CN116669137A - Self-adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method and device - Google Patents
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Abstract
The disclosure provides a method and a device for adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring the communication distance between two D2D user terminals in a D2D pair to which a current D2D user terminal belongs; determining a D2D transmission mode based on the communication distance, if the transmission mode is two-hop transmission, selecting the best relay equipment to forward data by using a relay selection method based on grid priority, and if the transmission mode is single-hop transmission, not needing to forward; the relay selection method based on the grid priority comprises the following specific steps: dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the sum of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting a relay device with the minimum two-hop distance sum as an optimal relay based on the sorting result; and based on the determined D2D transmission mode, multiplexing the cellular uplink spectrum by the D2D link between the D2D users for data transmission.
Description
Technical Field
The disclosure belongs to the technical field of communication, and in particular relates to a method and a device for transmitting self-adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data.
Background
The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not necessarily constitute prior art.
As the usage of mobile devices grows exponentially, the demand for higher data rates, lower power consumption and time delay, and greater coverage for wireless communications grows rapidly, and cellular networks are facing significant challenges of explosive growth of wireless data traffic and spectrum shortage. Conventional cellular networks employ Base Stations (BS) for data forwarding, resulting in limited capacity and coverage of the network, and also consume a large amount of spectrum resources. Also, the exchange of information via the base station is sometimes inefficient, especially when Cellular Users (CUEs) are close to each other. D2D (Device-to-Device) communication has received attention as a key technology to improve the performance of cellular networks. The D2D communication enables the adjacent devices to directly perform data transmission, so that coverage blind areas of the base station are filled, and load pressure of the base station is greatly reduced. Meanwhile, the short-distance communication can reduce the transmitting power, improve the transmission rate and the network capacity, and effectively relieve the load pressure of the base station. In order to improve the spectrum efficiency, the D2D link and the cellular link may multiplex the same spectrum resource, but this may cause mutual interference, thereby affecting the communication quality of the two systems; conventional D2D cellular networks typically consider single hop D2D links and the distance between D2D users is a fixed value. However, single hop transmission cannot be applied to long-range transmission; meanwhile, conventional studies generally assume that relay nodes are uniformly distributed in one circular area or that the distance between a relay and a user is fixed, however, these assumptions are not realistic in many cases in view of the wireless coverage area of a device.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems, the present disclosure provides a method and an apparatus for adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission, where the scheme considers random distances between D2D users, and proposes adaptive D2D single-hop and two-hop transmission strategies, i.e., adaptively determines a single-hop or two-hop D2D transmission mode according to the distance between D2D Tx and D2D Rx, where D2D communications may share a cellular uplink spectrum; meanwhile, in order to protect the quality of cellular communication, a protection area is arranged around the base station, so that a nearby D2D transmitter and a cellular user can be prevented from sharing channels at the same time, and strong interference of the D2D communication to the cellular communication is avoided.
In one embodiment, an adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method is disclosed, which is applied to D2D user terminals in a large-scale D2D cellular network, the method comprising:
acquiring the communication distance between two D2D user terminals in a D2D pair to which a current D2D user terminal belongs;
determining a D2D transmission mode based on the communication distance, if the transmission mode is two-hop transmission, selecting the best relay equipment to forward data by using a relay selection method based on grid priority, and if the transmission mode is single-hop transmission, not needing to forward; the relay selection method based on the grid priority comprises the following specific steps: dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the sum of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting a relay device with the minimum two-hop distance sum as an optimal relay based on the sorting result;
And based on the determined D2D transmission mode, multiplexing the cellular uplink spectrum by the D2D link between the D2D users for data transmission.
Further, the relay selection method based on the grid priority may further be: dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the product of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting a relay device with the smallest two-hop distance product as the optimal relay based on the sorting result;
or, randomly selecting one relay from several grids of the overlapped coverage area as the best relay.
Further, when data transmission is performed between two D2D users in the D2D pair, the D2D link multiplexes the cellular uplink spectrum to perform single-hop or two-hop transmission; each base station in the large-scale D2D cellular network can only select one cellular user in the coverage area thereof to realize uplink transmission in a certain time.
Further, in order to ensure the cellular communication quality, a protection area with a preset radius range is arranged around each base station, and the D2D user terminal in the protection area is forbidden to occupy the cellular uplink frequency spectrum;
Further, the D2D users outside the guard zone opportunistically access the cellular uplink spectrum according to the medium access probability based on ALOHA protocol.
Further, the determining the D2D transmission mode based on the distance specifically includes: based on the communication distance between two D2D user terminals, judging whether the communication distance is smaller than the signal coverage radius D of the two D2D user terminals 0 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the If less than d 0 The transmission mode is single-hop transmission; if greater than or equal to d 0 And less than 2d 0 The transmission mode is a two-hop transmission.
In one embodiment, an adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method is disclosed, which is applied to a base station in a large-scale D2D cellular network, the method comprising:
selecting a cellular user within the coverage area of the current base station to realize uplink transmission within a certain time;
when single-hop or two-hop transmission is carried out between D2D pairs in a large-scale D2D cellular network, a D2D link multiplexes a cellular uplink spectrum;
the data transmission mode between the D2D pairs is determined based on the communication distance between two D2D user terminals in the D2D pairs, and the transmission mode is two-hop transmission, and then the best relay device is selected to forward data by using a relay selection method based on grid priority, wherein the relay selection method based on grid priority specifically comprises the following steps: and dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the sum of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting the relay equipment with the minimum two-hop distance as the optimal relay based on the sorting result.
Further, in order to ensure the cellular communication quality, a guard zone with a preset radius range is set around each base station, and the D2D user terminal in the guard zone is forbidden to occupy the cellular uplink spectrum.
In various embodiments, a D2D user terminal is disclosed that is configured to perform the methods disclosed in some embodiments. In yet another embodiment, a base station configured to perform the methods disclosed in some embodiments is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium is provided having a computer program stored thereon, which when executed by a processor, implements the methods disclosed in some embodiments.
Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present disclosure are:
(1) In order to better introduce D2D communication and reduce long delay of multiple hops, the scheme disclosed by the present disclosure considers random distance between D2D users, and proposes adaptive D2D single-hop and two-hop transmission strategies, i.e. according to the distance between D2D Tx and D2D Rx, a single-hop or two-hop D2D transmission mode is adaptively determined, and D2D communication can share cellular uplink spectrum; meanwhile, introducing D2D communication in a cellular network inevitably affects cellular communication quality, and in order to protect the quality of cellular communication, a guard zone is set around a base station in the scheme of the disclosure, so as to prevent a nearby D2D transmitter and a cellular user from sharing a channel at the same time, and avoid strong interference of D2D communication on cellular communication; D2D Txs outside the guard zone opportunistically accesses the spectrum according to the media access probability ζ using ALOHA protocol.
(2) The disclosed scheme provides a relay selection algorithm based on grid priority to assist D2D two-hop transmission. The algorithm can determine the optimal relay of the overlapped coverage area with lower computational complexity, simplify the performance analysis of different relay selection standards based on the distance, analyze the success probability of D2D two-hop communication in a discretization mode, and is applicable to other relay selection strategies based on distance perception; by taking into account the possible positions of relay nodes, meshing overlapping coverage areas can greatly simplify performance analysis based on optimal relay selection, and without compromising accuracy of the performance analysis.
Additional aspects of the disclosure will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosure.
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The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, illustrate and explain the exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and together with the description serve to explain the disclosure, and do not constitute an undue limitation on the disclosure.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D transmissions in a large-scale cellular network according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of relay selection for meshing overlapping coverage areas of a two-hop D2D pair according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a relay selection algorithm based on grid priority according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
fig. 4 is a graph showing the probability of success of D2D two-hop transmission with the transmission rate R according to an embodiment of the present disclosure 0 Is a variation of the schematic diagram;
fig. 5 is a graph showing the probability of success of D2D single hop transmission with the transmission rate R according to an embodiment of the present disclosure 1 Schematic of the variation of (2)
Fig. 6 is a graph showing the probability of successful cellular transmission with the transmission rate R according to the embodiment of the present disclosure 2 Is a variation of the schematic diagram;
FIG. 7 is a graph of network area throughput as CUEs density λ, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure u Is a variation of the schematic diagram;
FIG. 8 is a graph of network area throughput as a function of D2D Txs density λ, as described in embodiments of the present disclosure d Is a variation of the schematic diagram;
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of the present disclosureThe network area throughput as described in the embodiments follows the base station density λ b Is a variation of the schematic diagram.
Detailed Description
The disclosure is further described below with reference to the drawings and examples.
It should be noted that the following detailed description is illustrative and is intended to provide further explanation of the present disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular is also intended to include the plural unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, and furthermore, it is to be understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" when used in this specification are taken to specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof.
Embodiments of the present disclosure and features of embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
Term interpretation:
BS: a base station;
CUE: cellular users;
D2D Tx: a D2D transmitter;
D2D Rx: a D2D receiver;
typical D2D Tx and typical D2D Rx: for ease of analysis, the scheme described in this disclosure focuses on a typical D2D link, including a typical transmitter and receiver; according to the Sl ivnyak theorem, the distribution of other user nodes is not affected by the typical links, so that the analysis of the typical links is also applicable to other links;
relay: a relay device;
HPPP: homogeneous Poisson Point Process, the homogeneous poisson process;
large-scale D2D cellular network-a large-scale network architecture comprising a cellular layer and a D2D layer.
Embodiment one:
an object of the present embodiment is to provide a D2D data transmission method of adaptive single-hop and two-hop.
In D2D communication, when the distance between a D2D transmitter (D2D Tx) and a receiver (D2D Rx) is short, a D2D single-hop link may be established, and when the distance between them is long, a multi-hop link may be established through a relay device to assist in expanding coverage.
The random geometry theory is a powerful tool for modeling and analyzing a large-scale network, and on the premise of ensuring accuracy, the position of a wireless node can be modeled as a space point process, so that compared with the traditional regular hexagonal cell model and the real network deployment situation, the method can greatly simplify network performance analysis, obtain approximately accurate performance results and has better applicability. In D2D multi-hop communications, the location of the selected relay node is correlated with the associated D2D Tx and D2D Rx, making it more difficult to analyze the statistical nature of the typical receiver-side accumulated interference. In a large-scale D2D cellular network, random position distribution of interference users is reasonably modeled, and D2D multi-hop communication is realized by adopting a relay selection algorithm with high efficiency and low computational complexity, which is a key for realizing quick and reliable data transmission and improving user service quality and network capacity.
The relay technology can improve the robustness of wireless transmission and network coverage. In D2D multi-hop transmission, relay selection plays an important role in improving network performance. Relay selection strategies commonly employed include mobile-, social-, and distance-based strategies. In a relay selection strategy based on mobile awareness, dynamic characteristics of the system are introduced by updating node states and relay handovers, taking into account the use of dynamic relay selection models in D2D communication due to randomness of channel and user movements. Various mobility related parameters are captured locally to predict future information, and since different nodes have different mobility models, this heterogeneity must also be captured when computing channel parameters such as signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio, and a relay selection strategy based on mobile awareness requires predicting the channel parameters at the upcoming time at the current time. Thus, the network performance is tightly coupled with the mobility model under consideration. With the rapid development of social media networks, in a relay selection strategy based on social perception, research shows that physical standards are formulated along with the influence of social level, the social level becomes more and more important, and the social relationship is not only the motivation of relay service but also a measure of safety performance. Thus, the impact of the physical and social layers on relay selection needs to be considered in combination. D2D relay communication is limited by open environment and multi-hop links, and has potential safety hazards such as tampered, eavesdropped, information leakage, etc. It is therefore important that users securely forward data using trusted nodes as relays. At the same time, user variability can lead to multiple demands, but it is often difficult to obtain an accurate optimal solution using complex multi-objective optimization criteria or multi-objective combining methods. In a relay selection strategy based on distance perception, an optimal relay node is selected according to a minimum maximum optimization principle by utilizing topological structures of a transmitting end, relay equipment and a receiving end. The algorithm is generally simpler and easier to implement, does not need to estimate channel state information, has lower computational complexity, and has more reliable performance than a random relay selection algorithm.
Conventional D2D cellular networks typically consider single hop D2D links and the distance between D2D users is a fixed value. However, for long-range transmission, it is very necessary to employ D2D multi-hop transmission. In order to better introduce D2D communication and reduce multi-hop delay, considering the random distance between D2D users, the scheme described in this embodiment provides an adaptive D2D transmission strategy, adaptively determines a single-hop or two-hop D2D transmission mode according to the distance between D2D Tx and D2D Rx, and D2D communication may share cellular uplink spectrum resources. Conventional studies generally assume that relay nodes are uniformly distributed in a circular area or that the distance between the relay and the user is fixed. However, these assumptions are not practical in many cases given the wireless coverage area of the device. The solution described in this embodiment allows for selecting the best relay in the overlapping coverage area that is approximately elliptical, and it is difficult to analyze the performance of relay selection using conventional methods due to the complex geometry. Therefore, the scheme of the embodiment provides a relay selection algorithm based on the grid priority to analyze the probability of selecting the relay in each grid, so as to assist the D2D user to realize two-hop transmission. Based on random geometry theory, an accumulated interference model of three communication modes and Laplacian transformation thereof are established, and then the success probability of each communication mode and the influence of key factors on network performance are deduced. To demonstrate the advantages of the scheme described in this embodiment in terms of network performance, we propose two reference schemes, namely a cellular network only, a cellular network with single hop D2D transmission. Numerical results indicate that our proposed scheme can significantly improve regional throughput compared to the baseline scheme.
An adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method applied to D2D user terminals in a large-scale D2D cellular network, the method comprising:
acquiring the communication distance between two D2D user terminals in a D2D pair to which a current D2D user terminal belongs;
determining a D2D transmission mode based on the communication distance, if the transmission mode is two-hop transmission, selecting the best relay equipment to forward data by using a relay selection method based on grid priority, and if the transmission mode is single-hop transmission, not needing to forward; the relay selection method based on the grid priority comprises the following specific steps: dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the sum of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting a relay device with the minimum two-hop distance sum as an optimal relay based on the sorting result;
and based on the determined D2D transmission mode, multiplexing the cellular uplink spectrum by the D2D link between the D2D users for data transmission.
In a specific implementation, the method for selecting a relay based on grid priority may further be: dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the product of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting a relay device with the smallest two-hop distance product as the optimal relay based on the sorting result;
Or, randomly selecting one relay from several grids of the overlapped coverage area as the best relay.
In a specific implementation, when data transmission is performed between two D2D users in the D2D pair, the D2D link multiplexes the cellular uplink spectrum to perform single-hop or two-hop transmission; each base station in the large-scale D2D cellular network can only select one cellular user in the coverage area thereof to realize uplink transmission in a certain time.
In a specific implementation, in order to ensure the cellular communication quality, a protection area with a preset radius range is arranged around each base station, and the D2D user terminal in the protection area is forbidden to occupy the cellular uplink frequency spectrum; D2D users outside the guard zone opportunistically access the cellular uplink spectrum according to the medium access probability based on ALOHA protocol.
In a specific implementation, the determining a D2D transmission manner based on the distance specifically includes: based on the communication distance between two D2D user terminals, judging whether the communication distance is smaller than the signal coverage radius D of the two D2D user terminals 0 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the If less than d 0 The transmission mode is single-hop transmission; if greater than or equal to d 0 And less than 2d 0 The transmission mode is a two-hop transmission.
For easy understanding, the following describes the scheme of the present embodiment in detail:
in a large-scale D2D cellular network as shown in fig. 1, BSs, CUEs, D D Txs, D2D Rxs and relay devices coexist on a two-dimensional plane. The location of BSs is modeled as a separate HPPPDensity lambda b . The position of CUEs is modeled as HPPP +.>Density lambda u . The position of D2D Txs is also modeled as HPPP +.>Density lambda d The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Relay distribution follows another HPPPDensity lambda r . The transmitting power of CUE, D2D Txs and relay equipment are p respectively c 、p d And p r The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The distance of each D2D pair (D2D Tx and D2D Rx) follows an exponential distribution of parameter θ with a Probability Density Function (PDF) of:
f rd (r)＝θexp(-θr)(1)
wherein θ is an adjustment parameter, and r is a transmission distance.
The D2D single-hop and two-hop transmission modes are adaptively determined according to the communication distance of each D2D pair. When the communication distance of the D2D User Pair (User Pair) is smaller than the threshold D 0 When a single hop D2D link may be established. However, when the distance of the D2D user pair is D 0 And 2d 0 And when at least one relay node exists in the overlapping coverage areas of the two users, an optimal relay node can be selected to carry out D2D two-hop transmission. D2D Txs can be divided into single-hop D2DTxs and two-hop D2D Txs according to the distance of the D2D user pair.
In a cellular communication system, uplink resources are underutilized due to severe asymmetry in uplink and downlink data traffic of users. Let us assume that D2D communication can multiplex the uplink spectrum of a cell, each user being equipped with an omni-directional antenna, operating in half duplex mode. In wireless transmission, the signal will experience large-scale path loss and small-scale fading. We assume that small-scale channel fading follows a Rayleigh distribution, and therefore power fading follows an exponential distribution with an average value of 1. The large-scale path loss of signal power is modeled as r -α Where r is the transmission distance and α (α > 2) is the path loss index. The target transmission rates of the D2D two-hop transmission, the D2D single-hop transmission and the cellular transmission mode are respectively R 0 、R 1 And R is 2 When the channel capacity is larger than the transmission rate, the data transmission is successful.
To ensure the quality of cellular communications, surrounding BSsA Guard Zone (Guard Zone) with radius sigma is provided. This is done to prevent nearby D2D Txs from sharing the same channel with the CUEs at the same time, thereby avoiding strong interference of D2D Txs to the cellular link. Thus, the distribution of D2D Txs is not uniform, but follows the poisson hole process (Poisson Hole Process). Assume that the location of the single hop D2D Txs follows HPPP phi s Density is lambda s ＝η 1 λ d ξexp(-λ b πσ 2 ) While the position of the two-hop D2D Txs follows another HPPP phi t Density is lambda t ＝η 2 λ d ξexp(-λ b πσ 2 ) Wherein exp (-lambda) b πσ 2 ) Represents probability of no D2D Tx in BS guard zone, η 1 、η 2 The probability of single-hop and relay-assisted two-hop D2D transmission is respectively represented, and the calculation formula is as follows:
D2D Txs located outside the guard zone may opportunistically access the spectrum according to the ALOHA protocol according to the medium access probability ζ. We define the probability that the BS serves at least one CUE for the BS's activation probability, which is an empirical approximation of:
thus, the density of active CUEs can be expressed as:
λ c ＝δλ b . (4)
we assume that the distribution of active CUEs follows an HPPP phi c Density is lambda c 。
Relay devices in a network may be classified into active relays and idle relays according to their states. Location of active relay follows HPPP phi a Density is ofWherein (1)>Is the successful reception probability of the relay device in the D2D two-hop transmission process.
A Decode-and-Forward protocol is used for data forwarding for D2D two-hop communications. Specifically, upon receiving the D2D Tx transmitted signal, the selected relay decodes the data, then re-encodes and forwards to the D2D Rx.
As shown in FIG. 2, we plot a radius d 0 An overlapping coverage area of D2D Tx and D2D Rx, a potential relay node is selected in the area to assist in the two-hop D2D transmission. Because of the dense distribution of relays, there are typically multiple candidate relays to assist in D2D two-hop transmission. To select an optimal relay to forward D2D data, we discretize the overlapping coverage area into a large number of grids and number the grids, and then propose the following three relay selection criteria:
Min-Sum: the relay with the smallest sum of two hops is selected to forward the D2D data.
Min-Pro: the relay forwarding D2D data with the smallest two-hop distance product is selected.
Random: one relay forwarding D2D data is randomly selected from the overlapping coverage areas.
According to each standard, we sort the grids overlapping the coverage area to obtain a grid priority setAlgorithm as shown in fig. 3, for each grid, one relay is located in the center, and the grids are ordered according to relay selection criteria. This discretization and ordering approach may simplify the average performance analysis of the network. For the Random standard, relays are randomly selected from all grids of overlapping coverage areas without considering the priority of the grids.
In D2D two-hop transmission, a typical D2D Txz 0 And its corresponding D2D Rxz 0′ Respectively located at two sides of the origin. The origin is the origin of a two-dimensional plane coordinate axis established by the midpoint of a connecting line of the typical D2D Tx and the corresponding D2D Rx; the D2D two-hop transmission is in-connectionCompleted in two subsequent time blocks. In the first time block, data is transmitted from a typical D2D Txz 0 To the selected relay w 0 Relay w 0 The signal-to-interference ratio of (C) is gamma 1 The calculation formula is as follows:
Wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,indicating accumulated interference caused by all cellular transmissions being performed simultaneously,/->And->Respectively representing the accumulated interference caused by all D2D single-hop and two-hop transmissions being performed simultaneously. Considering that the influence of additive noise is omitted in the case of limited interference. The channel small scale power fading and distance between a typical D2D Tx and the selected relay are +.>And->. The interference calculation formula from active CUEs is:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,and->Respectively represent CUEy i ∈φ c And relay w 0 Small scale power fading and distance between. All D2D Txs except the typical D2D Tx will be for the selected relay w 0 Causing interference. The accumulated interference calculation formula of the D2D Txs is as follows:
in the second time block, a relay w is selected 0 To a typical D2D Rxz 0′ D2D Rxz when forwarding data 0′ Signal to interference ratio gamma of (2) 2 Expressed as:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,indicating accumulated interference caused by all cellular transmissions being made simultaneously,/->And->Respectively representing the accumulated interference caused by all single hop D2D transmissions and relay transmissions being performed simultaneously. Channel small scale power fading between selected relay and typical D2D Rx is +.>. The interference calculation formula from active CUEs is:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,and->Respectively represent CUEy i ∈φ c Small scale power fading and distance from typical D2D Rx. The interference calculation formula generated by the D2D single-hop transmission is as follows:
Except for the relay device receiving the typical D2D Tx signal, all simultaneous relay transmissions will interfere with the typical D2 DRx. The accumulated interference calculation formula of the active relay transmission is as follows:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,and->Respectively represent active relays w i ∈φ a \{w 0 Small scale power fading and distance from typical D2D Rx.
Since the distance from the interfering user to the receiving node (relay or D2D Rx) is approximately the same as the distance from the interfering user to the origin, we can get
The probability of successful transmission is defined as the probability that the channel capacity is greater than the transmission rate, and therefore, the D2D two-hop link z 0 →w 0 →z 0′ The probability of success of (c) can be expressed as:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
for D2D two-hop transmission, the overlapping coverage area is 2D in length 0 -r, width ofAs shown in fig. 2, an m×2m grid is used to cover the overlapping coverage areas, where m=10. The length of each grid is +.>Width ofArea is S g ＝g w g l . Since the overlapping coverage areas are vertically symmetrical about the horizontal axis, only grids above the horizontal axis need to be considered in the study. Assume that the center coordinate is (a i ,b i ) Grid g of (2) i Is selected to forward data, the first hop distance is +.>The second jump distance is->According to the relay selection algorithm based on grid priority, a grid priority set +. >
The area calculation formula of the overlapped coverage area is as follows:
the available relay number per unit area is lambda r The average relay number of the overlapped coverage area is S 0 λ r In the overlapping coverage areaThe probability of k relays is:
the probability of no relay in the small grid is p g ＝exp(-S g λ r ) Will N i Defined as having a priority higher than g i Is a number of all grids. Thus, grid g i The probability of the highest priority relay being present can be expressed as:
dividing the overlapped coverage area into a plurality of small grids, and obtaining the success probability of D2D two-hop transmission through discretization calculation, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,and->Respectively indicate->And->Laplace transform of->
For the followingThe Laplace transform of (2) is calculated as:
gamma functionSimilarly, we can obtain:
probability of success for first hopThe calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
to analyze the probability of success of a D2D single hop link, a typical D2D Rx is located at the origin, and the distance of the D2D pair is less than the communication radius D 0 . In the first time block, the data is transmitted from the typical D2D Txz 0 To D2D Rxz 0′ The signal-to-interference ratio isThe calculation formula is as follows:
in the second time block, the signal to interference ratio of the D2D RxThe calculation formula is as follows:
wherein y is i ∈φ c Andthe typical D2D Rx is continually disturbed in two consecutive time blocks. Accumulated interference +. >Only at the first time block. In the second time block, active relay causes additive interference to typical D2DRx +.>
The presence of D2D two-hop transmissions subjects a typical D2D Rx in a single-hop transmission to different interference situations in two consecutive time blocks, which affects the probability of success of the single-hop transmission in both time blocks. Therefore, the average success probability calculation formula of the single-hop transmission is:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,and->The probability of success of the D2D single hop transmission in the first time block and the second time block, respectively, is represented.
In the first time block, a typical D2D Rx z 0′ Interference from D2D Txs and CUEs, probability of successThe calculation formula is as follows:
wherein the method comprises the steps of
Error function
/>
And is also provided with
In the second time block, the calculation formula of the success probability of the D2D single-hop transmission is as follows:
wherein the method comprises the steps of
In cellular communication, each CUE is served by the nearest BS, typically BSx 0 Located at the origin. The PDF (probability density function) of the distance between the CUE and its associated BS is:
f rc (r)＝2πrλ b exp(-λ b πr 2 ). (29)
in the first time block, the data is read from a typical CUEy 0 To associated BSx 0 BS letterDry ratioThe calculation formula is as follows:
in the second time block, the signal-to-interference ratio of the BSThe calculation formula is as follows:
wherein y is i ∈φ c And z i ∈φ s Causing interference to a typical BS in two consecutive time blocks. Accumulated interference of two-hop D2D Txs Only during the first time block. In the second time block, the accumulated interference caused by all active relays to a typical BS is +.>And->Representing small scale power fading and distance between a typical CUE and an associated BS, respectively. Because of the existence of the D2D two-hop transmission, the calculation formula of the average success probability of the cellular transmission is as follows:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,and->Representing the probability of success of the cellular transmission in the first time block and the second time block, respectively. The success probability of the first time block is:
the probability of success in the second time block is derived as:
/>
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device, and->Are respectively->And->Is a laplace transform of (c).
Since the distribution of active CUEs is not HPPP, for ease of calculation, the distribution of active CUEs is approximated as non-uniform PPP (Poisson Point Process), the propagation process of which is assumed to have an intensity measurement function, calculated as:
Λ(dx)＝2πλ c x(1-exp(-πλ c x 2 ))dx. (35)
order theAnd->Respectively represent CUEy i ∈φ c \y 0 And typical BS x 0 Small scale power fading and distance between. Using the definitions of the intensity measurement function and the laplace transform, we can get:
order theAnd->Respectively represent single-hop D2D Txz i ∈φ s And typical BSx 0 Small scale power fading and distance between. Using the definition of the Laplace transform we can get
And->Derivation and +.>The same applies.
The area throughput represents the average number of bits successfully transmitted per unit area and is calculated as follows:
where lambda is the active node density,for the probability of transmission success, R is the target transmission rate.
Based on the above analysis process, we propose a two-hop D2D transmission method based on relay selection and adaptive single hop in a large-scale cellular network, comprising the following steps:
step one: modeling BSs, CUEs, D the positions of the 2D Txs, D2D Rxs and relay nodes on a plane, CUEs being associated to the nearest base station;
step two: D2D performs single-hop or two-hop transmission according to the self-adaptive selection of the distance between D2D Tx and D2D Rx, and D2D performs two-hop transmission selects the best relay to complete the data forwarding work by using a relay selection algorithm based on grid priority;
step three: each base station selects a CUE in a coverage area to realize uplink transmission, and the D2D link multiplexes cellular uplink spectrum to realize single-hop or two-hop transmission.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D transmissions in a large-scale cellular network. The base station associated with CUEs is the nearest base station, the dotted line is the coverage boundary of the base station, and the circular area is the base station protection area. The base station adopts TDMA (Time division multiple access) protocol, and can only select CUE in one coverage area to realize uplink transmission in a certain time. D2D performs single-hop or two-hop transmission according to the distance selection between D2D Tx and D2D Rx, and D2D performs two-hop transmission to select the most suitable relay to complete data forwarding by using a relay selection algorithm based on grid priority. The D2D two hops are completed in two time blocks. During transmission, active CUEs, D2D Txs and relay devices interfere with each other.
Specifically, in a large-scale D2D cellular network, BSs, CUEs, D D Txs and relay locations are modeled on a plane as independent HPPP phi b 、φ u 、φ d 、φ r Density is lambda respectively b 、λ u 、λ d 、λ r . The transmit powers of CUE, D2D Txs and relay are denoted as p, respectively c 、p d And p r A path loss index of alpha, D2D single hop,The target transmission rate of the two-hop transmission and the cellular transmission is R respectively 0 、R 1 、R 2 The D2D two hops are completed in two time blocks, the first and second hops each occupy one time block.
The single-hop or two-hop D2D transmission mode is adaptively determined according to the communication distance of each D2D pair. When the communication distance of the D2D pair is smaller than the threshold D 0 A single hop D2D link is established. However, when the distance of the D2D pair is D 0 And 2d 0 And two-hop D2D transmissions may be made when there is at least one relay node within the overlapping coverage area of two users. The probability calculation formula of the single-hop and relay-assisted two-hop D2D transmission is (2). The CUEs are associated with the base station closest to the CUEs, and the base station selects one from all the associated CUEs to carry out uplink transmission. Given the densities of the base station and CUEs, the calculation formula of the base station activation probability is (3), and the density of active CUEs is formula (4).
D2D user uses two-jump transmission mode to complete data transmission in two time blocks, and the signal-to-interference ratio of selected relay and typical D2D Rx is formulas (5) and (8) respectively. The interference suffered by the selected relay is shown as formulas (6) and (7), and the interference suffered by the typical D2D Rx is shown as formulas (9) to (11). Considering that the interference is approximately equal in distance to the receiving node, we can derive the interference relationship equation (12). Based on the relay selection algorithm of the grid priority, we can determine the optimal selection criterion, and use the criterion to select the most suitable relay for data forwarding, and the specific content of the relay selection algorithm is shown in fig. 2. The success probability formula (17) of the D2D two-hop communication and the success probability formula (20) of the first hop can be discretized by adopting the mathematical derivation formula (13) and the overlapped coverage area formulas (14) - (16). The laplace transform of the various disturbances is derived from formulas (18), (19).
When the D2D user performs data transmission in two time blocks using the single-hop transmission mode, the signal-to-interference ratios of typical D2D Rx at the origin are formulas (21) and (22), respectively. Based on the success probability formulas (24) and (27) of the D2D single-hop transmission in the two time blocks, the average success probability calculation formula of the D2D single-hop transmission is formula (23).
In the cellular transmission mode, based on a PDF formula (29) of the distance between the CUE and its associated BS and signal-to-interference ratio formulas (30), (31) of the BS at two time blocks, we can obtain success probability formulas (33), (34) of cellular transmission at two time blocks, and thus obtain an average success probability formula (32) of cellular transmission. The laplace transform of different types of interference is calculated from equations (35) - (37).
Considering the active node density, the probability of successful transmission, and the target transmission rate for each transmission mode, we can derive specific values for the regional throughput formula (38).
Simulation analysis is carried out by utilizing an MATLAB platform, the plane radius of research is 5000m, and the Monte Carlo analysis operation time is 10 4 And twice. Unless otherwise specified, the system parameters in all simulations were set to α=3, d 0 ＝100m，σ＝100m，R 0 ＝R 1 ＝R 2 ＝0.1bits/s/Hz，ξ＝0.8，λ b ＝5*10 -6 ，λ u ＝2*10 -4 ，λ d ＝2*10 -5 ，λ r ＝3*10 -4 ，p c ＝p d ＝20dBm，p r ＝15dBm。
Based on the calculation and analysis process, the successful transmission probabilities of the three modes of the large-scale D2D cellular network are obtained. Fig. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the probability of success of D2D two-hop transmission and the transmission rate, and the probability of success of D2D two-hop transmission decreases with increasing transmission rate under different relay selection criteria, because higher rates result in higher signal-to-interference ratio thresholds. Min-Sum performs better than the other two criteria. In the D2D single-hop transmission and cellular transmission modes, the relation between the success probability and the transmission rate is shown in fig. 5 and 6, theoretical results are marked by 'theoretical', simulation results are marked by 'Simulation', theoretical analysis results and Simulation results are well overlapped, and the accuracy of theoretical analysis is verified.
In fig. 7-9, regional throughput comparisons are obtained for three different networks under the influence of multiple parameters. In the simulation results, MThe in-Sum relay selection criteria is used for two-hop D2D transmissions, and the curves labeled "CN", "CN-D2D (1)" and "CN-D2D (1, 2)" represent three networks (cellular network only, cellular network with single-hop D2D transmissions, cellular network with single-hop and two-hop D2D transmissions), respectively. FIG. 7 shows CUEs density λ u And BS guard zone radius sigma on network area throughput. FIG. 8 shows D2D Txs density λ d And the effect of the distance parameter θ on the throughput of the network area. FIG. 9 shows the base station density λ b And D2D Tx Density lambda d Impact on network area throughput. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme can significantly improve regional throughput compared to the baseline scheme.
The D2D communication enables the adjacent devices to directly perform data transmission, so that coverage blind areas of the base station are filled, and load pressure of the base station is reduced. Conventional D2D cellular networks typically consider D2D single hop links, where the distance between D2D users is a fixed value. However, for long-range transmission, D2D multi-hop transmission is necessary. In order to better introduce D2D communication and reduce long delay of multiple hops, the embodiment considers random distances between D2D users and researches adaptive D2D single-hop and two-hop transmission. The single-hop or two-hop D2D transmission mode is adaptively determined according to the distance between D2D Tx and D2D Rx, and D2D communication may share the cellular uplink spectrum. When the communication distance between two D2D users is smaller than the threshold D 0 At this time, a D2D single hop link may be established. However, when the distance between two D2D users is greater than D 0 And less than 2d 0 And when at least one relay node exists in the overlapping coverage area of the two users, an optimal relay node can be selected for D2D two-hop transmission. The introduction of D2D communication in a cellular network necessarily affects the quality of cellular communication, and in order to protect the quality of cellular communication, the present embodiment considers that a guard zone is provided around a base station, so as to prevent a nearby D2D transmitter and a cellular user from sharing a channel at the same time, and avoid strong interference caused by D2D communication on cellular communication. D2D Txs outside the guard zone opportunistically accesses the spectrum according to the media access probability ζ using ALOHA protocol.
Existing related work generally assumes that relay nodes are evenly distributed in a circular area or that the distance between the relay and the user is fixed. However, these assumptions are not practical in many cases given the wireless coverage area of the device. The approximately elliptical overlapping coverage area is more realistic, but its geometry is more complex and it is difficult to analyze the performance of relay selection using conventional methods. Therefore, the present embodiment proposes a relay selection algorithm based on grid priority to assist D2D two-hop transmission. The algorithm can determine the best relay of overlapping coverage areas with lower computational complexity and simplifies the performance analysis of different relay selection criteria based on distance. Therefore, the probability of success of the D2D two-hop communication can be analyzed in a discretized mode, and the method can be applied to other relay selection strategies based on distance perception. By taking into account the possible positions of relay nodes, meshing overlapping coverage areas can greatly simplify performance analysis based on optimal relay selection, and without compromising accuracy of the performance analysis.
Based on random geometry theory, the scheme of the embodiment establishes an accumulated interference model of three communication modes and Laplacian transformation thereof, deduces success probability of each communication mode, and reveals the influence of key factors such as target transmission rate, D2D communication radius, D2D Txs density, base station density, CUEs transmitting power and density on network performance. The present embodiment proposes two reference schemes, namely a cellular network only, a cellular network with single hop D2D transmission. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme can significantly improve regional throughput compared to the baseline scheme.
Embodiment two:
it is an object of the present embodiment to provide another adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method.
An adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method applied to a base station in a large-scale D2D cellular network, the method comprising:
selecting a cellular user within the coverage area of the current base station to realize uplink transmission within a certain time;
when single-hop or two-hop transmission is carried out between D2D pairs in a large-scale D2D cellular network, a D2D link multiplexes a cellular uplink spectrum;
the data transmission mode between the D2D pairs is determined based on the communication distance between two D2D user terminals in the D2D pairs, and the transmission mode is two-hop transmission, and then the best relay device is selected to forward data by using a relay selection method based on grid priority, wherein the relay selection method based on grid priority specifically comprises the following steps: and dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the distance sum between the center of each grid and the two D2D user terminals, and selecting the relay equipment with the minimum two-hop distance sum as the optimal relay based on the sorting result.
Further, in order to ensure the cellular communication quality, a guard zone with a preset radius range is set around each base station, and the D2D user terminal in the guard zone is forbidden to occupy the cellular uplink spectrum.
Further, the details of the method in this embodiment are described in the first embodiment, so they will not be described here again.
In various embodiments, a D2D user terminal is disclosed that is configured to perform the methods disclosed in some embodiments. In yet another embodiment, a base station configured to perform the methods disclosed in some embodiments is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium is provided having a computer program stored thereon, which when executed by a processor, implements the methods disclosed in some embodiments.
The alternate cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access method and the device based on energy collection provided by the embodiment can be realized, and have wide application prospects.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure is provided only and not intended to limit the disclosure so that various modifications and changes may be made to the present disclosure by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present disclosure should be included in the protection scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (10)
1. A method for adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission, applied to D2D user terminals in a large-scale D2D cellular network, the method comprising:
acquiring the communication distance between two D2D user terminals in a D2D pair to which a current D2D user terminal belongs;
determining a D2D transmission mode based on the communication distance, if the transmission mode is two-hop transmission, selecting the best relay equipment to forward data by using a relay selection method based on grid priority, and if the transmission mode is single-hop transmission, not needing to forward; the relay selection method based on the grid priority comprises the following specific steps: dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the sum of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting a relay device with the minimum two-hop distance sum as an optimal relay based on the sorting result;
and based on the determined D2D transmission mode, multiplexing the cellular uplink spectrum by the D2D link between the D2D users for data transmission.
2. The adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method according to claim 1, wherein the relay selection method based on grid priority may further be: dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the product of the distances from the center of each grid to the two D2D user terminals, and selecting a relay device with the smallest two-hop distance product as the optimal relay based on the sorting result;
Or, randomly selecting one relay from several grids of the overlapped coverage area as the best relay.
3. The adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method of claim 1, wherein when data transmission is performed between two D2D users in the D2D pair, the D2D link multiplexes the cellular uplink spectrum to perform single-hop or two-hop transmission; each base station in the large-scale D2D cellular network can only select one cellular user in the coverage area of the base station to realize uplink transmission in a certain time;
or alternatively, the first and second heat exchangers may be,
in order to ensure the cellular communication quality, a guard zone with a preset radius range is arranged around each base station, and the D2D user terminal in the guard zone is forbidden to occupy the cellular uplink frequency spectrum.
4. A method for adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission according to claim 3, wherein D2D users outside the guard zone access the cellular uplink spectrum opportunistically according to the medium access probability based on ALOHA protocol.
5. The method for adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission according to claim 1, wherein the determining the D2D transmission mode based on the distance specifically includes: based on the communication distance between two D2D user terminals, judging whether the communication distance is smaller than the signal coverage radius D of the two D2D user terminals 0 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the If less than d 0 The transmission mode is single-hop transmission; if greater than or equal to d 0 And less than 2d 0 The transmission mode is a two-hop transmission.
6. A method of adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission for use in a base station in a large-scale D2D cellular network, the method comprising:
selecting a cellular user within the coverage area of the current base station to realize uplink transmission within a certain time;
when single-hop or two-hop transmission is carried out between D2D pairs in a large-scale D2D cellular network, a D2D link multiplexes a cellular uplink spectrum;
the data transmission mode between the D2D pairs is determined based on the communication distance between two D2D user terminals in the D2D pairs, and the transmission mode is two-hop transmission, and then the best relay device is selected to forward data by using a relay selection method based on grid priority, wherein the relay selection method based on grid priority specifically comprises the following steps: and dispersing the overlapped coverage area of the signal coverage of the two D2D user terminals into a plurality of grids, sorting the grids of the overlapped coverage area based on the distance sum between the center of each grid and the two D2D user terminals, and selecting the relay equipment with the minimum two-hop distance sum as the optimal relay based on the sorting result.
7. The adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method of claim 6, wherein a guard zone of a preset radius range is set around each base station in order to ensure cellular communication quality, and the D2D user terminal in the guard zone prohibits occupying the cellular uplink spectrum.
8. A D2D user terminal, characterized in that it is configured to perform an adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method according to any of claims 1-5.
9. A base station, characterized in that it is configured to perform an adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method according to any of claims 6-7.
10. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program, which when executed by a processor implements an adaptive single-hop and two-hop D2D data transmission method according to any of claims 1-7.
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