CN116626736A - Pulse signal measuring circuit and pulse signal measuring device - Google Patents
Pulse signal measuring circuit and pulse signal measuring device Download PDFInfo
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- CN116626736A CN116626736A CN202310610560.8A CN202310610560A CN116626736A CN 116626736 A CN116626736 A CN 116626736A CN 202310610560 A CN202310610560 A CN 202310610560A CN 116626736 A CN116626736 A CN 116626736A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/17—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Abstract
The embodiment of the invention discloses a pulse signal measuring circuit and a pulse signal measuring device, wherein the pulse signal measuring circuit comprises a photoelectric converter, a pre-amplifying circuit and a signal processing circuit which are connected in sequence; the photoelectric converter is used for converting the pulse signal into a current signal; the pre-amplifying circuit is used for converting the current signal output by the photoelectric converter into a voltage signal; the signal processing circuit is used for amplifying the voltage signal output by the pre-amplifying circuit and outputting the processed voltage signal; the processed voltage signal is used to reflect the duration and/or energy level of the pulse signal. The pulse signal measuring circuit and the pulse signal measuring device have the characteristics of quick response, good radiation synchronism and good portability, and can meet the requirements of microsecond pulse X-ray time measurement in different scenes.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of radiation measurement technologies, and in particular, to a pulse signal measurement circuit and a pulse signal measurement device.
Background
Ionizing radiation having a duration of less than 10s can generally be classified as pulsed radiation according to the international electrotechnical commission (IEC, international Electrotechnical Commission) for time equivalent standard document IEC60846-1:2009, where the response time to an active radiation dosimeter should not be more than 10 s. The pulse radiation has wide application in the fields of industrial flaw detection, diagnosis and medical treatment, nuclear accident emergency, public safety inspection and the like.
The pulsed X-ray has the characteristics of short duration, high instantaneous dosage rate and the like, and the radiation dosage measurement difficulty is extremely high. Typically, the X-ray pulse time for personnel and object detection is about 1 millisecond (ms), the X-ray pulse time for radiodiagnosis is about 1ms to 10s, and the X-ray pulse time for radiation therapy is about microsecond (μs) level. The pulse X-ray has important application in radiodiagnosis, radiotherapy, radiographic inspection, personnel and article detection, etc. and the pulse duration is one of the important parameters for pulse radiation dose measurement and has important measurement significance. For pulsed X-rays, a pulsed X-ray time measurement device with good synchronization with the radiation field, high time resolution, and good stability is required for pulse duration measurement.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the existing technical problems, the embodiment of the invention provides a pulse signal measuring circuit and a pulse signal measuring device.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a pulse signal measurement circuit, including a photoelectric converter, a pre-amplifying circuit, and a signal processing circuit connected in sequence; wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the photoelectric converter is used for converting the pulse signal into a current signal;
the pre-amplifying circuit is used for converting the current signal output by the photoelectric converter into a voltage signal;
the signal processing circuit is used for amplifying the voltage signal output by the pre-amplifying circuit and outputting the processed voltage signal; the processed voltage signal is used to reflect the duration and/or energy level of the pulse signal.
In the above scheme, the signal processing circuit is further configured to perform zero setting processing on the offset voltage generated in the amplifying process.
In the above scheme, the signal processing circuit comprises a linear amplifying circuit and a zeroing circuit, wherein the linear amplifying circuit is used for amplifying a voltage signal output by the pre-amplifying circuit, and the zeroing circuit is used for providing zeroing voltage for the linear amplifying circuit; the input end of the zero setting circuit is connected with a reference voltage, the output end of the zero setting circuit is connected with the input end of the linear amplifying circuit, the input end of the linear amplifying circuit is also connected with the output end of the pre-amplifying circuit, and the output end of the linear amplifying circuit is used as the output end of the signal processing circuit.
In the above scheme, the linear amplifying circuit includes a first operational amplifier, a first feedback resistor, a first capacitor, a second operational amplifier, a second feedback resistor and a second capacitor; the non-inverting input end of the first operational amplifier is connected with the zeroing circuit, the inverting input end of the first operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the pre-amplifying circuit through a first resistor, the inverting input end of the first operational amplifier is also connected with one end of a first feedback resistor, the other end of the first feedback resistor is connected with the output end of the first operational amplifier, and the first capacitor is connected across the two ends of the first feedback resistor; the non-inverting input end of the second operational amplifier is connected with the zeroing circuit, the inverting input end of the second operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the first operational amplifier through a second resistor, the inverting input end of the second operational amplifier is also connected with one end of a second feedback resistor, the other end of the second feedback resistor is connected with the output end of the second operational amplifier, and the second capacitor is connected across the two ends of the second feedback resistor; the output end of the second operational amplifier is used as the output end of the linear amplifying circuit.
In the above scheme, the zero setting circuit comprises a first potentiometer, a first voltage dividing resistor, a second potentiometer and a second voltage dividing resistor; the input end of the first potentiometer is connected with a reference voltage, and the output end of the first potentiometer is connected with the non-inverting input end of the first operational amplifier through the first voltage dividing resistor; the input end of the second potentiometer is connected with a reference voltage, and the output end of the second potentiometer is connected with the non-inverting input end of the second operational amplifier through the second voltage dividing resistor.
In the above scheme, the pre-amplifying circuit includes a third operational amplifier, a third feedback resistor and a third capacitor; the positive input end of the third operational amplifier is grounded through a third resistor, the negative input end of the third operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the photoelectric converter, the negative input end of the third operational amplifier is also connected with one end of the third feedback resistor, and the other end of the third feedback resistor is connected with the output end of the third operational amplifier; the third capacitor is connected across the two ends of the third feedback resistor; the output end of the third operational amplifier is used as the output end of the pre-amplifying circuit.
In the above scheme, the pulse signal measuring circuit further comprises a voltage follower circuit connected with the output end of the signal processing circuit, and the voltage follower circuit is used for equivalently outputting the voltage signal processed by the signal processing circuit.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a pulse signal measurement device, including the pulse signal measurement circuit and the measurement unit described in the foregoing embodiments; the measuring unit is connected with the output end of the pulse signal measuring circuit and is used for determining the duration and/or the energy of the pulse signal based on the voltage signal output by the pulse signal measuring circuit.
In the above scheme, the device further comprises a power supply circuit connected with the direct current power supply, and the power supply circuit is used for supplying power to the pulse signal measurement circuit.
In the above scheme, the pulse signal measuring circuit is arranged in the shielding box, and the preamplification circuit in the pulse signal measuring circuit and the shielding box are wrapped by a metal film.
The embodiment of the invention provides a pulse signal measuring circuit and a pulse signal measuring device, which can be used for solving the problems of short pulse X-ray duration time and difficult measurement of a millisecond-level pulse X-ray radiation field, and the pulse signal measuring circuit and the pulse signal measuring device which are composed of a photoelectric conversion device, a pre-amplifying circuit, a signal processing circuit and the like are adopted, have the characteristics of quick response, good radiation synchronism and good portability, and can realize the requirements of microsecond-level pulse signal time measurement under different scenes.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a pulse signal measurement circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an exemplary circuit diagram of a signal processing circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an exemplary circuit diagram of a pre-amp circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a pulse signal measuring device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an application and structure of a pulse signal measuring device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the measurement result of pulsed X-ray by the pulse signal measurement apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of the measurement result of pulsed X-ray by the pulse signal measurement apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a diagram showing an example of measurement results of pulsed X-rays by the pulse signal measurement apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the specific technical solutions of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. The following examples are illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the description of embodiments of the present invention, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first", "a second", etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature. In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise indicated, the meaning of "a plurality" is two or more.
In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element in question must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
In describing embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless explicitly stated and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" should be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; the two components can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or can be communicated inside the two components, or can be connected wirelessly or in a wired way. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention will be understood in specific cases by those of ordinary skill in the art.
In the description of embodiments of the present invention, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
In describing embodiments of the present invention, words such as "exemplary" or "such as" are used to mean serving as examples, illustrations, or descriptions. Any embodiment or design described herein as "exemplary" or "e.g." in an embodiment should not be taken as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. Rather, the use of words such as "exemplary" or "such as" is intended to present related concepts in a concrete fashion.
In addition, the technical features of the different embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not collide with each other.
The embodiment of the invention provides a pulse signal measuring circuit. Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of a pulse signal measurement circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 1, a pulse signal measurement circuit 10 includes a photoelectric converter 11, a pre-amplifier circuit 12, and a signal processing circuit 13, which are sequentially connected; wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the photoelectric converter 11 is used for converting a pulse signal into a current signal;
the pre-amplifier circuit 12 is configured to convert a current signal output by the photoelectric converter 11 into a voltage signal;
the signal processing circuit 13 is configured to amplify the voltage signal output by the pre-amplifying circuit 12, and output the processed voltage signal; the processed voltage signal is used to reflect the duration and/or energy level of the pulse signal.
In an embodiment, the pulsed signal may be, for example, a pulsed radiation signal, such as pulsed X-rays, or the like.
In an embodiment, the photoelectric converter 11 may be, for example, a silicon diode, and the photoelectric converter 11 may be selected by considering the spectrum response range, the photosensitivity, the dark current, and other indexes, for example, a Si-PIN type silicon diode is used, which has a faster response speed, a higher photosensitivity and a wider spectrum response range compared with a conventional photoelectric converter, and can realize a fast response to the pulse radiation signal, so as to meet the photoelectric conversion requirement of microsecond pulse rays.
In an embodiment, the pre-amplifying circuit 12 may be, for example, a transimpedance pre-amplifying (TIA, trans-impedance Amplifier) circuit, where the TIA circuit may include a transimpedance amplifier and a feedback resistor, and the current signal converted by the photoelectric converter 11 may be converted into a voltage signal across the feedback resistor. In this embodiment, the transimpedance amplifier needs to have low current noise and low voltage noise, and has a wider Gain bandwidth product (GBP, gain-bandwidth Product) and a higher Slew Rate (Slew Rate) under the support of feedback high Gain, so as to meet the wider feedback Gain bandwidth requirement and faster conversion Rate corresponding to the weak pulse current signal, quickly convert the weak pulse signal into a larger voltage signal, realize the preliminary amplification of the signal, and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. It should be noted that, the feedback resistor of the TIA circuit determines the amplification gain of the circuit, and needs to have a larger resistance and high enough precision, for example, a metal film resistor may be used, the resistance may be selected according to actual requirements, and when a higher response speed is required, the resistance of the feedback resistor may be properly reduced.
In one embodiment, the signal processing circuit 13 may include at least a linear filter amplifying circuit, which may include one or more stages of amplifying circuits composed of one or more high-speed operational amplifiers, wherein the high-speed operational amplifiers may have a higher slew rate and a unit gain bandwidth product to achieve a faster integration rate and a higher upper measurement limit, and ensure linear amplification of the signal without distortion.
The pulse signal measuring circuit of the embodiment of the invention firstly converts the pulse signal into the current signal through the photoelectric converter 11, then converts the current signal into the voltage signal through the pre-amplifying circuit 12, at the moment, the signal can be subjected to preliminary amplification through the feedback resistor in the pre-amplifying circuit 12, the signal to noise ratio is improved, and then the voltage signal output by the pre-amplifying circuit 12 is subjected to amplification treatment through the signal processing circuit 13, so that the weak voltage signal can be amplified, the pulse voltage signal with a certain amplitude is output, the duration and/or the energy of the original pulse signal can be reflected, the pulse signal measurement is realized, and the pulse signal measuring circuit has the characteristics of quick response and good radiation synchronism.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the signal processing circuit 13 may be further configured to perform a zeroing process on the offset voltage generated during the amplifying process.
As an alternative embodiment, the signal processing circuit 13 may include a linear amplifying circuit for amplifying the voltage signal output from the pre-amplifying circuit and a zeroing circuit for providing a zeroing voltage to the linear amplifying circuit; the input end of the zero setting circuit is connected with a reference voltage, the output end of the zero setting circuit is connected with the input end of the linear amplifying circuit, the input end of the linear amplifying circuit is also connected with the output end of the pre-amplifying circuit, and the output end of the linear amplifying circuit is used as the output end of the signal processing circuit.
Fig. 2 is an exemplary circuit diagram of a signal processing circuit according to an embodiment of the invention, referring to fig. 2, the linear amplifying circuit may include a first operational amplifier U1, a first feedback resistor Rf1, a first capacitor C1, a second operational amplifier U2, a second feedback resistor Rf2 and a second capacitor C2; wherein the non-inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier U1 is connected to the zeroing circuit, and the inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier U1 is connected to the output terminal of the pre-amplifying circuit via a first resistor R1 (i.e. the voltage signal V in FIG. 2) i The output of the preamplifier circuit is that the inverting input end of the first operational amplifier U1 is also connected with one end of the first feedback resistor Rf1, the other end of the first feedback resistor Rf1 is connected with the output end of the first operational amplifier U1, and the first capacitor C1 is connected across the two ends of the first feedback resistor Rf 1; the non-inverting input end of the second operational amplifier U2 is connected with a zeroing circuit, and the inverting input end of the second operational amplifier U2The end is connected with the output end of the first operational amplifier U1 through a second resistor R2, the inverting input end of the second operational amplifier U2 is also connected with one end of a second feedback resistor Rf2, the other end of the second feedback resistor Rf2 is connected with the output end of the second operational amplifier U2, and the second capacitor C2 is connected across the two ends of the second feedback resistor Rf 2; the output end of the second operational amplifier U2 is used as the output end of the linear amplifying circuit, namely the voltage signal V in FIG. 2 o Is the output voltage signal of the linear amplifying circuit.
In this embodiment, the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 are used to prevent the signal oscillation of the linear amplifying circuit due to high gain amplification.
Referring to fig. 2, the zeroing circuit may include a first potentiometer Rs1, a first voltage dividing resistor, a second potentiometer Rs2, and a second voltage dividing resistor; the input end of the first potentiometer Rs1 is connected with a reference voltage (i.e., +vcc and-VCC in fig. 2 are respectively the positive and negative ends of the reference voltage), and the output end of the first potentiometer Rs1 is connected with the non-inverting input end of the first operational amplifier U1 through the first voltage dividing resistor; the input end of the second potentiometer Rs2 is connected with a reference voltage, and the output end of the second potentiometer Rs2 is connected with the non-inverting input end of the second operational amplifier U2 through the second voltage dividing resistor.
The pulse signal measuring circuit comprises a zeroing circuit, positive and negative voltages are applied to two ends of a zeroing potentiometer, the positive and negative zeroing voltages can be generated by adjusting the potentiometer, and the zeroing voltage is reduced by a divider resistor and then is input into a positive input end of an operational amplifier of a linear amplifying circuit to be matched with offset voltage input by an opposite input end, so that the zeroing purpose is achieved.
In an embodiment, the reference voltage may be provided by a power supply circuit.
In an embodiment, the first voltage dividing resistor and the second voltage dividing resistor may be obtained by connecting a plurality of resistors in series and/or in parallel, referring to fig. 2, the first voltage dividing resistor may be formed by connecting a fifth resistor R5 and a sixth resistor R6 in series, wherein one end of the fifth resistor R5 is connected to the output end of the first potentiometer Rs1, the other end is respectively connected to the non-inverting input end of the first operational amplifier U1 and one end of the sixth resistor R6, and the other end of the sixth resistor R6 is grounded; the second voltage dividing resistor may be formed by serially connecting a seventh resistor R7 and an eighth resistor R8, wherein one end of the seventh resistor R7 is connected to the output end of the second potentiometer Rs2, the other end is respectively connected to the non-inverting input end of the second operational amplifier U2 and one end of the eighth resistor R8, and the other end of the eighth resistor R8 is grounded.
According to the pulse signal measuring circuit, aiming at the linear filtering amplifying circuit formed by the operational amplifier, under higher gain, offset voltage introduced by the self performance of the operational amplifier is amplified, when pulse signal energy is lower, the influence of offset voltage generated when the signal processing circuit 13 performs operational amplification is not negligible, the input offset voltage of the operational amplifier can be reduced through the offset voltage zeroing circuit, the influence of offset voltage introduced by the self performance of the operational amplifier on smaller pulse signal amplitude is effectively avoided, and the measuring precision is improved.
Fig. 3 is an exemplary circuit diagram of a pre-amplifying circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 3, the pre-amplifying circuit 12 may include a third operational amplifier U3, a third feedback resistor Rf3 and a third capacitor C3; wherein the non-inverting input terminal of the third operational amplifier U3 is grounded via a third resistor R3, and the inverting input terminal of the third operational amplifier U3 is connected to the output terminal of the photoelectric converter 11 (i.e. the current signal I in FIG. 3 i The output of the photoelectric converter 11), the inverting input end of the third operational amplifier U3 is also connected with one end of the third feedback resistor Rf3, and the other end of the third feedback resistor Rf3 is connected with the output end of the third operational amplifier U3; the third capacitor C3 is connected across the two ends of the third feedback resistor Rf 3; the output of the third operational amplifier U3 is used as the output of the pre-amplifier circuit 12, i.e. the voltage signal V in FIG. 3 o Is the output voltage signal of the pre-amplifier circuit 12. The third capacitor C3 is used to prevent the pre-amplifier circuit from oscillating the signal due to high gain amplification.
In an embodiment, the inverting input terminal of the third operational amplifier U3 may be grounded through a fourth capacitor C4, as shown in fig. 3.
In an embodiment, the inverting input terminal of the third operational amplifier U3 may be connected to the output terminal of the photoelectric converter 11 through a fourth resistor.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the pulse signal measurement circuit 10 may further include a voltage follower circuit connected to the output terminal of the signal processing circuit 13, where the voltage follower circuit is configured to equivalently output the voltage signal processed by the signal processing circuit.
In an embodiment, the voltage follower circuit may include a fourth operational amplifier and a fourth feedback resistor, where a non-inverting input terminal of the fourth operational amplifier is connected to the output terminal of the signal processing circuit 13, an inverting input terminal of the fourth operational amplifier is connected to one end of the fourth feedback resistor, and the other end of the fourth feedback resistor is connected to the output terminal of the fourth operational amplifier, and the output terminal of the fourth operational amplifier is used as the output terminal of the voltage follower circuit, that is, the output terminal of the pulse signal measurement circuit 10. In this embodiment, the non-inverting input terminal of the fourth operational amplifier inputs the voltage pulse signal output by the pre-amplifying circuit, and according to the principle of "virtual short" and "virtual break", the input voltage is output by the inverting input terminal, and the feedback coefficient is 1, so that the influence of the distributed capacitance of the signal transmission line at the rear end on the pre-amplifying circuit can be isolated, and the voltage signal processed by the signal processing circuit is output equivalently, thereby ensuring the measurement accuracy of the pulse signal.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a pulse signal measuring device. Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of a pulse signal measuring device according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 4, a pulse signal measuring device 20 includes a pulse signal measuring circuit 21 and a measuring unit 22 according to the foregoing embodiments;
the measuring unit 22 is connected to the output end of the pulse signal measuring circuit, and is used for determining the duration and/or the energy of the pulse signal based on the voltage signal output by the pulse signal measuring circuit.
The details of the pulse signal measuring circuit 21 in this embodiment can be specifically referred to the details of the pulse signal measuring circuit 10 in the foregoing embodiments, and are not repeated here for the sake of brevity.
In an embodiment, the measuring unit 22 may be an oscilloscope, for example. In this embodiment, the pulse signal measuring circuit 21 outputs a pulse voltage signal with a certain amplitude, and the trigger signal can be captured by the oscilloscope, so as to realize accurate measurement of the duration and/or energy of the pulse signal.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the pulse signal measuring device 20 further comprises a power supply circuit connected to the dc power source, the power supply circuit being configured to supply power to the pulse signal measuring circuit.
In one embodiment, the power supply circuit includes a voltage inverter and a linear voltage regulator, and the dc power supply voltage generates a positive working voltage through the linear voltage regulator on the one hand, and generates a negative working voltage through the voltage inverter and the linear voltage regulator on the other hand, so as to provide the working voltage (or reference voltage) for the pulse signal measuring circuit 21.
In an embodiment, the dc power source may be a detachable battery, for example, which increases the portability of the pulse signal measuring device.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the pulse signal measuring circuit 21 may be disposed in a shielding case, and the preamplifying circuit in the pulse signal measuring circuit 21 and the shielding case are wrapped with a metal film. The photoelectric converter in the pulse signal measuring circuit is a photosensitive device, and necessary noise reduction measures are needed, and in the embodiment, the pulse signal measuring circuit is arranged in a shielding box, and the pre-amplifying circuit and the whole shielding box are wrapped by a metal film, so that the effects of further noise reduction and light shielding are achieved.
Alternatively, the shielding box is a metal shielding box, such as an aluminum alloy shielding box, and the metal film may be aluminum foil paper, for example.
The pulse signal measuring device according to the embodiment of the invention is described below with reference to a specific application scenario.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of an application and a structure of a pulse signal measurement device according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the pulse signal measurement device in this example is shown in fig. 5 by taking a pulse X-ray duration measurement as an example, and includes a pulse X-ray time measurement circuit (i.e., the pulse signal measurement circuit in the foregoing embodiment), a power supply circuit (not shown in fig. 5), and a pulse signal capturing system (i.e., the measurement unit in the foregoing embodiment), where the pulse X-ray time measurement circuit includes a photoelectric converter (e.g., a Si-PIN silicon diode), a transimpedance pre-amplifier circuit (TIA), a signal processing circuit, and a voltage follower circuit, and the pulse signal capturing system in this example uses an oscilloscope.
Referring to fig. 5, the basic principle of the pulse signal measuring device is as follows: pulsed X-rays can be converted into a pulsed current signal I by means of a photoelectric converter (Si-PIN) i And the pulse current signal I i Is positively correlated with the exposure time of the pulsed X-rays; the pulse current signal is converted into a pulse voltage signal V at two ends of a third feedback resistor Rf3 through a trans-impedance type pre-amplifying circuit o At the moment, the signal is amplified preliminarily through the feedback resistor, so that the signal to noise ratio is improved; the gain of the transimpedance type pre-amplifying circuit is limited by a feedback resistor, so that the output voltage signal is completely dependent on the energy of the pulsed X-rays at a measuring point, so that the voltage signals generated by the pulsed X-rays with different energies are different, the weaker pulse signals cannot be or are difficult to identify and collect by a back-end circuit, the weaker pulse signals can be linearly amplified after being processed by a linear filtering amplifying circuit in a signal processing circuit, but at the same time, the offset voltage introduced by the self performance of an operational amplifier can be amplified by tens of millivolts (mV) at the higher gain, and when the energy of the pulsed X-rays is lower, the influence caused by the offset voltage of the operational amplifier can not be ignored, so that the signal processing circuit in the example also comprises a zero-adjusting circuit, and the offset voltage of the operational amplifier can be zeroed; finally, pulse voltage signals with certain amplitude are output to an oscilloscope through a voltage follower circuit, trigger signals are captured by the oscilloscope, and accurate measurement of pulse duration of pulse X-rays can be realized, wherein the voltage follower circuit can be provided withThe influence of the distributed capacitance of the long signal line on the front-stage signal is effectively avoided.
In the example, a Si-PIN photodiode is selected as a photoelectric conversion unit of microsecond-level pulse X-rays, and indexes such as spectral response range, photosensitivity, dark current and the like are mainly considered in the selection of the photoelectric converter. The photodiode in this example can be selected from the S3590-08 type Si-PIN photodiode, the spectral response range is 340nm to 110nm, the typical value of the photosensitivity is 0.66 ampere per watt (a/W), the dark current is only 6000 picoamperes (pA) at maximum, the cut-off frequency is 40 megahertz (MHz), and the conversion from optical signals to electric signals can be well realized.
The transimpedance type pre-amplifier circuit in the example is composed of a transimpedance type amplifier and a feedback resistor, and because the input signal is a weak pulse current signal, the transimpedance amplifier capable of being applied to the occasion is generally required to have lower current noise and voltage noise, can support wider GBP and higher slew rate under feedback high gain, and can be exemplified by an OPA657 type transimpedance operational amplifier, the amplifier has low input current noise of 1.8 femtoamperes per square root hertz (fA/rtHz), low input voltage noise of 4.8 nanovolts per square root hertz (nV/rtHz) and high GBP of 1.6GHz, and the slew rate of 700 volts per microsecond (V/mu s), so that the transimpedance operational amplifier can meet wider feedback gain bandwidth and realize faster conversion rate, convert weak pulse X rays into larger voltage signals more quickly, and improve signal to noise ratio; the third feedback resistor Rf3 determines the gain of the preamplifier, and should have a larger resistance and high enough precision, and in this example, a metal film resistor is selected, where the resistance can be selected according to practical needs, and when a higher response speed is required, the resistance can be properly reduced, and in this example, the typical resistance used is 470 kiloohms (kΩ), i.e. the feedback resistor Rf3 can be 470kΩ.
In this example, the signal processing circuit includes a linear amplification circuit and an offset voltage zeroing circuit. The linear amplifying circuit is composed of an inverse proportion amplifier composed of high-speed operational amplifiers, as shown in fig. 2 and 5. The linear amplifying circuit can be an AD8066 type FET (Field Effect Transistor ) input level high-speed operational amplifier, the operational amplifier chip can be designed by adopting a double operational amplifier, a two-stage amplifying circuit can be constructed, pulse signals are amplified step by step, linear amplification of the signals is guaranteed without distortion, the open loop gain of the linear amplifying circuit is 113 decibels (dB), the input current noise is 0.6fA/rtHz, the input voltage noise is 7nV/rtHz, the slew rate is 180V/μs, GBP is 145MHz, and the higher slew rate and the unit gain bandwidth product of the operational amplifier in the example can realize faster integration rate, namely higher upper measurement limit, so that the requirement of the linear amplifying circuit is met. The resistance values of the first feedback resistor Rf1 and the second feedback resistor Rf2 can be selected from 10kΩ to 50kΩ, and when higher sensitivity is required, the feedback resistor with higher resistance value can be selected preferably, and in this example, the typical resistance value is 20kΩ, that is, the resistance values of the first feedback resistor Rf1 and the second feedback resistor Rf2 can be 20kΩ.
The offset voltage zero setting circuit is composed of a zero setting potentiometer and a voltage dividing resistor, as shown in fig. 2, the first potentiometer Rs1 and the second potentiometer Rs2 can be zero setting potentiometers with the resistance value of 10k omega, the resistors R5, R6, R7 and R8 respectively form two groups of voltage dividing resistors, one end of each resistor is connected with the input end of the operational amplifier, and one end of each resistor is connected with the zero setting potentiometers, alternatively, 150k omega and 50 omega can be respectively adopted to form a group of voltage dividing circuits, for example, the resistance values of the resistors R5 and R7 are 150k omega, the resistance values of the resistors R6 and R8 are 50 omega, and the maximum zero setting voltage of +/-5V can be divided to +/-1.67 millivolts (mV), so that the adjustment range of the maximum 1.5mV input offset voltage of the AD8066 operational amplifier can be met. The minimum adjustable voltage for the zeroing circuit in this example is 333 nanovolts (nV).
The voltage follower can be composed of an AD8065 operational amplifier and a corresponding feedback resistor, wherein the positive end of the operational amplifier inputs a voltage pulse signal output by a pre-stage amplifying circuit, the input voltage is output by the negative end according to the principle of 'virtual short', 'virtual break', the feedback coefficient is 1, and the influence of a distributed capacitor of a signal transmission line at the rear end on the pre-stage amplifying circuit is isolated.
Specifically, referring to fig. 2, 3 and 5, in this example, the positive input end of the transimpedance operational amplifier (i.e., the third operational amplifier U3) may be grounded through the third resistor R3, the negative input end of the transimpedance operational amplifier (U3) may be connected to the output end of the photoelectric converter through the fourth resistor R4, and on the other hand, may be further connected to one end of the third feedback resistor Rf3, and the other end of the third feedback resistor Rf3 may be connected to the output end of the transimpedance operational amplifier (U3); the inverting input end of a first high-speed operational amplifier (namely a first operational amplifier U1) in the signal processing circuit can be connected with the output end of a transimpedance operational amplifier (U3) through a first resistor R1 on one hand, and is also connected with one end of a first feedback resistor Rf1 on the other hand, and the other end of the first feedback resistor Rf1 is connected with the output end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U1); the inverting input end of a second high-speed operational amplifier (namely a second operational amplifier U2) in the signal processing circuit can be connected with the output end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U1) through a second resistor R2 on one hand, and is also connected with one end of a second feedback resistor Rf2 on the other hand, and the other end of the second feedback resistor Rf2 is connected with the output end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U2); in addition, the input end of the first potentiometer Rs1 is connected with a reference voltage (which can be provided by a power supply circuit), the output end of the first potentiometer Rs is connected with the positive input end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U1) through a resistor R5, the positive input end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U1) is grounded through a resistor R6, the resistor R5 and the resistor R6 form a voltage dividing resistor, the input end of the second potentiometer Rs2 is connected with the reference voltage, the output end of the second potentiometer Rs2 is connected with the positive input end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U2) through a resistor R7, and the positive input end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U2) is grounded through a resistor R8, and the resistor R7 and the resistor R8 form the voltage dividing resistor; the output end of the high-speed operational amplifier (U2) is also connected with the non-inverting input end of a fourth operational amplifier U4 in the voltage follower circuit, the inverting input end of the fourth operational amplifier U4 is connected with one end of a fourth feedback resistor Rf4, the other end of the fourth feedback resistor Rf4 is connected with the output end of the fourth operational amplifier U4, and the output end of the fourth operational amplifier U4 is connected to an oscilloscope.
In addition, referring to fig. 2, two ends of the first feedback resistor Rf1 and the second feedback resistor Rf2 may be respectively connected across the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2, so as to prevent signal oscillation in the high gain amplifying circuit, and the capacitance of the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 (not shown in fig. 5) may be 1 picofarad (pF); referring to fig. 3, two ends of the third feedback resistor Rf3 may also be connected across the third capacitor C3 for preventing signal oscillation in the high gain amplifying circuit.
In the example, the power supply circuit can take a 9V lithium battery as a power supply, can use a TP7660H voltage inverter to generate negative voltage, and converts the 9V power supply into-5V voltage through a TPS723 linear voltage stabilizer and a matched circuit; and, using TPS76050 linear voltage stabilizer and matching circuit to convert 9V power supply into +5V voltage, the +5V voltage provides working voltage for operational amplifiers OPA657, AD8066 and AD8065, and provides zero voltage for input offset voltage zero circuit.
Considering that the excitation signal source of the device is pulse X-rays, the device comprises a photoelectric converter which is a photosensitive device, necessary noise reduction measures are taken at the same time, the pulse X-ray time measurement circuit is arranged in an aluminum alloy shielding box, and the pre-amplification circuit and the whole shielding box are wrapped by aluminum foil paper, so that the effects of further noise reduction and light prevention are achieved.
In this example, the pulse time capture system is constituted by an oscilloscope. The oscilloscope can select a Single-signal trigger Single mode, the voltage threshold is selected to be 0 to 5V, the Time step is adjusted to be in the range of mu s to ms of the duration of the detected pulse X-rays, and the channel signal parameter measurement can select rising Time (Rise Time) and falling Time (Fall Time). When the pulse signal is generated, the oscilloscope can quickly capture the pulse duration, the pulse rise time and the pulse fall time. Fig. 6, fig. 7 and fig. 8 are respectively exemplary graphs of measurement results of a pulse signal measurement device for pulsed X-rays according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein a certain waveform measurement graph of the pulsed X-rays is shown in fig. 6, the rising response time of fig. 6 is 460ns, the falling response time is 400ns, and the rising response time and the falling response time are both nanosecond response speeds. More specifically, the rising response and the falling response of the pulsed X-ray are measured, the rising response waveform is shown in fig. 7, the corresponding rising time is 340ns, and the nanosecond response speed can be achieved; the falling response waveform is shown in fig. 8, and the corresponding falling time is 360ns, so that the pulse X-ray duration measurement from millisecond to microsecond can be realized.
The silicon diode used in the example has the advantages of high response speed, high photosensitivity and wide spectral response range, can realize quick response to pulse X-rays, can reduce the input offset voltage of the operational amplifier through the offset voltage zero setting circuit, effectively avoids the influence of the offset voltage on smaller pulse signal amplitude, adopts a high-speed operational amplifier and smaller time constant circuit design in a signal processing stage, has rise time and fall time reaching nanosecond level, can realize synchronous response to microsecond-level pulse X-rays, can also adopt a detachable battery as a power supply, and has mobile portability.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art will readily recognize that variations or substitutions are within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. The pulse signal measuring circuit is characterized by comprising a photoelectric converter, a pre-amplifying circuit and a signal processing circuit which are connected in sequence; wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the photoelectric converter is used for converting the pulse signal into a current signal;
the pre-amplifying circuit is used for converting the current signal output by the photoelectric converter into a voltage signal;
the signal processing circuit is used for amplifying the voltage signal output by the pre-amplifying circuit and outputting the processed voltage signal; the processed voltage signal is used to reflect the duration and/or energy level of the pulse signal.
2. The pulse signal measurement circuit according to claim 1, wherein the signal processing circuit is further configured to zero the offset voltage generated during the amplification process.
3. The pulse signal measurement circuit according to claim 2, wherein the signal processing circuit includes a linear amplification circuit for amplifying a voltage signal output from the pre-amplification circuit and a zeroing circuit for supplying a zeroing voltage to the linear amplification circuit;
the input end of the zero setting circuit is connected with a reference voltage, the output end of the zero setting circuit is connected with the input end of the linear amplifying circuit, the input end of the linear amplifying circuit is also connected with the output end of the pre-amplifying circuit, and the output end of the linear amplifying circuit is used as the output end of the signal processing circuit.
4. The pulse signal measurement circuit of claim 3, wherein the linear amplification circuit comprises a first operational amplifier, a first feedback resistor, a first capacitor, a second operational amplifier, a second feedback resistor, and a second capacitor; wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the non-inverting input end of the first operational amplifier is connected with the zeroing circuit, the inverting input end of the first operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the pre-amplifying circuit through a first resistor, the inverting input end of the first operational amplifier is also connected with one end of the first feedback resistor, the other end of the first feedback resistor is connected with the output end of the first operational amplifier, and the first capacitor is connected across the two ends of the first feedback resistor;
the non-inverting input end of the second operational amplifier is connected with the zeroing circuit, the inverting input end of the second operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the first operational amplifier through a second resistor, the inverting input end of the second operational amplifier is also connected with one end of a second feedback resistor, the other end of the second feedback resistor is connected with the output end of the second operational amplifier, and the second capacitor is connected across the two ends of the second feedback resistor;
the output end of the second operational amplifier is used as the output end of the linear amplifying circuit.
5. The pulse signal measurement circuit of claim 4, wherein the zeroing circuit comprises a first potentiometer, a first divider resistor, a second potentiometer, and a second divider resistor; wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the input end of the first potentiometer is connected with a reference voltage, and the output end of the first potentiometer is connected with the non-inverting input end of the first operational amplifier through the first voltage dividing resistor;
the input end of the second potentiometer is connected with a reference voltage, and the output end of the second potentiometer is connected with the non-inverting input end of the second operational amplifier through the second voltage dividing resistor.
6. The pulse signal measurement circuit of claim 1, wherein the pre-amplification circuit comprises a third operational amplifier, a third feedback resistor, and a third capacitor; wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the non-inverting input end of the third operational amplifier is grounded through a third resistor, the inverting input end of the third operational amplifier is connected with the output end of the photoelectric converter, the inverting input end of the third operational amplifier is also connected with one end of the third feedback resistor, and the other end of the third feedback resistor is connected with the output end of the third operational amplifier; the third capacitor is connected across the two ends of the third feedback resistor;
the output end of the third operational amplifier is used as the output end of the pre-amplifying circuit.
7. The pulse signal measurement circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a voltage follower circuit connected to an output terminal of the signal processing circuit, the voltage follower circuit being configured to equivalently output the voltage signal processed by the signal processing circuit.
8. A pulse signal measuring device comprising the pulse signal measuring circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and a measuring unit;
the measuring unit is connected with the output end of the pulse signal measuring circuit and is used for determining the duration and/or the energy of the pulse signal based on the voltage signal output by the pulse signal measuring circuit.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a power supply circuit coupled to the dc power source, the power supply circuit configured to power the pulse signal measurement circuit.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the pulse signal measurement circuit is disposed in a shielded enclosure, and the preamplification circuit in the pulse signal measurement circuit and the shielded enclosure are encased in a metallic film.
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