CN116573947A - Three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN116573947A CN116573947A CN202310469578.0A CN202310469578A CN116573947A CN 116573947 A CN116573947 A CN 116573947A CN 202310469578 A CN202310469578 A CN 202310469578A CN 116573947 A CN116573947 A CN 116573947A
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000011268 mixed slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- YWYZEGXAUVWDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N triammonium citrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O YWYZEGXAUVWDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000009489 vacuum treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001391944 Commicarpus scandens Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
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- C04B35/80—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
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Abstract
The invention discloses a three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of ceramic cutters; the method comprises the following steps: mixing an acrylamide monomer, N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide, ammonium citrate, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder with deionized water to obtain mixed slurry, and putting the mixed slurry into a polytetrafluoroethylene ball milling tank for ball milling to obtain ceramic slurry; adding ammonium persulfate and tetramethyl ethylenediamine into the ceramic slurry, uniformly mixing, injecting into zirconia honeycomb ceramic, and carrying out vacuum treatment to completely fill the pores of the honeycomb ceramic with the slurry, and obtaining a ceramic blank after in-situ solidification; and (3) carrying out hot-pressing sintering on the ceramic blank to finally obtain the three-dimensional zirconia toughened ceramic cutter material. The three-dimensional continuous toughening phase of the three-dimensional toughened ceramic prepared by the invention can inhibit crack growth in a three-dimensional space, improve the fracture toughness of ceramic cutter materials and reduce stress concentration, thereby realizing the three-dimensional toughening effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ceramic cutters, and particularly relates to a three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The performance of the cutter is one of decisive factors influencing the cutting processing speed, precision, surface quality and the like, in the modern processing process, the most effective method for improving the processing efficiency is to adopt the high-speed cutting processing speed, the advanced ceramic cutter material has a plurality of unique advantages, and along with the development of modern scientific technology and technology, more and more superhard difficult-to-process materials are applied to industries such as machinery, automobiles, aerospace, molds, machine tools and the like, so that the strength of machine equipment is improved to ensure the service life and the service performance of the machine equipment.
At present, the development trend of the cutting processing technology is changed to high speed and high precision, but excessive cutting force and excessive heat generation can cause certain abrasion and deformation of a cutter, so that the processing precision of the cutter can be reduced, and tool steel and hard alloy cannot meet the process requirements, so that ceramic materials are most likely to be competitive cutter materials.
The ceramic material has the advantages of wear resistance, high hardness, good heat resistance and easy sintering densification, so that the ceramic material is watched at the earliest and is used on a small scale, but the ceramic material is relatively brittle, is easy to break and break to cause defects, is generally only used for precision machining with small impact force, and is difficult to machine large parts. The existing toughening modes mainly comprise particle toughening, whisker toughening, lamellar toughening and the like, but the toughening has obvious effect only in one dimension or two dimensions.
Thus, there is a need to prepare a ceramic tool material that is capable of being toughened in three dimensions to further enhance the mechanical properties of the ceramic tool material.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is that: the three-dimensional toughening ceramic cutter material and the preparation method thereof are provided, wherein the honeycomb zirconia ceramic or foam metal is taken as a framework, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder are filled in the framework, and then the ceramic material with a three-dimensional toughening phase is prepared by an oscillation pressure sintering technology, so that the three-dimensional toughening effect is realized, and the mechanical property of the material is improved.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: a preparation method of a three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing ceramic slurry:
mixing an acrylamide monomer, N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide, ammonium citrate, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder with deionized water to obtain mixed slurry, and putting the mixed slurry into a polytetrafluoroethylene ball milling tank for ball milling to obtain ceramic slurry;
the content of deionized water in the mixed slurry is 50-70% by mass, the content of acrylamide monomer and N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide is 3-10% by mass, the content of ammonium citrate is 0.09-1% by mass, and the balance is the sum of the content of alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder;
s2, preparing a ceramic blank:
adding ammonium persulfate and tetramethyl ethylenediamine into the ceramic slurry prepared in the step S1, uniformly mixing, injecting into zirconia honeycomb ceramics, and carrying out vacuum treatment to completely fill the pores of the honeycomb ceramics with the slurry, and obtaining a ceramic blank after in-situ solidification;
s3, sintering ceramic cutter materials:
and (2) performing hot-pressing sintering on the ceramic blank prepared in the step (S2), wherein the sintering temperature is 1200-1600 ℃, the sintering pressure is 30-80 MPa, and the heat preservation time is 20-60 min, so that the three-dimensional zirconia toughened ceramic cutter material is finally obtained.
In the step S1, in the mixed slurry, the mass ratio of the acrylamide monomer to the N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide is 4-20: 1.
in the step S1, in the mixed slurry, the volume ratio of the alumina powder to the titanium carbonitride powder is 5: 5-7: 3.
in the step S1, in the ball milling process, the ball-to-material ratio is 3-10: and 1, ball milling time is 6-24 hours.
In the step S2, ammonium persulfate accounts for 0.1-0.3% of the total mass of the ceramic slurry, and tetramethyl ethylenediamine accounts for 0.05-0.2% of the total mass of the ceramic.
In the step S1, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder may be replaced with alumina and titanium carbide, alumina and titanium nitride, alumina and zirconia.
In the step S3, the zirconia honeycomb ceramic may be replaced by a three-dimensional foam metal including foam aluminum, foam nickel and foam titanium.
The invention also provides the three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material prepared by the preparation method.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention overcomes the problem of poor toughness of particles, whiskers and the like in the traditional toughened ceramic cutter material, takes honeycomb zirconia ceramic or foam metal as a framework, fills alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder, prepares the ceramic material with a three-dimensional toughening phase through an oscillation pressure sintering technology, and can inhibit crack propagation in a three-dimensional space, improve the fracture toughness of the ceramic cutter material, simultaneously realize conduction and dispersion of external force in the three-dimensional space, reduce stress concentration, realize the three-dimensional toughening effect, avoid cracking caused by local stress concentration and prolong the service life of the ceramic cutter material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a three-dimensional toughened ceramic tool material prepared in accordance with the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Example 1: the invention provides a preparation method of a three-dimensional zirconia toughened alumina-titanium carbonitride ceramic cutter material, which comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing ceramic slurry:
mixing an acrylamide monomer, N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide, ammonium citrate, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder with deionized water to obtain mixed slurry, putting the mixed slurry into a polytetrafluoroethylene ball milling tank for ball milling, and mixing by adopting planetary ball milling, wherein the ball-to-material ratio is 5:1, rotating at 120r/min, and ball milling for 24 hours to obtain ceramic slurry;
the mixed slurry comprises, by mass, 30mL of deionized water, 5.7g of acrylamide monomer, 4.6g of N-N' -methylenebisacrylamide, 1g of ammonium citrate, 70g of alumina powder and 30g of titanium carbonitride powder.
S2, preparing a ceramic blank:
adding 0.18g of ammonium persulfate and 0.12g of tetramethyl ethylenediamine into the ball-milled ceramic slurry, uniformly mixing, injecting into zirconia honeycomb ceramic, completely filling the pores of the honeycomb ceramic with the slurry through vacuum treatment, and obtaining a ceramic blank after the slurry is cured in situ.
S3, sintering ceramic cutter materials:
and (3) carrying out hot-pressing sintering on the ceramic blank, wherein the sintering temperature is 1500 ℃, the sintering pressure is 70MPa, and the heat preservation time is 30min, so that the three-dimensional zirconia toughened alumina-titanium carbonitride ceramic cutter material is finally obtained.
The three-dimensional zirconia toughened alumina-titanium carbonitride ceramic tool material obtained in this example 1 had a hardness of 20GPa and a fracture toughness of 6.3MPa·m 1/2 。
Example 2: the invention provides a preparation method of a three-dimensional metallic nickel toughened alumina-titanium carbide ceramic cutter material, which comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing ceramic slurry:
mixing an acrylamide monomer, N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide, ammonium citrate, alumina powder and titanium carbide powder with deionized water to obtain mixed slurry, putting the mixed slurry into a polytetrafluoroethylene ball milling tank for ball milling, and mixing by adopting planetary ball milling, wherein the ball-to-material ratio is 5:1, rotating at 120r/min, and ball milling for 12h to obtain ceramic slurry;
the mixed slurry comprises 50mL of deionized water, 4.2g of acrylamide monomer, 4.2g of N-N' -methylenebisacrylamide, 0.4g of ammonium citrate, 60g of alumina powder and 40g of titanium carbide powder in parts by weight.
S2, preparing a ceramic blank:
diluting ammonium persulfate to 10% by mass and diluting tetramethyl ethylenediamine to 50% by volume; adding 1.9mL of ammonium persulfate and 330 mu L of tetramethyl ethylenediamine into the ball-milled ceramic slurry, uniformly stirring and mixing by magnetic force, injecting into foam nickel, and carrying out vacuum treatment to completely fill the slurry into the pores of the foam nickel, and obtaining a three-dimensional metal nickel toughened ceramic blank after the slurry is cured in situ.
S3, sintering ceramic cutter materials:
and (3) performing hot-pressing sintering on the ceramic blank, wherein the sintering temperature is 1400 ℃, the sintering pressure is 70MPa, and the heat preservation time is 60 minutes, so that the three-dimensional metallic nickel toughened alumina-titanium carbide ceramic cutter material is finally obtained.
The three-dimensional metallic nickel-toughened alumina-titanium carbide ceramic tool material obtained in this example 2 had a hardness of 19GPa and a fracture toughness of 8.4 MPa.m 1/2 。
Example 3: the invention provides a preparation method of a three-dimensional metallic titanium toughened alumina-titanium nitride ceramic cutter material, which comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing ceramic slurry:
mixing an acrylamide monomer, N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide, ammonium citrate, alumina powder and titanium nitride powder with deionized water to obtain mixed slurry, putting the mixed slurry into a polytetrafluoroethylene ball milling tank for ball milling, and mixing by adopting planetary ball milling, wherein the ball-to-material ratio is 3:1, rotating at 120r/min, and ball milling for 6 hours to obtain ceramic slurry;
the deionized water in the mixed slurry is 30mL, the acrylamide monomer is 2.7g, the N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide is 0.27g, the ammonium citrate is 0.3g, the alumina powder is 50g, and the titanium nitride powder is 50g.
S2, preparing a ceramic blank:
diluting ammonium persulfate to 10% by mass and diluting tetramethyl ethylenediamine to 50% by volume; adding 1.3mL of ammonium persulfate and 220 mu L of tetramethyl ethylenediamine into the ball-milled ceramic slurry, uniformly stirring and mixing by magnetic force, injecting into the foam titanium, and carrying out vacuum treatment to ensure that the slurry completely fills the pores of the foam titanium, and obtaining a three-dimensional metal titanium toughened ceramic blank after the slurry is cured in situ.
S3, sintering ceramic cutter materials:
and (3) carrying out hot-pressing sintering on the ceramic blank, wherein the sintering temperature is 1600 ℃, the sintering pressure is 80MPa, and the heat preservation time is 40min, so that the three-dimensional metallic titanium toughened alumina-titanium nitride ceramic cutter material is finally obtained.
The three-dimensional metallic titanium toughened alumina-titanium nitride ceramic tool material obtained in this example 3 had a hardness of 22GPa and a fracture toughness of 7.5 MPa.m 1/2 。
Example 4: the invention provides a preparation method of a three-dimensional metallic aluminum toughened alumina-zirconia ceramic cutter material, which comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing ceramic slurry:
mixing an acrylamide monomer, N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide, ammonium citrate, alumina powder and zirconia powder with deionized water to obtain mixed slurry, putting the mixed slurry into a polytetrafluoroethylene ball milling tank for ball milling, and mixing by adopting planetary ball milling, wherein the ball-to-material ratio is 10:1, rotating at 90r/min, and ball milling for 24 hours to obtain ceramic slurry;
the mixed slurry comprises, by mass, 40mL of deionized water, 4.2g of acrylamide monomer, 0.21g of N-N' -methylenebisacrylamide, 2g of ammonium citrate, 70g of alumina powder and 30g of zirconia powder.
S2, preparing a ceramic blank:
diluting ammonium persulfate to 10% by mass and diluting tetramethyl ethylenediamine to 50% by volume; adding 1.3mL of ammonium persulfate and 110 mu L of tetramethyl ethylenediamine into the ball-milled ceramic slurry, uniformly stirring and mixing by magnetic force, injecting into foamed aluminum, and carrying out vacuum treatment to completely fill the slurry into the pores of the foamed aluminum, and obtaining the three-dimensional metal aluminum toughened ceramic blank after the slurry is cured in situ.
S3, sintering ceramic cutter materials:
and (3) carrying out hot-pressing sintering on the ceramic blank, wherein the sintering temperature is 1200 ℃, the sintering pressure is 30MPa, and the heat preservation time is 20min, so that the three-dimensional metal aluminum toughened alumina-zirconia ceramic cutter material is finally obtained.
The three-dimensional metallic aluminum toughened alumina-zirconia ceramic tool material obtained in this example 3 had a hardness of 18GPa and a fracture toughness of 7.8 MPa.m 1/2 。
FIG. 1 is a physical diagram of a three-dimensional zirconia toughened alumina-titanium carbonitride ceramic wherein the white phase is zirconia and the black phase is alumina-titanium carbonitride. The white zirconia is distributed in the matrix in a net shape, so that the white zirconia can play roles of dispersing external force and toughening in a three-dimensional space when the material is stressed.
According to the embodiment, the toughness of the composite material can be obviously improved by adopting the three-dimensional toughening phase, and particularly, the toughness of the composite material taking foam metal as the three-dimensional toughening phase is obviously improved.
According to the invention, the honeycomb zirconia ceramic or foam metal is taken as a framework, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder are filled, and then the ceramic material with a three-dimensional toughening phase is prepared by an oscillation pressure sintering technology, so that the three-dimensional continuous toughening phase can inhibit crack propagation in a three-dimensional space, the fracture toughness of the ceramic cutter material is improved, meanwhile, the three-dimensional continuous toughening phase can realize the conduction and dispersion of external force in the three-dimensional space, and the stress concentration is reduced, thereby realizing the three-dimensional toughening effect, avoiding the cracking caused by local stress concentration, and prolonging the service life of the ceramic cutter material.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the present invention and not restrictive, and other modifications and equivalents thereof may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of a three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing ceramic slurry:
mixing an acrylamide monomer, N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide, ammonium citrate, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder with deionized water to obtain mixed slurry, and putting the mixed slurry into a polytetrafluoroethylene ball milling tank for ball milling to obtain ceramic slurry;
the content of deionized water in the mixed slurry is 50-70% by mass, the content of acrylamide monomer and N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide is 3-10% by mass, the content of ammonium citrate is 0.09-1% by mass, and the balance is the sum of the content of alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder;
s2, preparing a ceramic blank:
adding ammonium persulfate and tetramethyl ethylenediamine into the ceramic slurry prepared in the step S1, uniformly mixing, injecting into zirconia honeycomb ceramics, and carrying out vacuum treatment to completely fill the pores of the honeycomb ceramics with the slurry, and obtaining a ceramic blank after in-situ solidification;
s3, sintering ceramic cutter materials:
and (2) performing hot-pressing sintering on the ceramic blank prepared in the step (S2), wherein the sintering temperature is 1200-1600 ℃, the sintering pressure is 30-80 MPa, and the heat preservation time is 20-60 min, so that the three-dimensional zirconia toughened ceramic cutter material is finally obtained.
2. The method for preparing the three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S1, in the mixed slurry, the mass ratio of the acrylamide monomer to the N-N' -methylene bisacrylamide is 4-20: 1.
3. the method for preparing the three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S1, in the mixed slurry, the volume ratio of the alumina powder to the titanium carbonitride powder is 5: 5-7: 3.
4. the method for preparing the three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S1, in the ball milling process, the ball-to-material ratio is 3-10: and 1, ball milling time is 6-24 hours.
5. The method for preparing the three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S2, ammonium persulfate accounts for 0.1-0.3% of the total mass of the ceramic slurry, and tetramethyl ethylenediamine accounts for 0.05-0.2% of the total mass of the ceramic.
6. The method for preparing the three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S1, alumina powder and titanium carbonitride powder may be replaced with alumina and titanium carbide, alumina and titanium nitride, alumina and zirconia.
7. The method for preparing the three-dimensional toughened ceramic cutter material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S3, the zirconia honeycomb ceramic may be replaced by a three-dimensional foam metal including foam aluminum, foam nickel and foam titanium.
8. A three-dimensional toughened ceramic tool material prepared by the method of any of claims 1 to 7.
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