CN116656065A - Impact-resistant PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe and production process thereof - Google Patents
Impact-resistant PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe and production process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN116656065A CN116656065A CN202310717914.9A CN202310717914A CN116656065A CN 116656065 A CN116656065 A CN 116656065A CN 202310717914 A CN202310717914 A CN 202310717914A CN 116656065 A CN116656065 A CN 116656065A
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- impact
- pvc pipe
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- stearic acid
- impact modifier
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 title description 48
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 title description 48
- 239000004609 Impact Modifier Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- LYRFLYHAGKPMFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(N)=O LYRFLYHAGKPMFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N formamide Substances NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001038 titanium pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/04—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
- C08L27/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
- C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
- C08C19/22—Incorporating nitrogen atoms into the molecule
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
- C08K2003/265—Calcium, strontium or barium carbonate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/18—Applications used for pipes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
Abstract
The invention discloses an impact-resistant PVC pipe and a production process thereof, belonging to the technical field of PVC pipe production, and comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-45 parts of PVC resin, 0.1-0.5 part of stearic acid, 2-5 parts of impact modifier, 0.5-1 part of titanium dioxide, 0.1-1 part of paraffin, and 35-45 parts of light calcium carbonate; the impact modifier comprises the following stepsThe preparation method comprises the following steps: adding stearic acid amide into 95% ethanol, stirring and heating to 50-70 ℃, adding carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber, performing ultrasonic mixing reaction for 4-5h, and heating to 80 ℃ for 1-2h to obtain the impact modifier. The PVC pipe is prepared by blending and extruding the PVC resin, the impact modifier and other auxiliary agents, so that the impact resistance of the PVC pipe is improved to 14kJ/m 2 The above.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of PVC pipe production, and particularly relates to an impact-resistant PVC pipe and a production process thereof.
Background
The production and application of hard PVC pipes have been developed in a rapid progression since the early 80 s of the last century were planned to organize and popularize chemical building materials. An important application of the hard PVC pipe is in the construction of water supply and drainage pipe network engineering. In the aspect of being used as water network construction, the hard PVC pipe has the advantage of long service life compared with the PE pipe, and the theoretical long-term strength of PVC is also higher than the long-term strength of PE (PVC >25MPa, PE >10 MPa). However, PVC is slightly "brittle" compared with PE, and is vulnerable to injury when impacted, and has low impact strength, so that it is easy to leak water, permeate water, and break in long-term use, and therefore, it is necessary to improve the impact resistance of PVC pipes and overcome "brittleness".
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an impact-resistant PVC pipe and a production process thereof, which aim to solve the following technical problems: the impact resistance of the PVC pipe is improved, and the brittleness is overcome.
The aim of the invention can be achieved by the following technical scheme:
an impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-45 parts of PVC resin, 1-5 parts of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.1-0.5 part of stearic acid, 2-5 parts of impact modifier, 0.5-1 part of titanium dioxide, 0.1-1 part of paraffin and 35-45 parts of light calcium carbonate;
the impact modifier is prepared by the following steps:
adding stearic acid amide into 95% ethanol, stirring and heating to 50-70 ℃, adding carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber (CTBN), performing ultrasonic mixing reaction for 4-5h, and heating to 80 ℃ for 1-2h to obtain the impact modifier.
As a further scheme of the invention, the dosage ratio of the stearic acid amide to the ethanol with the mass fraction of 95% to the carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber is 11-12g:120-200mL:100g.
As a further scheme of the invention, the production process of the impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following steps:
firstly, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding PVC resin, composite heat stabilizer KD-368, stearic acid, an impact modifier, titanium dioxide and paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 5-10min, adding light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 10-20min to obtain a premix;
and secondly, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, drawing by a tractor, shaping and cooling in a vacuum environment, and drawing, marking, cutting and flaring to obtain the impact-resistant PVC pipe.
As a further scheme of the invention, the barrel temperature of the extruder is 130-180 ℃, the die body temperature is 155-215 ℃, and the converging core temperature is 155-160 ℃.
As a further aspect of the invention, the traction speeds are all 2.5-3m/min.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the PVC pipe material, the carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber is used as a main material, and firstly, the carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber plays a role in stress concentration in the PVC pipe material, silver grains are generated when the PVC pipe material is impacted, and the silver grains can consume a large amount of energy, so that the impact resistance is improved; further, the stearic acid amide is subjected to reinforcing modification, wherein the stearic acid amide contains ester groups and terminal amino groups, and is subjected to dehydration condensation reaction with carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber through amino groups to form amide bonds, the stearic acid amide is grafted onto the carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber, and long-chain ester groups can be used as flexible functional groups to better absorb energy when being subjected to impact; the polarity of the amide bond is stronger, the acting force among molecular chains of the impact modifier is increased, and the increase of the acting force among the chains is beneficial to improving the strength of the material, so that the strength and the impact resistance of the carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber are further improved.
The PVC pipe is prepared by blending and extruding the PVC resin, the impact modifier and other auxiliary agent composite heat stabilizer KD-368, stearic acid, titanium pigment and paraffin light calcium carbonate, so that the impact resistance of the PVC pipe is improved to 14kJ/m 2 The above.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
An impact modifier is prepared by the steps of:
11g of stearic acid amide is added into 120mL of ethanol with the mass fraction of 95%, the temperature is raised to 50 ℃ by stirring, 100g of carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber is added, the ultrasonic mixing reaction is carried out for 4 hours, the temperature is raised to 80 ℃ and the reaction is carried out for 1 hour, and the impact modifier is obtained.
Comparative example 1
An impact modifier is prepared by the steps of:
11g of stearic acid amide is added into 120mL of ethanol with the mass fraction of 95%, the temperature is raised to 50 ℃ by stirring, 100g of carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber is added, the ultrasonic mixing reaction is carried out for 4 hours, the temperature is raised to 80 ℃ and the reaction is carried out for 1 hour, and the impact modifier is obtained.
This comparative example is compared with example 1. Only "100g of carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber" was replaced with "100g of nitrile rubber", and the remaining steps and parameters were the same.
Example 2
An impact modifier is prepared by the steps of:
adding 12g of stearic acid amide into 200mL of ethanol with the mass fraction of 95%, stirring and heating to 70 ℃, adding 100g of carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber, carrying out ultrasonic mixing reaction for 5h, and heating to 80 ℃ for reaction for 2h to obtain the impact modifier.
Example 3
A production process of an impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following steps:
step one, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding 35g of PVC resin, 1g of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.1g of stearic acid, 2g of impact modifier prepared in example 1, 0.5g of titanium dioxide and 0.1g of paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 5min, adding 35g of light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 10min to obtain a premix;
step two, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the barrel temperature of the extruder is 130 ℃, the die body temperature is 155 ℃, the converging core temperature is 155 ℃, the extruder is pulled by a pulling machine, the pulling speeds are 2.5m/min, shaping and cooling are performed in a vacuum environment, and after pulling (the pulling speeds are 2.5 m/min), marking, cutting and flaring, the impact-resistant PVC pipe is obtained.
Example 4
A production process of an impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following steps:
step one, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding 40g of PVC resin, 3g of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.2g of stearic acid, 3g of impact modifier prepared in example 1, 0.8g of titanium dioxide and 0.5g of paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 10min, adding 40g of light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 10min to obtain a premix;
step two, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the barrel temperature of the extruder is 150 ℃, the die body temperature is 180 ℃, the converging core temperature is 155 ℃, the extruder is used for traction, the traction speed is 2.5m/min, shaping and cooling are carried out in a vacuum environment, and after traction (the traction speeds are 3 m/min), marking, cutting and flaring, the impact-resistant PVC pipe is obtained.
Example 5
A production process of an impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following steps:
firstly, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding 45g of PVC resin, 5g of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.5g of stearic acid, 5g of impact modifier prepared in example 1, 1g of titanium dioxide and 1g of paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 10min, adding 45g of light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 20min to obtain a premix;
and secondly, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the barrel temperature of the extruder is 180 ℃, the die body temperature is 215 ℃, the confluence core temperature is 160 ℃, and the extruder is used for traction at the speed of 3m/min, shaping and cooling are performed in a vacuum environment, and after traction (the traction speeds are 3 m/min), marking, cutting and flaring, the impact-resistant PVC pipe is obtained.
Example 6
A production process of an impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following steps:
step one, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding 40g of PVC resin, 3g of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.2g of stearic acid, 3g of impact modifier prepared in example 2, 0.8g of titanium dioxide and 0.5g of paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 10min, adding 40g of light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 10min to obtain a premix;
step two, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the barrel temperature of the extruder is 150 ℃, the die body temperature is 180 ℃, the converging core temperature is 155 ℃, the extruder is used for traction, the traction speed is 2.5m/min, shaping and cooling are carried out in a vacuum environment, and after traction (the traction speeds are 3 m/min), marking, cutting and flaring, the impact-resistant PVC pipe is obtained.
Comparative example 2
A production process of an impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following steps:
firstly, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding 35g of PVC resin, 1g of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.1g of stearic acid, 2g of carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber, 0.5g of titanium dioxide and 0.1g of paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 5min, adding 35g of light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 10min to obtain a premix;
step two, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the barrel temperature of the extruder is 130 ℃, the die body temperature is 155 ℃, the converging core temperature is 155 ℃, the extruder is pulled by a pulling machine, the pulling speeds are 2.5m/min, shaping and cooling are performed in a vacuum environment, and after pulling (the pulling speeds are 2.5 m/min), marking, cutting and flaring, the impact-resistant PVC pipe is obtained.
In this comparative example, as compared with example 3, only "2g of the impact modifier prepared in example 1" was replaced with "2g of the carboxylated nitrile rubber", i.e., the carboxylated nitrile rubber was not subjected to reinforcing modification, and the remaining steps and parameters were the same.
Comparative example 3
A production process of an impact-resistant PVC pipe comprises the following steps:
firstly, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding 35g of PVC resin, 1g of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.1g of stearic acid, 2g of impact modifier prepared in comparative example 1, 0.5g of titanium dioxide and 0.1g of paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 5min, adding 35g of light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 10min to obtain a premix;
step two, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the barrel temperature of the extruder is 130 ℃, the die body temperature is 155 ℃, the converging core temperature is 155 ℃, the extruder is pulled by a pulling machine, the pulling speeds are 2.5m/min, shaping and cooling are performed in a vacuum environment, and after pulling (the pulling speeds are 2.5 m/min), marking, cutting and flaring, the impact-resistant PVC pipe is obtained.
In this comparative example, as compared with example 3, only "2g of the impact modifier prepared in example 1" was replaced with "2g of the impact modifier prepared in comparative example 1", and the remaining steps and parameters were the same.
The PVC pipes prepared in examples 3 to 6 and comparative examples 2 to 3 were subjected to impact resistance test: PVC pipe is cut into the size of 80mm multiplied by 10mm multiplied by 2mm according to GB/T1843-2008, a cantilever beam mode is adopted, the pendulum impact energy is 4.4J, a V-shaped notch is formed on the side face of each spline, the notch depth is 2mm, the notch impact strength at normal temperature (23 ℃) is tested, 10 samples are tested in each example/comparative example, and the average value is obtained. The test results are shown in the table.
TABLE 1
Project | Notched impact Strength (kJ/m) 2 ) |
Example 3 | 14.03 |
Example 4 | 14.32 |
Example 5 | 14.25 |
Example 6 | 14.08 |
Comparative example 2 | 5.14 |
Comparative example 3 | 5.09 |
As can be seen from Table 1, the PVC pipe obtained in examples 3 to 6 has a higher impact resistance than the PVC pipe obtained in comparative examples 2 to 3.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. The shock-resistant PVC pipe is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-45 parts of PVC resin, 1-5 parts of composite heat stabilizer KD-368, 0.1-0.5 part of stearic acid, 2-5 parts of impact modifier, 0.5-1 part of titanium dioxide, 0.1-1 part of paraffin and 35-45 parts of light calcium carbonate;
the impact modifier is prepared by the following steps:
adding stearic acid amide into 95% ethanol, stirring and heating to 50-70 ℃, adding carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber, performing ultrasonic mixing reaction for 4-5h, and heating to 80 ℃ for 1-2h to obtain the impact modifier.
2. An impact resistant PVC pipe according to claim 1, wherein the dosage ratio of stearic acid amide, 95% ethanol by mass and carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber is 11-12g:120-200ml:100g.
3. The process for producing an impact-resistant PVC pipe according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
firstly, weighing raw materials according to a formula, adding PVC resin, composite heat stabilizer KD-368, stearic acid, an impact modifier, titanium dioxide and paraffin into a high-speed mixer, mixing for 5-10min, adding light calcium carbonate, and mixing for 10-20min to obtain a premix;
and secondly, conveying the premix into an extruder for extrusion, drawing by a tractor, shaping and cooling in a vacuum environment, and drawing, marking, cutting and flaring to obtain the impact-resistant PVC pipe.
4. A process for producing an impact resistant PVC pipe according to claim 3, wherein the extruder has a barrel temperature of 130-180 ℃, a die body temperature of 155-215 ℃ and a converging core temperature of 155-160 ℃.
5. A process for the production of an impact resistant PVC pipe according to claim 3, wherein the traction speeds are all 2.5-3m/min.
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CN106090124A (en) * | 2016-08-25 | 2016-11-09 | 济南天齐特种平带有限公司 | A kind of sliding surface helps winding |
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2023
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Title |
---|
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