CN116577489A - Method for verifying effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer - Google Patents
Method for verifying effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN116577489A CN116577489A CN202310682466.3A CN202310682466A CN116577489A CN 116577489 A CN116577489 A CN 116577489A CN 202310682466 A CN202310682466 A CN 202310682466A CN 116577489 A CN116577489 A CN 116577489A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- cow dung
- carbon
- organic fertilizer
- effectiveness
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- CKUAXEQHGKSLHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[N] Chemical compound [C].[N] CKUAXEQHGKSLHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000014676 Phragmites communis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002068 microbial inoculum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 24
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012271 agricultural production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/38—Diluting, dispersing or mixing samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/38—Diluting, dispersing or mixing samples
- G01N2001/386—Other diluting or mixing processes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for verifying the effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer, which relates to the technical field of organic fertilizer, and the technical scheme is as follows: the verification method comprises the following steps: s1: setting a test group and a control group; s2: determining the proportion of cow dung and auxiliary materials, and uniformly mixing to obtain a first mixture; s3: calculating the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the first mixture of the experimental group and the control group; s4: when the carbon-nitrogen ratio is lower than 25:1, urea is added to the first mixture to obtain a second mixture with the carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25:1; s5: adding the second mixture into high-temperature fermentation equipment for fermentation, and taking out from the fermentation equipment when the water content of the second mixture of each test group reaches 50%, so as to obtain a third mixture; s6: sampling the third mixture to obtain a sample; s7: the sample is tested. According to the method for verifying the effectiveness, the effectiveness of the cow dung organic fertilizer under the conditions of different auxiliary material types and different proportions can be detected, and the method is rigorous and scientific and easy to implement and verify.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of organic fertilizers, in particular to a method for verifying the effectiveness of a cow dung organic fertilizer.
Background
Along with the continuous development of the breeding industry, the waste, excrement and the like of large-scale cattle and sheep farms are also rapidly increased, and the non-point source pollution generated by breeding beef cattle, dairy cows and the like is also enlarged, so that the method has become one of the main bottlenecks of the healthy rapid development restriction of the modern animal husbandry. The cow dung is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matters, volatile matters, pathogenic bacteria microorganisms, parasitic ova, heavy metals and the like, and if the cow dung is directly used for agricultural production without treatment, the ecological environment and the health of people and livestock can be greatly influenced. Therefore, the treatment of the manure, the waste and the like of the farm becomes a serious issue for large-scale and intensive cattle cultivation.
The invention aims to provide a method for verifying the effectiveness of a cow dung organic fertilizer under the conditions of different auxiliary material types (straw and reed) and different proportions.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for verifying the effectiveness of a cow dung organic fertilizer, which can detect the effectiveness of the cow dung organic fertilizer under different auxiliary material types (straw and reed) and different proportions.
The technical aim of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a method for verifying the effectiveness of a cow dung organic fertilizer, the method comprising the following steps:
s1: setting a plurality of test groups and control groups;
s2: determining the ratio of the cow dung to the auxiliary materials of the experiment group and the control group, and uniformly mixing the cow dung and the auxiliary materials to obtain a first mixture;
s3: calculating the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the first mixture of each experimental group and the control group;
s4: when the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the first mixture of each experimental group is lower than 25:1, urea is added into the first mixture to obtain a second mixture with the carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25:1;
s5: adding a microbial inoculum into the second mixture of part of the test groups, adding the second mixture into high-temperature fermentation equipment for fermentation, and taking out from the fermentation equipment when the water content of the second mixture of each test group reaches 50% to obtain a third mixture;
s6: sampling the third mixture to obtain a sample;
s7: the sample is tested.
The invention is further provided with: the auxiliary materials comprise straw and reed.
The invention is further provided with: the ratio of the cow dung to the auxiliary materials in the step S2 comprises 10:0, 8:2, 6:4 and 4:6..
The invention is further provided with: the carbon-nitrogen ratio calculation formula in S3 is as follows:
wherein C represents the carbon content of the first mixture; n represents the nitrogen content of the first mixture; c (C) 1 Represents the carbon content of cow dung; n (N) 1 Represents the nitrogen content of cow dung; c (C) 2 Represents the carbon content of auxiliary materials; n (N) 2 Representing the nitrogen content of the auxiliary materials
The invention is further provided with: the detection index in S7 includes: moisture content, dry matter content, total nitrogen content, pH, total nutrient mass fraction, heavy metal index.
In summary, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the method, the effectiveness of the cow dung organic fertilizer under the conditions of different auxiliary material types (straw and reed) and different proportions can be detected by the provided effectiveness verification method, and the method is rigorous and scientific and is easy to implement verification.
Detailed Description
Examples: a method for verifying the effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
s1: setting 12 test groups and 1 control group, wherein 6 test groups adopt aseptic fermentation, and the other 6 test groups adopt bacterial fermentation;
s2: the ratio of the cow dung to the auxiliary materials of 12 test groups and control groups is as follows:
uniformly mixing the cow dung and the auxiliary materials to obtain a first mixture;
s3: calculating the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the first mixture of the 12 experimental groups and the control group;
the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein C represents the carbon content of the first mixture; n represents the nitrogen content of the first mixture; c (C) 1 Represents the carbon content of cow dung; n (N) 1 Representing cattleThe nitrogen content of the manure; c (C) 2 Represents the carbon content of auxiliary materials; n (N) 2 Representing the nitrogen content of the auxiliary materials.
S4: when the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the first mixture of the 12 experimental groups is lower than 25:1, urea is added into the first mixture to obtain a second mixture with the carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25:1, wherein the table is as follows;
| group number | Proportion of | Cow dung (kg) | Straw (kg) | C(kg) | N(kg) | C/N | Urea (kg) | C/N | Microbial inoculum (%) |
| Control group one | 10：0 | 1000 | 0 | 114.3 | 5.34 | 21.4：1 | 0 | 21.4：1 | 0 |
| Test group one | 8：2 | 800 | 200 | 167.987 | 6.3257 | 26.56：1 | 0.86 | 25：1 | 0 |
| Test group two | 6：4 | 600 | 400 | 221.674 | 7.3114 | 30.32：1 | 3.39 | 25：1 | 0 |
| Test group three | 4：6 | 400 | 600 | 275.361 | 8.2971 | 33.19：1 | 5.92 | 25：1 | 0 |
| Test group seven | 8：2 | 800 | 200 | 167.987 | 6.3257 | 26.56：1 | 0.86 | 25：1 | 5 |
| Test group eight | 6：4 | 600 | 400 | 221.674 | 7.3114 | 30.32：1 | 3.39 | 25：1 | 5 |
| Test group nine | 4：6 | 400 | 600 | 275.361 | 8.2971 | 33.19：1 | 5.92 | 25：1 | 5 |
| Group number | Proportion of | Cow dung (kg) | Reed (kg) | C(kg) | N(kg) | C/N | Urea (kg) | C/N | Microbial inoculum (%) |
| Test group four | 8：2 | 800 | 200 | 183.129 | 6.034 | 30.35 | 2.82 | 25：1 | 0 |
| Test group five | 6：4 | 600 | 400 | 251.96 | 6.728 | 37.45 | 7.30 | 25：1 | 0 |
| Test group six | 4：6 | 400 | 600 | 327.79 | 7.421 | 44.17 | 12.40 | 25：1 | 0 |
| Test group ten | 8：2 | 800 | 200 | 183.129 | 6.034 | 30.35 | 2.82 | 25：1 | 5 |
| Test group eleven | 6：4 | 600 | 400 | 251.96 | 6.728 | 37.45 | 7.30 | 25：1 | 5 |
| Twelve test groups | 4：6 | 400 | 600 | 327.79 | 7.421 | 44.17 | 12.40 | 25：1 | 5 |
S5: adding the second mixture into high-temperature fermentation equipment for fermentation, and taking out from the fermentation equipment when the water content of the second mixture of each test group reaches 50%, so as to obtain a third mixture;
s6: sampling the third mixture to obtain a sample;
s7: detecting the sample, wherein the indexes comprise: moisture content, dry matter content, total nitrogen content, pH, total nutrient mass fraction, heavy metal index.
The test results are shown in the following table:
/>
/>
/>
/>
the present embodiment is only for explanation of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the present invention, and modifications to the present embodiment, which may not creatively contribute to the present invention as required by those skilled in the art after reading the present specification, are all protected by patent laws within the scope of claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for verifying the effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following steps: the verification method comprises the following steps:
s1: setting a plurality of test groups and control groups;
s2: determining the ratio of the cow dung to the auxiliary materials of the experiment group and the control group, and uniformly mixing the cow dung and the auxiliary materials to obtain a first mixture;
s3: calculating the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the first mixture of each experimental group and the control group;
s4: when the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the first mixture of each experimental group is lower than 25:1, urea is added into the first mixture to obtain a second mixture with the carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25:1;
s5: adding a microbial inoculum into the second mixture of part of the test groups, adding the second mixture into high-temperature fermentation equipment for fermentation, and taking out from the fermentation equipment when the water content of the second mixture of each test group reaches 50% to obtain a third mixture;
s6: sampling the third mixture to obtain a sample;
s7: the sample is tested.
2. The method for verifying the effectiveness of the cow dung organic fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the auxiliary materials comprise straw and reed.
3. The method for verifying the effectiveness of the cow dung organic fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the ratio of the cow dung to the auxiliary materials in the step S2 comprises 10:0, 8:2, 6:4 and 4:6.
4. The method for verifying the effectiveness of the cow dung organic fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the carbon-nitrogen ratio calculation formula in S3 is as follows:
wherein C represents the carbon content of the first mixture; n represents the nitrogen content of the first mixture; c (C) 1 Represents the carbon content of cow dung; n (N) 1 Represents the nitrogen content of cow dung; c (C) 2 Represents the carbon content of auxiliary materials; n (N) 2 Representing the nitrogen content of the auxiliary materials.
5. The method for verifying the effectiveness of the cow dung organic fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the detection index in S7 includes: moisture content, dry matter content, total nitrogen content, pH, total nutrient mass fraction, heavy metal index.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310682466.3A CN116577489A (en) | 2023-06-09 | 2023-06-09 | Method for verifying effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310682466.3A CN116577489A (en) | 2023-06-09 | 2023-06-09 | Method for verifying effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN116577489A true CN116577489A (en) | 2023-08-11 |
Family
ID=87539708
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310682466.3A Pending CN116577489A (en) | 2023-06-09 | 2023-06-09 | Method for verifying effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN116577489A (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101381251A (en) * | 2008-09-24 | 2009-03-11 | 广东省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 | Ecological organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN104291993A (en) * | 2014-10-08 | 2015-01-21 | 阜新大德生物科技有限公司 | Biological organic fertilizer produced by energy-saving tubular microporous aerated fermentation and method thereof |
| JP2017001942A (en) * | 2015-06-04 | 2017-01-05 | 株式会社リオン | Natural amino acid fertilizer and method for producing the same |
| CN109115943A (en) * | 2018-04-19 | 2019-01-01 | 陕西谷佳现代有机农业科技有限公司 | One organic fertilizer technique |
| US20220136958A1 (en) * | 2020-11-03 | 2022-05-05 | Qingdao Agricultural University | In-situ detection device for detecting water and fertilizer content in crop cultivation substrate and detection method thereof |
-
2023
- 2023-06-09 CN CN202310682466.3A patent/CN116577489A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101381251A (en) * | 2008-09-24 | 2009-03-11 | 广东省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 | Ecological organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN104291993A (en) * | 2014-10-08 | 2015-01-21 | 阜新大德生物科技有限公司 | Biological organic fertilizer produced by energy-saving tubular microporous aerated fermentation and method thereof |
| JP2017001942A (en) * | 2015-06-04 | 2017-01-05 | 株式会社リオン | Natural amino acid fertilizer and method for producing the same |
| CN109115943A (en) * | 2018-04-19 | 2019-01-01 | 陕西谷佳现代有机农业科技有限公司 | One organic fertilizer technique |
| US20220136958A1 (en) * | 2020-11-03 | 2022-05-05 | Qingdao Agricultural University | In-situ detection device for detecting water and fertilizer content in crop cultivation substrate and detection method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| RUIFEN ZHU ET AL.: ""Ratio of carbon and nitrogen in fertilizer treatment drives distinct rhizosphere microbial community composition and co-occurrence networks"", 《FRONT. MICROBIOL.》, vol. 13, 8 September 2022 (2022-09-08), pages 1 - 15 * |
| 国辉等: "牛粪便资源化利用的研究进展", 环境科学与技术, vol. 36, no. 05, 31 May 2013 (2013-05-31), pages 68 - 75 * |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Lovanh et al. | Spatial shifts in microbial population structure within poultry litter associated with physicochemical properties | |
| CN102199562B (en) | Composite bacterial preparation as well as preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN108069785A (en) | Safe and efficient microbial organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
| Zhou et al. | Recycling of neomycin fermentation residue using SEA-CBS technology: Growth performance and antibiotic resistance genes | |
| CN109665876B (en) | Method for reducing abundance of macrolide drug-resistant genes in livestock and poultry manure | |
| CN116577489A (en) | Method for verifying effectiveness of cow dung organic fertilizer | |
| Pires et al. | Risk factors associated with the prevalence of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in manured soils on certified organic farms in four regions of the USA | |
| CN108484239B (en) | Method for rapidly reducing resistance gene pollution in livestock and poultry manure | |
| Mohan et al. | Addressing the challenges of ammonia loss from poultry droppings through indigenous carbon wastes | |
| Adebola et al. | Effects of different animal manures on soil physical and microbial properties | |
| CN107973626A (en) | Metal material reduces in compost treatment application and its method in nitrogen loss as nitrogen protecting agent | |
| Moningkey et al. | Nutritive value evaluation on rumen content and sludge fermented with Cellulomonas sp. as rabbit feed | |
| Dehury et al. | Effect of Azotobacter vinelandii strain SRIAz3 and N-source on microbiological properties of Rice grown soil | |
| Bao et al. | Allantoin-N concentration changes and analysis of the influencing factors on its changes during different manure composting | |
| CN110257486A (en) | A method of based on cellulose enzyme gene characterizing compost maturity | |
| Baba et al. | Feasibility and Product Maturity of Compost Developed from Poultry Waste in Temperate Agroclimate of Kashmir Region | |
| Li et al. | Effects of micro-nano bubble water addition on maturation degree and microbial community during aerobic composting | |
| CN108276035A (en) | A kind of method of feces of livestock and poultry hot fermentation system fertilizer | |
| Napoleon et al. | Study of The Utilization of Ruminant Ruments as A Bioactivator For Palm Oil Frond Compost Quality | |
| Yaping et al. | Analysis on Bacterial Community Structure in Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Compost Using PCR-DGGE. | |
| Maskey et al. | Current conditions and constraints in management of organic manure in mid-hills of eastern Nepal | |
| Strapazzon et al. | Efficiency in the treatment of three livestock manures through a composting process with mechanized turning. | |
| CN112159291A (en) | Composite biological organic bacterial fertilizer and preparation method and application thereof | |
| Li | Analysis of Soil Fertility and Biological Changes under Long-term Conservation Tillage | |
| CN110184332B (en) | Composting microbial inoculum compounding method for treating high-fiber materials and application thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |