater than or equal to 1nm and less than 1000nm. In particular, the ferroelectric material may have a particle size of 1nm, 10nm, 20nm, 100nm, 200nm, 500nm, 800nm, 900nm or 950nm. Thus, the adhesive is easy to uniformly disperse in the adhesive, and the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the base film is a porous film, the ferroelectric material layer is a porous material layer, and the pores on the ferroelectric material layer are communicated with the pores on the base film to form communication pores, and the communication pores penetrate through a surface of the base film facing away from the ferroelectric material layer and a surface of the ferroelectric material layer facing away from the base film. In this way, electrolyte ions can pass through the communicating pores during the charge and discharge of the battery, thereby avoiding the ferroelectric material layer from interfering with the charge and discharge process.
In one possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the thickness of the ferroelectric material layer is greater than or equal to 1 micrometer and less than or equal to 10 micrometers. Thus, the ferroelectric material layer has moderate thickness, can effectively inhibit the growth of dendrites, and has less consumption and lower cost.
In one possible implementation of the first aspect, the metal negative electrode includes at least one of a lithium negative electrode, a sodium negative electrode, a potassium negative electrode, a magnesium negative electrode, a zinc negative electrode, and an aluminum negative electrode.
In a second aspect, there is also provided an electronic device comprising an electrical device and a battery according to any one of the above aspects, the battery being electrically connected to the electrical device.
The electronic equipment provided by the application comprises the battery according to any technical scheme, so that the battery and the electronic equipment can solve the same technical problems and achieve the same effects.
In a third aspect, there is provided a method of processing a separator, the separator being applied between a positive electrode and a metal negative electrode in a battery, the method comprising: and arranging a ferroelectric material layer on the single-side surface of the base film, wherein the ferroelectric material layer comprises a ferroelectric material, the ferroelectric material generates electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field between the anode and the metal cathode, the direction of the electric polarization is opposite to that of the charging electric field, and the intensity of the electric polarization is positively related to that of the charging electric field.
When the diaphragm manufactured by the processing method is applied between the anode and the metal cathode in the battery and the surface of the base film provided with the ferroelectric material layer faces the metal cathode, in the charging process, under the action of a charging electric field, the ferroelectric material generates a reverse polarization electric field, and the direction of the reverse polarization electric field is opposite to that of the charging electric field. On this basis, since the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field, the reverse polarization electric field generated at the site where the intensity of the charging electric field is stronger is also stronger. And the electric field intensity of the charging electric field is stronger at the microscopic convex part and weaker at the microscopic concave part. Therefore, the ferroelectric material has a strong reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic bump and a weak reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic depression. In this way, when electrolyte ions from the positive electrode diffuse to the position of the ferroelectric material opposite to the microscopic protrusions, the electrolyte ions are subjected to the action of a strong reverse polarization electric field, so that the electrolyte ions further move to the surrounding area of the microscopic protrusions and are not directly deposited at the microscopic protrusions, and the electrolyte ions are uniformly distributed on the surface of the metal negative electrode, thereby inhibiting dendrite growth, ensuring the capacity and service life of the battery and improving the use safety of the battery.
In a possible implementation manner of the third aspect, the disposing a ferroelectric material layer on a single side surface of the base film includes:
mixing an organic solvent, the ferroelectric material and a binder to obtain a ferroelectric material slurry;
disposing ferroelectric material paste on a single-sided surface of a base film;
drying the ferroelectric material slurry on the base film to volatilize the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry so as to obtain the ferroelectric material layer.
In this way, the ferroelectric material layer is directly formed on the single-side surface of the base film, and after the ferroelectric material slurry on the base film is dried, the ferroelectric material is tightly bonded on the base film under the action of the binder, so that the bonding strength of the ferroelectric material layer and the base film can be improved. The method is simple, the conditions are easy to control, and the method is suitable for industrial production. And after the organic solvent volatilizes, a plurality of pores are formed on the ferroelectric material layer, and are respectively communicated with the plurality of pores on the base film to form communicated pores, wherein the communicated pores penetrate through the surface of the base film, which is opposite to the ferroelectric material layer, and the surface of the ferroelectric material layer, which is opposite to the base film. In this way, electrolyte ions can pass through the communicating pores during charge and discharge of the battery, thereby avoiding the ferroelectric material layer from interfering with the charge and discharge process.
In one possible implementation manner of the third aspect, the ferroelectric material is nano-scale ferroelectric material powder. This facilitates uniform dispersion in the organic solvent and the binder.
In one possible implementation manner of the third aspect, in the ferroelectric material slurry, the mass percentage of the organic solvent is greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 40%, the mass percentage of the ferroelectric material is greater than or equal to 54% and less than or equal to 78.4%, and the mass percentage of the binder is greater than or equal to 1.2% and less than or equal to 8%. Thus, the ferroelectric material and the binder are fully mixed, and the ferroelectric material has moderate viscosity and is convenient to be arranged on the base film.
In one possible implementation manner of the third aspect, the thickness of the ferroelectric material paste disposed on the single-sided surface of the base film is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 30 micrometers. Thus, the thickness of the ferroelectric material slurry is moderate, the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited, and the consumption is low and the cost is low. Meanwhile, the ferroelectric material slurry on the base film is dried, so that the thickness of the porous ferroelectric material layer obtained after the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry volatilizes is moderate, the length of pores in the ferroelectric material layer is smaller, the length of communicating pores formed by communicating the pores on the base film is smaller, the obstruction to the movement of electrolyte ions is smaller, and the charge and discharge efficiency can be ensured.
In one possible implementation manner of the third aspect, the organic solvent includes at least one of benzene, toluene, xylene, pentane, hexane, octane, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, toluene cyclohexanone, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethyl ether, propylene oxide, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetone, methyl butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, acetonitrile, pyridine, phenol.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view illustrating an internal structure of a battery according to some embodiments of the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic view illustrating an internal structure of a battery according to still other embodiments of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of various configurations of an electronic device according to some embodiments of the present application;
fig. 4 is a front view of a battery according to some embodiments of the application
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the cell of FIG. 4 taken along line A-A;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the separator in the battery shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a portion of region I of the diaphragm of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method of processing a diaphragm according to some embodiments of the present application;
fig. 9 is a specific flowchart of step S10 in the method for processing the diaphragm shown in fig. 8.
Detailed Description
In embodiments of the present application, the terms "first," "second," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature.
In embodiments of the present application, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The application provides a battery, an electronic device and a processing method of a diaphragm, and in order to facilitate the description of each embodiment, before introducing the embodiments of the application, some specific terms to be mentioned in the embodiments of the application are introduced, and in particular:
And (3) a secondary battery: the term "rechargeable battery" refers to a battery that can be continuously used by activating an active material by charging after the battery is discharged.
And (3) a positive electrode: refers to the end of the power supply where the potential (electric potential) is higher. In the primary battery, the device is a power supply, the potential of an electrode from which current flows is higher, and the electrode is a positive electrode, and the positive electrode plays a role in reduction, namely ions or molecules obtain electrons; in the electrolytic cell, the device is an electric appliance, the electrode connected with the positive electrode of the power supply is the positive electrode based on the connected power supply, and at the moment, the positive electrode plays an oxidation role, namely ions or molecules lose electrons.
Metal negative electrode: the negative electrode is made of metal and is one end of the power supply with lower potential. In a primary battery, the potential of an electrode into which current flows is low, and the electrode is a negative electrode, wherein the negative electrode has an oxidation effect, and the electrode is written on the left in a battery reaction; in the electrolytic cell, an electrode connected with a negative electrode of a power supply is a negative electrode, and electrons are obtained from the negative electrode to play a role in reduction. From a physical point of view, the negative electrode is the one from which electrons flow out of the circuit.
Electrolyte refers to a medium used for providing ion exchange between the anode and the cathode of the battery.
A diaphragm: and refers to a thin film for separating a positive electrode and a metal negative electrode of a battery during a charge-discharge reaction to prevent the contact of the two electrodes from shorting. At the same time, the separator also allows electrolyte ions to pass through.
Ferroelectric material: refers to a class of materials having ferroelectric effects. In some dielectric crystals, the structure of the unit cell causes the positive and negative charge centers to be misaligned and electric dipole moment to appear, and the electric dipole moment generates electric polarization intensity unequal to zero, so that the crystals have spontaneous electric polarization, and the direction of the electric dipole moment can be changed due to an external electric field, and the ferroelectric crystal has the characteristic similar to a ferromagnetic body. That is, there is a phenomenon of spontaneous electric polarization inside the ferroelectric material, which is not caused by an external electric field but is caused by an internal structure of the ferroelectric material, and the external electric field can change the direction of electric polarization of the ferroelectric material by changing the direction of electric dipole moment.
Ferroelectric ceramic material: refers to ceramic materials having ferroelectric effects. The main ferroelectric ceramic system comprises barium titanate-calcium stannate and barium titanate-barium zirconate series high dielectric constant ferroelectric ceramic, barium titanate-bismuth stannate series ferroelectric ceramic with low dielectric constant change rate, barium titanate-calcium zirconate-bismuth niobate zirconate and barium titanate-barium stannate series high voltage ferroelectric ceramic, bismuth polytitanate and low-loss ferroelectric ceramic of solid solution system composed of the bismuth polytitanate and strontium titanate, etc.
Lead-free ferroelectric material: refers to ferroelectric materials free of lead elements.
Relaxation ferroelectric material: is one of ferroelectric materials. The relaxation ferroelectric material has the following dielectric characteristics that (1) phase transition dispersion, namely ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition is a gradual process, and no definite Curie temperature (Tc) is shown, wherein the relaxation ferroelectric material is characterized by the broadening of a dielectric peak in a relation curve of dielectric constant and temperature, and the temperature (Tm) corresponding to the maximum value of the dielectric constant is generally taken as a characteristic temperature. (2) Frequency dispersion, i.e., a decrease in dielectric constant, an increase in loss, and a shift in dielectric peak and loss peak in the high temperature direction with an increase in frequency at or below the temperature (Tm). (3) Above temperature (Tm), a large spontaneous polarization intensity still exists.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an internal structure of a battery according to some embodiments of the application. In this embodiment, the battery is a metal negative electrode battery, and the specific metal negative electrode is a lithium metal negative electrode. The metal negative electrode cell shown in fig. 1 is taken as an example, and the growth cause and the damage of dendrites are analyzed.
The core components of the lithium metal battery mainly comprise a positive electrode 1, a metal negative electrode 2, electrolyte 3 and a separator 4. The separator 4 is disposed between the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2. When a lithium metal battery is charged, lithium ions (Li + ) Is extracted from the crystal lattice of the positive electrode 1, passes through the electrolyte 3, and passes through the separator 4, and is separated from electrons (e - ) The reaction chemical formula of the metal anode 2 is as follows: li (Li) + +e - Li. When the lithium metal battery is discharged, lithium (Li) of the metal anode 2 loses electrons (e - ) Formation of lithium ion (Li) + ) The reaction chemical formula is as follows: li-Li + +e - Lithium ion (Li) + ) Through the electrolyte 3 and through the separator 4, into the lattice of the positive electrode 1.
In the above-described charging process, microscopic roughness is inevitably present on the surface of the lithium metal negative electrode 02 after molding, resulting in uneven distribution of electric field intensity on the surface of the lithium metal negative electrode 02. Specifically, during charging, electrons (e - ) The distribution is denser at the tip (namely the microcosmic convex part), the electric field intensity is higher, the distribution is sparser at the microcosmic concave part, and the electric field intensity is lower. Thus, during the charging processIn the initial stage, lithium ions (Li + ) Keeps moving perpendicular to the direction of the lithium metal cathode 02 under the action of the electric field force, and when moving to the vicinity of the microscopic protrusions with high electric field strength, the lithium ions (Li + ) To the microscopic projections, whereby lithium ions (Li + ) Selectively deposited on the microscopic bump portions, so that more lithium is deposited on the tip portion, and the size is further increased, thereby forming lithium dendrites. Moreover, as the number of charging times increases, the size of lithium dendrites also increases.
Based on the growth process of the lithium dendrite, as the lithium dendrite grows, the specific surface area of the lithium dendrite is further increased, the reactivity with the electrolyte is further improved, and the side reaction between the lithium dendrite and the electrolyte is increased, so that the coulomb efficiency of the lithium anode is reduced, and the battery cycle stability is reduced, thereby causing the capacity and service life of the battery to be reduced. In addition, the increase of side reactions further generates heat, so that potential safety hazards exist for the battery, and thermal runaway explosion is easy to cause. Meanwhile, along with the growth of lithium dendrites, when the lithium dendrites grow to a certain extent, the lithium dendrites penetrate through the diaphragm to cause short circuit of the anode and the cathode, further cause safety problems and shorten the service life of the battery.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, please refer to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an internal structure of a battery according to still another embodiment of the present application. In the battery of the present application, compared with the battery of fig. 1. The separator 4 includes a base film 41, and a ferroelectric material layer 42 is provided on a side of the base film 41 facing the metal anode 2, the ferroelectric material layer 42 including a ferroelectric material. In the charging process, under the action of a charging electric field between the anode 1 and the metal cathode 2, the ferroelectric material generates a reverse polarization electric field due to ferroelectric effect, and the direction of the reverse polarization electric field is opposite to that of the charging electric field. Further, the reverse polarization electric field generated at the portion where the charging electric field is stronger is also stronger. Therefore, the ferroelectric material has a strong reverse polarization electric field intensity at a portion opposed to the microscopic bump having a strong electric field, and a weak reverse polarization electric field intensity at a portion opposed to the microscopic depression having a weak electric field. In this way, when lithium ions (li+) from the positive electrode 1 diffuse to the position on the ferroelectric material opposite to the microscopic protrusions with strong electric field strength, the lithium ions (li+) move to the surrounding area of the microscopic protrusions and are not directly deposited at the microscopic protrusions, so that the lithium ions (li+) are uniformly distributed on the surface of the metal negative electrode 2, and finally, lithium dendrites are suppressed and a compact and uniform lithium deposition layer is formed.
The following describes embodiments of the present application in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, and before describing embodiments of the present application in detail, application scenarios of the embodiments of the present application are first described.
The application provides an electronic device. Referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 illustrates various structural forms of an electronic device 100 according to some embodiments of the present application. These electronic devices are a type of electronic device including the battery 10, and specifically, the electronic device 100 includes, but is not limited to, a portable electronic product such as a mobile phone 100A, a tablet computer (tablet personal computer) 100B, a laptop computer (laptop computer), a personal digital assistant (personal digital assistant, PDA), a personal computer, a Notebook computer (Notebook) 100C, an electric toothbrush 100D, a sweeping robot 100E, a mobile power supply 100F, an unmanned aerial vehicle, an electric car, and the like.
The electronic equipment further comprises an electric device, wherein the electric device comprises at least one of electronic components including a display screen, a loudspeaker, a camera, a flash lamp, a receiver, a main board, a secondary board, a sensor and the like. The battery 10 is electrically connected to the electric device to supply power to the electric device.
The application also provides a battery 10. The battery 10 is a secondary battery, and is applied to the above-mentioned electronic device, and is used for converting electric energy into chemical energy in the charging process so as to realize the storage of electric quantity, and converting chemical energy into electric energy in the discharging process so as to realize the release of electric quantity, thereby providing electric quantity to the electric device in the electronic device.
Referring to fig. 4 and 5, fig. 4 is a front view of a battery 10 according to some embodiments of the present application, and fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the battery 10 shown in fig. 4 at line A-A. The battery 10 includes a case 0, a positive electrode 1, a metal negative electrode 2, an electrolyte 3, and a separator 4.
The case 0 is used to encapsulate and protect the positive electrode 1, the metal negative electrode 2, the electrolyte 3, and the separator 4. The housing 0 includes, but is not limited to, a steel shell and an aluminum plastic film. The aluminum plastic film, also called as aluminum plastic packaging film, at least comprises three layers of materials, wherein the middle layer is an aluminum layer, and plays a role in isolating moisture. The outer layer is nylon (nylon) adhesive layer, which has the function of preventing air, especially oxygen, from penetrating. The inner layer is a polypropylene (PP) layer, which seals and prevents the electrolyte from corroding the aluminum layer.
The positive electrode 1, the metal negative electrode 2 and the separator 4 are positioned in the casing 0 and immersed in the electrolyte 3. That is, the electrolyte 3 serves as a carrier for transporting electrolyte ions within the battery 10, and exists at the space between the positive electrode 1, the metal negative electrode 2, and the separator 4 inside the case 0. The electrolyte 3 is generally prepared from high-purity organic solvent, electrolyte, necessary additives and other raw materials according to a certain proportion under a certain condition.
The material of the positive electrode 1 includes, but is not limited to, metal oxides such as sulfur, iodine, oxygen, lithium iron phosphate, nickel cobalt manganese, nickel cobalt aluminum, or manganese dioxide. The structural form of the positive electrode 1 may be a sheet, a column, a block, or the like, and this embodiment is exemplified with the positive electrode 1 in a sheet form, which is not to be construed as a particular limitation of the constitution of the present application.
The metal negative electrode 2 includes, but is not limited to, at least one of a lithium negative electrode, a sodium negative electrode, a potassium negative electrode, a magnesium negative electrode, a zinc negative electrode, and an aluminum negative electrode. The lithium negative electrode is a negative electrode made of metal lithium or lithium alloy. Specifically, the lithium negative electrode may include at least one of a lithium metal negative electrode, a lithium sodium alloy negative electrode, a lithium potassium alloy negative electrode, a lithium silicon alloy negative electrode, a lithium tin alloy negative electrode, and a lithium indium alloy negative electrode. The metal negative electrode 2 may be in a sheet, a column, a block, or the like, and the present embodiment is exemplified by the metal negative electrode 2 being in a sheet, and on the basis of this, referring to fig. 5, the metal negative electrode 2 may be stacked with the positive electrode 1.
When the battery 10 is charged, electrolyte ions are extracted from the crystal lattice of the positive electrode 1, pass through the electrolyte 3, and are separated from electrons (e - ) And combine to form a metal deposit. When the battery 10 discharges, the metal of the metal anode 2 loses electrons (e - ) Forming electrolyte ions, the electrolyte ionsThrough the electrolyte 3, is inserted into the crystal lattice of the positive electrode 1. The electrolyte ions are metal ions transferred between the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2 during charge and discharge. When the metal anode 2 is a lithium anode, the electrolyte ions are lithium ions; when the metal anode 2 is a sodium anode, the electrolyte ions are sodium ions; when the metal anode 2 is a potassium anode, the electrolyte ions are potassium ions; when the metal anode 2 is a magnesium anode, the electrolyte ions are magnesium ions; when the metal anode 2 is a zinc anode, the electrolyte ions are zinc ions; when the metal anode 2 is an aluminum anode, the electrolyte ions are aluminum ions.
A separator 4 is provided between the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2 for separating the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2 to prevent the two electrodes from being in contact to short-circuit, while the separator 4 also allows the above electrolyte ions to pass. In some embodiments, referring to fig. 5, the separator 4 may be in a sheet shape, and the separator 4 is stacked with the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the separator 4, the positive electrode 1, the separator 4, and the metal negative electrode 2 are sequentially stacked to form a membrane structure, and the membrane structure is wound to form a wound bare cell. In other embodiments, the positive electrode 1, the separator 4, and the metal negative electrode 2 may be sequentially alternately and stacked to form a stacked bare cell. Of course, the positive electrode 1, the separator 4, and the metal negative electrode 2 may be disposed in the case 0 of the battery 10 in other ways, and are not particularly limited herein.
The structure and manufacturing method of the battery separator 4 will be mainly described below.
Referring to fig. 6, fig. 6 is a schematic view of the separator 4 in the battery 10 shown in fig. 5. The diaphragm 4 includes a base film 41 and a ferroelectric material layer 42.
The base film 41 is a porous film. For example, the material of the base film 41 may be a polyolefin porous film, a polyimide porous film, or the like. In this way, the base film 41 can function as an insulating barrier, and at the same time, the pores in the base film 41 can allow the above-described electrolyte ions to pass through.
The base film 41 includes opposing first and second surfaces S1 and S2. When the separator 4 is applied to the battery 10 shown in fig. 5, the first surface S1 faces the positive electrode 1, and the first surface S1 faces away from the metal negative electrode 2; the second surface S2 faces the metal cathode 2, and the second surface S2 faces away from the anode 1.
The ferroelectric material layer 42 is disposed on the second surface S2. It should be noted that the ferroelectric material layer 42 may be directly contacted to the second surface S2 or may be separated by other material layers, and this embodiment is exemplified by the fact that the ferroelectric material layer 42 is directly contacted to the second surface S2, which should not be construed as a specific limitation of the present application.
The ferroelectric material layer 42 includes a ferroelectric material, which is one type of ferroelectric material satisfying the following two conditions. Condition one: the ferroelectric material generates an electric polarization under the effect of a charging electric field between the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2, the direction of the electric polarization being opposite to the direction of the charging electric field. Condition II: the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field, that is, the greater the intensity of the charging electric field, the greater the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material.
The charging electric field refers to an electric field formed between the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2 in the battery when a preset charging voltage is applied to the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2 during charging. The relation between the intensity E of the charging electric field and the preset charging voltage U satisfies the following conditions: e=u/D, where D is the distance between the positive electrode 1 and the metal negative electrode 2 in meters (m), the preset charging voltage U is in volts (V), and the strength E of the charging electric field is in volts per meter (V/m). Wherein the preset charging voltage is at least one of the designed charging voltages of the battery, which is generally identified on the surface of the battery product or within the specification of the battery product. The design charge voltage of the battery may include one or more fixed values or may include one or more fixed ranges.
In this way, in the charging process, under the action of the charging electric field, the ferroelectric material generates a reverse polarization electric field due to the ferroelectric effect, and the direction of the reverse polarization electric field is opposite to that of the charging electric field.
On the basis of the above, since the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field, the reverse polarization electric field generated at the site where the intensity of the charging electric field is stronger is also stronger. And the electric field intensity of the charging electric field is stronger at the microscopic convex part and weaker at the microscopic concave part. Therefore, the ferroelectric material has a strong reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic bump and a weak reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic depression.
In this way, when electrolyte ions from the positive electrode 1 diffuse to the position of the ferroelectric material opposite to the microscopic protrusions, the electrolyte ions are subjected to the action of a strong reverse polarization electric field, so that the electrolyte ions further move to the surrounding areas of the microscopic protrusions and are not directly deposited at the microscopic protrusions, and the electrolyte ions are uniformly distributed on the surface of the metal negative electrode 2, thereby inhibiting dendrite growth, ensuring the capacity and service life of the battery, and improving the use safety of the battery.
In the above embodiments, ferroelectric materials include, but are not limited to, ferroelectric polymers and ferroelectric ceramic materials.
Among them, ferroelectric polymers include, but are not limited to, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ferroelectric polymers, odd nylon (odd numbesed nylons), vinylidene Dicyan (VDCN) copolymers, and aromatic and aliphatic polyureas. These ferroelectric polymers are organic ferroelectrics.
The ferroelectric ceramic material is an inorganic ferroelectric, including but not limited to barium titanate-calcium stannate and barium titanate-barium zirconate series high dielectric constant ferroelectric ceramic, barium titanate-bismuth stannate series ferroelectric ceramic with low dielectric constant change rate, barium titanate-calcium zirconate-bismuth niobate zirconate and barium titanate-barium stannate series high voltage ferroelectric ceramic, bismuth polytitanate and low-loss ferroelectric ceramic of solid solution system composed of strontium titanate and the like.
In particular, ferroelectric ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) Potassium niobate, lithium tantalate, barium strontium niobate, sodium barium niobate, bismuth ferrite, barium strontium titanate (Ba) 1-x Sr x TiO 3 ) Strontium calcium titanate ((Sr, ca) TiO) 3 ) Barium zirconate titanate (Ba (Ti) 0.6 Zr 0.4 )O 3 ) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the like.
The ferroelectric ceramic material has higher dielectric constant, and the generated reverse polarization electric field has higher intensity under the premise of a certain charging electric field, so that electrolyte ions can be effectively dispersed to the surrounding area of the microcosmic convex part in the charging process, and the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited.
In some embodiments, the ferroelectric material is a relaxor ferroelectric material. In particular, the relaxor ferroelectric material includes, but is not limited to, magnesium lead niobate (Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ) Zinc lead niobate (Pb (Zn) 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ) Scandium lead tantalate (Pb (Sc) 1/2 Ta 1/2 )O 3 ) Indium barium niobate-lead titanate ((1-x) Ba (In) 0.5 Nb 0.5 )O 3 -xPbTiO 3 ) (wherein 0<x<1) Bismuth sodium titanate (Bi) 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 ) Bismuth ferrite-barium titanate (BiFeO) 3 -BaTiO 3 ) And the like.
The energy required by the movement of ions in the relaxation ferroelectric material is lower, the relaxation ferroelectric material can have higher polarization intensity, electrolyte ions can be effectively dispersed to the surrounding area of a microcosmic bulge part in the charging process, and the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited.
In some embodiments, the ferroelectric material is a lead-free ferroelectric material. The lead-free ferroelectric material does not contain lead element, is environment-friendly and causes less environmental pollution.
In some embodiments, the curie temperature (Tc) of the ferroelectric material may be greater than or equal to 100 ℃. Specifically, the curie temperature (Tc) of the ferroelectric material may be 120 ℃, 150 ℃, 180 ℃, 200 ℃, 300 ℃, 400 ℃, or 500 ℃. When the ambient temperature of the ferroelectric material is below the curie temperature, the ferroelectric material has ferroelectric effect, can generate electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field, and enables the direction of the electric polarization to be opposite to the direction of the charging electric field, and the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field. When the ambient temperature of the ferroelectric material is above the curie temperature, the ferroelectric material changes from a low temperature ferroelectric phase to a high temperature non-ferroelectric phase, resulting in the disappearance of the ferroelectric effect of the ferroelectric material. And the internal temperature of the battery in the charging process is usually less than 100 ℃, so when the Curie temperature (Tc) of the ferroelectric material is more than or equal to 100 ℃, the ferroelectric material in the battery has ferroelectric effect in the whole charging process, and can effectively inhibit the growth of dendrites in the whole charging process.
In some embodiments, the ferroelectric material layer 42 includes a binder in addition to the ferroelectric material. The adhesive is adhered to the second surface S2, the ferroelectric material is in a powder form, and the ferroelectric material is dispersed in the adhesive. The adhesive is used to increase the bonding force of the ferroelectric material on the second surface S2, and the ferroelectric material is bonded on the second surface S2 by the adhesive.
In some embodiments, the above-described binder includes, but is not limited to, at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide (PI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polydopamine (PDA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene butadiene rubber (CMC/SBR), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polylactic acid (PLA), sodium Alginate (SA), poly-p-styrenesulfonic acid (PSS), lithium poly-p-styrenesulfonate (lipsp), and gelatin. Wherein the polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene is a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene; the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene-butadiene rubber is a mixture of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and styrene-butadiene rubber. These adhesives can enhance the bonding force of the ferroelectric material on the second surface S2, so that the ferroelectric material layer 42 is firmly bonded on the second surface S2.
In some embodiments, the ferroelectric material has a particle size on the order of nanometers, i.e., the ferroelectric material has a particle size greater than or equal to 1 nanometer (nm), less than 1000nm. In particular, the ferroelectric material may have a particle size of 1nm, 10nm, 20nm, 100nm, 200nm, 500nm, 800nm, 900nm or 950nm. Thus, the adhesive is easy to uniformly disperse in the adhesive, and the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited.
In some embodiments, the mass percent of ferroelectric material within ferroelectric material layer 42 is greater than or equal to 90%, and less than or equal to 98%. Specifically, the mass percent of ferroelectric material in ferroelectric material layer 42 may be 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 98%. In this range, the ferroelectric material has a moderate mass ratio, can effectively inhibit dendrite growth, and simultaneously reserves a sufficient design space for the adhesive to ensure the bonding force of the ferroelectric material on the second surface S2.
In some embodiments, the mass percent of the binder within the ferroelectric material layer 42 is greater than or equal to 2%, and less than or equal to 10%. Specifically, the mass percent of the binder in the ferroelectric material layer 42 may be 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%. Within this range, the bonding force of the ferroelectric material at the second surface S2 can be ensured. Meanwhile, enough design space is reserved for the ferroelectric material to effectively inhibit the growth of dendrites.
Note that, the ferroelectric material layer 42 may include other materials, such as residual organic solvents, in addition to the ferroelectric material and the binder, and is not particularly limited herein.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 7, fig. 7 is an enlarged view of a portion of region I of the diaphragm 4 shown in fig. 6. The base film 41 is a porous film, and the ferroelectric material layer 42 is a porous material layer. The pores d2 on the ferroelectric material layer 42 communicate with the pores d1 on the base film 41 to form communicating pores that penetrate through the surface of the base film 41 facing away from the ferroelectric material layer 42 and the surface of the ferroelectric material layer 42 facing away from the base film 41. In this way, electrolyte ions may pass through the communicating pores during charge and discharge of the battery 10, thereby avoiding the ferroelectric material layer 42 from interfering with the charge and discharge process.
In some embodiments, the ferroelectric material layer 42 has a thickness greater than or equal to 1 micrometer (μm) and less than or equal to 10 μm. Specifically, the ferroelectric material layer 42 may have a thickness of 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 9 μm, or 10 μm. Thus, the ferroelectric material layer 42 has a moderate thickness, can effectively inhibit dendrite growth, and has a low consumption and a low cost.
The application also provides a processing method of the diaphragm. The separator is applied between a positive electrode and a metal negative electrode in a battery. Referring to fig. 8, fig. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for manufacturing a diaphragm according to some embodiments of the present application. The processing method includes the following step S10.
Step S10: a ferroelectric material layer is provided on a single-sided surface of the base film.
Wherein the base film is a porous film. For example, the material of the base film may be a polyolefin porous film, a polyimide porous film, or the like.
In addition, the ferroelectric material layer comprises a ferroelectric material, the ferroelectric material generates electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field between the anode and the metal cathode, the direction of the electric polarization is opposite to that of the charging electric field, and the electric polarization intensity is positively related to the intensity of the charging electric field.
The ferroelectric material may include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ferroelectric polymer, odd nylon (odd numbesed nylons), vinylidene Dicyano (VDCN) copolymer, aromatic and aliphatic polyureas, barium titanate (BaTiO) 3 ) Potassium niobate, lithium tantalate, barium strontium niobate, sodium barium niobate, bismuth ferrite, barium strontium titanate (Ba) 1-x Sr x TiO 3 ) Strontium calcium titanate ((Sr, ca) TiO) 3 ) Barium zirconate titanate (Ba (Ti) 0.6 Zr 0.4 )O 3 ) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium lead niobate (Pb (Mg) 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ) Zinc lead niobate (Pb (Zn) 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ) Scandium lead tantalate (Pb (Sc) 1/2 Ta 1/2 )O 3 ) Indium barium niobate-lead titanate ((1-x) Ba (In) 0.5 Nb 0.5 )O 3 -xPbTiO 3 ) (wherein 0<x<1) Bismuth sodium titanate (Bi) 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 ) Bismuth ferrite-barium titanate (BiFeO) 3 -BaTiO 3 ) At least one of them.
It should be noted that step S10 may include directly disposing the ferroelectric material layer on the single-sided surface of the base film so that the ferroelectric material layer is in contact with the single-sided surface of the base film. Step S10 may also include: an intermediate material layer is arranged on the surface of one side of the base film, and a ferroelectric material layer is arranged on the surface of the intermediate material layer, which is away from the base film. The intermediate material layer includes, but is not limited to, a glue layer.
When the diaphragm prepared in the step S1 is applied between the positive electrode and the metal negative electrode in the battery and the surface of the base film provided with the ferroelectric material layer faces the metal negative electrode, in the charging process, under the action of a charging electric field, the ferroelectric material generates a reverse polarization electric field due to the ferroelectric effect, and the direction of the reverse polarization electric field is opposite to that of the charging electric field.
On the basis of the above, since the electric polarization intensity of the ferroelectric material is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field, the reverse polarization electric field generated at the site where the intensity of the charging electric field is stronger is also stronger. And the electric field intensity of the charging electric field is stronger at the microscopic convex part and weaker at the microscopic concave part. Therefore, the ferroelectric material has a strong reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic bump and a weak reverse polarization electric field generated at a portion opposed to the microscopic depression.
In this way, when electrolyte ions from the positive electrode diffuse to the position of the ferroelectric material opposite to the microscopic protrusions, the electrolyte ions are subjected to the action of a strong reverse polarization electric field, so that the electrolyte ions further move to the surrounding area of the microscopic protrusions and are not directly deposited at the microscopic protrusions, and the electrolyte ions are uniformly distributed on the surface of the metal negative electrode, thereby inhibiting dendrite growth, ensuring the capacity and service life of the battery and improving the use safety of the battery.
In step S10, the ferroelectric material layer may be formed and adhesively fixed on the single-sided surface of the base film alone, or may be formed directly on the single-sided surface of the base film. In some embodiments, referring to fig. 9, fig. 9 is a specific flowchart of step S10 in the method for processing the diaphragm shown in fig. 8. In the present embodiment, step S10 includes the following steps S11 to S13.
Step S11: the organic solvent, ferroelectric material and binder are mixed to obtain ferroelectric material slurry.
Wherein the organic solvent comprises at least one of benzene, toluene, xylene, pentane, hexane, octane, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, toluene cyclohexanone, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethyl ether, propylene oxide, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetone, methyl butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, acetonitrile, pyridine and phenol.
In addition, the ferroelectric material may be nano-sized ferroelectric material powder. This facilitates uniform dispersion in the organic solvent and the binder.
Further, the binder includes, but is not limited to, at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide (PI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polydopamine (PDA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene butadiene rubber (CMC/SBR), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polylactic acid (PLA), sodium Alginate (SA), poly-p-styrenesulfonic acid (PSS), lithium poly-p-styrenesulfonate (LiPSS), and gelatin.
Specifically, step S11 may include: the organic solvent, ferroelectric material and binder are mixed by a stirrer. Thus, the mixing uniformity can be improved. Among them, the mixers include, but are not limited to, propeller type mixers, turbine type mixers, paddle type mixers, anchor type mixers, ribbon type mixers, magnetic heating mixers, hinge type mixers, variable frequency double layer mixers, and side entry type mixers.
In some embodiments, the mass percent of the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry is greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 40%. Specifically, the mass percentage of the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry may be 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36%, 38% or 40%.
In the ferroelectric material slurry, the mass percentage of the ferroelectric material is greater than or equal to 54% and less than or equal to 78.4%. Specifically, in the ferroelectric material slurry, the mass percentage of the ferroelectric material may be 54%, 56%, 58%, 60%, 62%, 65%, 68%, 70%, 72%, 74%, 76%, 78%, 78.2%, or 78.4%.
In the ferroelectric material slurry, the mass percentage of the binder is greater than or equal to 1.2% and less than or equal to 8%. Specifically, the mass percentage of the binder in the ferroelectric material paste may be 1.2%, 1.6%, 1.8%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 7% or 8%.
Thus, the ferroelectric material and the binder are fully mixed, and the ferroelectric material has moderate viscosity and is convenient to be arranged on the base film.
Step S12: the ferroelectric material paste is disposed on a single-sided surface of the base film.
The ferroelectric material paste is provided at a thickness of 5 μm or more and 30 μm or less on a single-side surface of the base film. Specifically, the ferroelectric material paste may be disposed at a thickness of 5 μm, 6 μm, 8 μm, 10 μm, 12 μm, 15 μm, 18 μm, 20 μm, 22 μm, 24 μm, 26 μm, 28 μm, or 30 μm on the one-side surface of the base film. Thus, the thickness of the ferroelectric material slurry is moderate, the growth of dendrites can be effectively inhibited, and the consumption is low and the cost is low. Meanwhile, the ferroelectric material slurry on the base film is dried in the following step S13, so that the thickness of the porous ferroelectric material layer obtained after the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry volatilizes is moderate, the length of the pores in the ferroelectric material layer is smaller, the length of the communicating pores formed by communicating with the pores on the base film is smaller, the obstruction to the movement of electrolyte ions is smaller, and the charge and discharge efficiency can be ensured.
Specifically, step S12 may include: the ferroelectric material paste is disposed on a single side surface of the base film using a coating process. Wherein the coating process includes, but is not limited to, at least one of a knife coating process, a roll coating process, a dip coating process, and a spray coating process.
Step S13: drying the ferroelectric material slurry on the base film to volatilize the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry to obtain the ferroelectric material layer. The drying process may be a drying process. The temperature of the drying may be greater than or equal to 70 ℃ and less than or equal to 90 ℃. Specifically, the temperature of the drying may be 70 ℃, 72 ℃, 74 ℃, 76 ℃, 78 ℃, 80 ℃, 84 ℃, 86 ℃, 88 ℃, or 90 ℃.
In this way, the ferroelectric material layer is directly formed on the single-side surface of the base film, and after the ferroelectric material slurry on the base film is dried, the ferroelectric material is tightly bonded on the base film under the action of the binder, so that the bonding strength of the ferroelectric material layer and the base film can be improved. The method is simple, the conditions are easy to control, and the method is suitable for industrial production.
And after the organic solvent volatilizes, a plurality of pores are formed on the ferroelectric material layer, and are respectively communicated with the plurality of pores on the base film to form communicated pores, wherein the communicated pores penetrate through the surface of the base film, which is opposite to the ferroelectric material layer, and the surface of the ferroelectric material layer, which is opposite to the base film. In this way, electrolyte ions can pass through the communicating pores during charge and discharge of the battery, thereby avoiding the ferroelectric material layer from interfering with the charge and discharge process.
In the description of the present specification, a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present application, and are not limiting; although the application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.
Claims (20)
1. A battery, comprising:
a positive electrode;
a metal negative electrode;
the diaphragm is arranged between the positive electrode and the metal negative electrode, the diaphragm comprises a base film and a ferroelectric material layer arranged on the surface of the base film, which faces the metal negative electrode, the ferroelectric material layer comprises a ferroelectric material, the ferroelectric material generates electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field between the positive electrode and the metal negative electrode, the direction of the electric polarization is opposite to the direction of the charging electric field, and the intensity of the electric polarization is positively correlated with the intensity of the charging electric field.
2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the ferroelectric material is a ferroelectric ceramic material.
3. The battery according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the ferroelectric material is a lead-free ferroelectric material.
4. A battery according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that the ferroelectric material is a relaxor ferroelectric material.
5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the ferroelectric material comprises at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride ferroelectric polymer, odd nylon, vinylidene dicyano copolymer, aromatic and aliphatic polyureas, barium titanate, potassium niobate, lithium tantalate, barium strontium niobate, barium sodium niobate, bismuth ferrite, barium strontium titanate, calcium strontium titanate, barium zirconate titanate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium lead niobate, zinc lead niobate, scandium lead tantalate, barium indium niobate-lead titanate, sodium bismuth titanate, bismuth ferrite-barium titanate.
6. The battery of any of claims 1-5, wherein the curie temperature of the ferroelectric material is greater than or equal to 100 ℃.
7. The battery according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the mass percentage of the ferroelectric material in the ferroelectric material layer is greater than or equal to 90% and less than or equal to 98%.
8. The battery of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the layer of ferroelectric material further comprises a binder, the binder is adhered to a surface of the base film facing the metal negative electrode, the ferroelectric material is in a powder form, and the ferroelectric material is dispersed within the binder.
9. The battery of claim 8, wherein the binder comprises at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polydopamine, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene butadiene rubber, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polylactic acid, sodium alginate, poly-p-styrenesulfonic acid, lithium poly-p-styrenesulfonate, and gelatin.
10. The battery according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that in the ferroelectric material layer, the mass percentage of the binder is greater than or equal to 2% and less than or equal to 10%.
11. The battery according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the ferroelectric material has a particle size of nanometer scale.
12. The battery of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the base film is a porous film, the ferroelectric material layer is a porous material layer, and the pores on the ferroelectric material layer communicate with the pores on the base film to form communicating pores that penetrate through a surface of the base film facing away from the ferroelectric material layer and a surface of the ferroelectric material layer facing away from the base film.
13. The battery of any of claims 1-12, wherein the ferroelectric material layer has a thickness greater than or equal to 1 micron and less than or equal to 10 microns.
14. The battery of any of claims 1-13, wherein the metal negative electrode comprises at least one of a lithium negative electrode, a sodium negative electrode, a potassium negative electrode, a magnesium negative electrode, a zinc negative electrode, and an aluminum negative electrode.
15. An electronic device, comprising:
An electric device;
the battery of any one of claims 1-14, electrically connected to the electrical device.
16. A method of processing a separator that is applied between a positive electrode and a metal negative electrode in a battery, the method comprising:
and arranging a ferroelectric material layer on the single-side surface of the base film, wherein the ferroelectric material layer comprises a ferroelectric material, the ferroelectric material generates electric polarization under the action of a charging electric field between the anode and the metal cathode, the direction of the electric polarization is opposite to that of the charging electric field, and the intensity of the electric polarization is positively correlated with that of the charging electric field.
17. The processing method according to claim 16, wherein the disposing of the ferroelectric material layer on the one side surface of the base film comprises:
mixing an organic solvent, the ferroelectric material and a binder to obtain a ferroelectric material slurry;
disposing the ferroelectric material paste on a single-sided surface of a base film;
drying the ferroelectric material slurry on the base film, so that the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry volatilizes to obtain a ferroelectric material layer.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the mass percentage of the organic solvent in the ferroelectric material slurry is greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 40%, the mass percentage of the ferroelectric material is greater than or equal to 54% and less than or equal to 78.4%, and the mass percentage of the binder is greater than or equal to 1.2% and less than or equal to 8%.
19. The processing method according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the ferroelectric material paste is provided at a thickness of 5 μm or more and 30 μm or less on the one-side surface of the base film.
20. The process of any one of claims 17-19, wherein the organic solvent comprises at least one of benzene, toluene, xylene, pentane, hexane, octane, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, toluene cyclohexanone, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethyl ether, propylene oxide, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetone, methyl butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, acetonitrile, pyridine, phenol.
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Citations (6)
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| KR20200018902A (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2020-02-21 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery formed with a ferroelectric polymer protective layer, method for preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the negative electrode |
| CN216213553U (en) * | 2021-11-02 | 2022-04-05 | 远景动力技术(江苏)有限公司 | Battery cell device and secondary battery |
| KR20220079458A (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2022-06-13 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | Negative electrode currentor for lithium metal battery, manufacturing method thereof, lithium metal battery including the same |
| KR20220128947A (en) * | 2021-03-15 | 2022-09-22 | 주식회사 비츠로셀 | Method of manufacturing anode electrode for lithium metal batteries using photoelectromagnetic energy irradiation and anode electrode for lithium metal batteries |
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| US20090246640A1 (en) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-01 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Electrode assembly and lithium ion secondary battery having the same |
| WO2018124754A1 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2018-07-05 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Anode for lithium metal battery, method for manufacturing same, and lithium metal battery comprising same |
| KR20200018902A (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2020-02-21 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery formed with a ferroelectric polymer protective layer, method for preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the negative electrode |
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