CN116569805A - 一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，包括整地与播种、水肥管理、药剂控旺、以及整枝打杈。本发明通过增施生物菌肥和有机碳肥，使豇豆能够形成健壮的营养体，为丰产打下基础。开花前通过喷施控旺剂，采用促、控结合，长效配合短效的方法调节植株生长，促进植株早开花、多开花。开花结荚期通过多次喷施叶面肥，为植株补充各种营养元素，防止落花落荚和植株早衰。以上方法再配合合理密植和整枝打杈，使得豇豆栽培过程中植株健壮，能够提前3‑5天开花，且产量可提高20%左右，荚条顺直、不鼠尾，其商品性大大提升。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及蔬菜栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法。
背景技术
豇豆为豆科豇豆属一年生蔓生性蔬菜，喜温耐热，在我国春、夏、秋三季均可种植。豇豆生长期多处于高温季节，生产上常因高温、高湿等不良条件而导致植株贪长、旺长，主要表现为节间长，侧枝多，叶片大且薄，叶片颜色较浅。旺盛的营养生长常常造成豇豆开花晚，始花节位高，结荚数量少。高温条件下，豇豆花粉活力下降造成授粉授精不良，因此落花落荚现象常有发生。另外植株旺长还会使其抗性降低，病虫害发生率大大增加，再加上豇豆栽培技术相对简单，因此其栽培过程中管理相对比较粗放，技术水平也比较低，这就造成豇豆单产水平不高、而且生产中产量时高时低，种植效益也就得不到有效保障，这也是影响我国豇豆产业快速发展的主要原因之一。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对豇豆生产上存在的极易旺长的问题，提供一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法。该方法主要通过叶面喷施包含多种成分的控旺剂和叶面肥调节植株生长，同时结合合理密植、整枝打杈等栽培手段达到促花保果，提高产量的效果。
本发明的目的可通过以下技术措施来实现：
整地与播种：选择地势平整，排水良好，有灌溉条件，两年内未种植过豆类蔬菜的地块，深翻土壤，每亩施入有机肥2000-2500kg，氮磷钾复合肥(15-15-15)40-60kg，生物菌肥1-2kg，耙平后按1.5-1.8m行距起垄，垄上铺盖地膜后备用，整地后选择饱满的种子进行足墒播种，1垄双行种植，行距40-50cm，株距30-35cm，每穴播种2-3粒；
水肥管理：豇豆出齐苗后插杆搭架并及时引蔓上架，开花前尽量控制水分，第一层花序坐荚后开始浇水追肥，以后每间隔5-7天追肥一次，同时每间隔7-10天喷施叶面肥补充养分；
药剂控旺：株高达到80-100cm时，叶面喷施豇豆控旺剂配方1，7-10天后，叶面喷施豇豆控旺剂配方2，5-7天后，若植株控旺效果不理想，可继续喷施豇豆控旺剂配方2控旺1-2次；
整枝打杈：主蔓第一花序以下的侧芽全部抹掉，主蔓中上部侧枝留2-3片叶后摘心，当主蔓长到2m以上时打顶，以便控制营养生长。
优选的是，所述一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法中，豇豆控旺剂包括配方1和配方2，其中所述的配方1包含下述重量体积比的物质：调环酸钙0.07-0.1g/L，磷酸二氢钾2-5g/L，尿素2-5g/L，吡唑醚菌酯0.6-1g/L，余量为水；所述的配方2包含下述重量体积比的物质：调环酸钙0.07-0.1g/L，磷酸二氢钾2-5g/L，钼酸铵0.1-0.3g/L，复硝酚钠0.005-0.01g/L，吡唑醚菌酯0.6-1g/L，余量为水。
优选的是，所述一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法中，豇豆控旺剂使用方法为：株高达到80-100cm时，按配方1重量体积比取调环酸钙1.05-1.5g/15L，磷酸二氢钾30-75g/15L，尿素30-75g/15L，吡唑醚菌酯9-15g/15L，分别用少量水溶解后倒入容量为15L的喷药壶，并将喷药壶加满水，充分搅拌均匀后即可进行叶面喷施。所述配方1喷施7-10天后，按配方2重量体积比取调环酸钙1.05-1.5g/15L，磷酸二氢钾30-75g/15L，钼酸铵1.5-4.5g/15L，复硝酚钠0.075-0.15g/15L，吡唑醚菌酯9-15g/15L，分别用少量水溶解后倒入容量为15L的喷药壶，并将喷药壶加满水，充分搅拌均匀后即可进行叶面喷施。所述配方2喷施5-7天后，如果未达到预期控旺效果，可再继续喷施1-2次，间隔时间缩短至3-5天。
优选的是，所述一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法中，晚熟品种种植密度为垄距1.5-1.8m，株距35-40cm。夏播豇豆种植密度为垄距1.8-2.0m，株距35-40cm。
优选的是，所述一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法中，追肥的种类及使用量为：氮磷钾复合肥15-20kg/667m2，尿素5-10kg/667m2，同时交替追施1-2次钙镁硫等中量元素肥8-15kg/667m2和液态有机碳肥2.5-5kg/667m2。
优选的是，所述一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法中，叶面肥配方是：0.2％-0.3％磷酸二氢钾，0.0005％-0.001％硝钠·胺鲜酯水剂，0.5％-1％红糖，0.1％-0.2％硼肥，0.07％-0.08％甲基硫菌灵。
作为本发明的进一步优化，所述豇豆播种也可采用穴盘或营养钵育苗移栽的方式，育苗期较正常播种期提前15-20天。
本发明的有益效果：
本发明提供的豇豆控旺剂配方，加入内吸传导性极强的杀菌保护剂吡唑醚菌酯，能够携带磷酸二氢钾和缩节胺一起在植物体内传输，因此可以增强氮元素的转化与代谢，达到调节植物生长的同时，还能够预防病害的发生。配方2在配方1的基础上，添加了钼酸铵和复硝酚钠，在调节植株生长的同时，还能实现早熟高产、提高植株抗性和豇豆商品性的目的。
本发明采用根部施肥和叶面喷肥相结合的方法。根部施肥采用氮磷钾复合肥与生物菌肥和有机碳肥配合使用的方法。生物菌肥和复合肥配合使用，不仅能够改良土壤、还能提高化肥的利用率，从而减少化肥的施用量。有机碳肥施入土壤中，由于其小分子的有机碳元素能够被根系直接利用，所以生长期追施有机碳肥后，能够快速为植株提供生命所必须的基础碳元素，从而能够促进豇豆根系生长、增强植株光合作用和提高免疫力等。开花结荚期喷施含有磷酸二氢钾、红糖、硝钠·胺鲜酯及硼肥等成分的叶面肥，能够快速补充植株生长所需的钾肥、磷肥、硼肥、氨基酸、糖类等各种养分，防止早衰，促进开花、提高坐荚率的同时植株抗性和荚条商品性也得到了很大提高。
由于本发明的栽培方法中种植密度较常规种植密度小、尤其是晚熟品种和越夏种植时，再加上定期对植株进行整枝打杈，这样可以有效改善田间通风和透光条件，控制植株旺长的同时又能促进开花和结荚，病虫害发病率也相对降低。
由此可见，本发明通过增施生物菌肥和有机碳肥，使豇豆能够形成健壮的营养体，为丰产打下基础。开花前通过喷施控旺剂，采用促、控结合，长效配合短效的方法调节植株生长，促进植株早开花、多开花。开花结荚期通过多次喷施叶面肥，为植株补充各种营养元素，防止落花落荚和植株早衰。以上方法再配合合理密植和整枝打杈，使得豇豆栽培过程中植株健壮，能够提前3-5天开花，且产量可提高20％左右，荚条顺直、不鼠尾，其商品性大大提升。
具体实施例方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步的详细说明，以令本领域技术人员参照说明书文字能够据以实施。需要说明的是，在本发明豇豆的栽培方法中，既下述实施方案中所述实验方法，如无特殊说明，均为常规方法，包括但不限于中耕、采收、病虫害防治等过程；所述试剂和材料，如无特殊说明，均可从商业途径获得。
实施例1
一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，包括以下步骤：
茬口与品种：春露地种植，采用穴盘育苗移栽的方式进行。4月8日育苗播种，4月24日定植。选择早熟或中熟，抗性强、产量高的品种。荚荚乐3号中早熟，长势中等，春季播种至始花45天左右。荚色翠绿，平均荚长可达65厘米，荚条顺直、厚肉，商品性好。
整地与播种：选择地势平整，排水良好，有灌溉条件，两年内未种植过豆类蔬菜的地块，深翻土壤，每亩施入有机肥2000kg，氮磷钾复合肥(15-15-15)50kg，生物菌肥1kg。耙平后按1.5m垄距起垄，垄面宽70cm，垄沟宽80cm。垄上铺盖地膜后备用。整地后选择晴天进行定植，1垄双行种植，小行距50cm，大行距100cm，株距30cm，每穴播种3粒。
田间管理：
水肥管理：豇豆开花前尽量不浇水，如遇干旱可少量浇水。第一层花序坐荚后，结合浇水追施氮磷钾复合肥15kg/667m2，尿素5kg/667m2。以后每间隔7天追肥一次，同时交替追施1-2次钙镁硫等中量元素肥10kg/667m2和液态有机碳肥3kg/667m2。开花结荚期每间隔7天叶面喷施0.3％磷酸二氢钾，0.0005％硝钠·胺鲜酯水剂，1％红糖，0.1％硼肥，0.07％甲基硫菌灵。
药剂控旺：株高达到80-100cm时，叶面喷施配方1控旺剂，7天后，叶面喷施配方2控旺剂。5天后，若植株控旺效果不理想，可继续喷施配方2控旺剂1-2次。
整枝打杈：豇豆出齐苗后插杆搭架并及时引蔓上架。及时将主蔓第一花序以下的侧芽抹掉，主蔓中上部侧枝留2-3片叶后摘心，当主蔓长到2m以上时及时打顶，以便控制营养生长。
所述配方1控旺剂各成分重量体积比为：调环酸钙1.05g/15L，磷酸二氢钾40g/15L，尿素30g/15L，吡唑醚菌酯9g/15L，余量为水。
所述配方2控旺剂各成分重量体积比为：调环酸钙1.05g/15L，磷酸二氢钾40g/15L，钼酸铵1.5g/15L，复硝酚钠0.075g/L，吡唑醚菌酯9g/15L，余量为水。
实施例2
一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，包括以下步骤：
茬口与品种：越夏露地种植，采用直播方式进行。6月10日播种。选择早熟或中熟，抗性强、产量高，具有一定耐热性的品种。荚荚乐8号中熟，长势稍强，春季播种至始花50天左右。荚色翠绿，平均荚长可达70厘米，荚条顺直、厚肉，商品性好。
整地与播种：选择地势平整，排水良好，有灌溉条件，两年内未种植过豆类蔬菜的地块，深翻土壤，每亩施入有机肥2500kg，氮磷钾复合肥(15-15-15)50kg，生物菌肥2kg。耙平后按1.8m垄距起垄，垄面宽70cm，垄沟宽110cm。垄上铺盖地膜后备用。1垄双行种植，小行距50cm，大行距130cm，株距35cm，每穴播种3粒。
田间管理：
水肥管理：豇豆开花前尽量不浇水，如遇干旱可少量浇水。第一层花序坐荚后，结合浇水追施氮磷钾复合肥20kg/667m2，尿素5kg/667m2。以后每间隔5天追肥一次，同时交替追施2次钙镁硫等中量元素肥10kg/667m2和液态有机碳肥4kg/667m2。开花结荚期每间隔5天叶面喷施0.3％磷酸二氢钾，0.001％硝钠·胺鲜酯水剂，1％红糖，0.2％硼肥，0.08％甲基硫菌灵。
药剂控旺：株高达到80-100cm时，叶面喷施配方1控旺剂，7天后，叶面喷施配方2控旺剂。5天后，若植株控旺效果不理想，可继续喷施配方2控旺剂1-2次。
整枝打杈：豇豆出齐苗后插杆搭架并及时引蔓上架。及时将主蔓第一花序以下的侧芽抹掉，主蔓中上部侧枝留2-3片叶后摘心，当主蔓长到2m以上时及时打顶，以便控制营养生长。
所述配方1控旺剂各成分重量体积比为：调环酸钙1.05g/15L，磷酸二氢钾40g/15L，尿素30g/15L，吡唑醚菌酯9g/15L，余量为水。
所述配方2控旺剂各成分重量体积比为：调环酸钙1.05g/15L，磷酸二氢钾40g/15L，钼酸铵1.5g/15L，复硝酚钠0.075g/L，吡唑醚菌酯9g/15L，余量为水。
对比实施例1
本对比实施例1与实施例1相比，省去了药剂控旺环节，肥水管理中省去了交替追施中量元素肥和液态有机碳肥以及叶面喷施肥的环节。除此外的方法步骤均相同。
对比实施例2
本对比实施例2与实施例2相比，省去了药剂控旺环节，肥水管理中省去了交替追施中量元素肥和液态有机碳肥以及叶面喷施肥的环节。除此外的方法步骤均相同。
为了对比本发明效果，选择同一批采收的荚荚乐3号、荚荚乐7号种子作为试验对象，分别用上述实施例1、对比实施例1、实施例2、对比实施例2对应的方法进行栽培管理，各实施例栽培面积667m2，栽培中调查始花期，荚条成熟后分批采摘，并记录采收30天内的产量，具体对比数据如下：
| 始花期 | 产量(kg) | |
| 实施例1 | 5月28日 | 3394 |
| 对比实施例1 | 5月31日 | 2952 |
| 实施例2 | 7月10日 | 2464 |
| 对比实施例2 | 7月15日 | 2088 |
从统计结果可以看出：实施例1比对比实施例1的始花期提前了3天，产量提高近15％。实施例2与对比实施例2相比，提早开花5天，产量增加了18％。
尽管本发明的实施方案已公开如上，但其并不仅仅限于说明书和实施方式中所列运用，它完全可以被适用于各种适合本发明的领域，对于熟悉本领域的人员而言，可容易地实现另外的修改，因此在不背离权利要求及等同范围所限定的一般概念下，本发明并不限于特定的细节和这里示出与描述的实例。
Claims (8)
1.一种豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，所述方法包括：
整地与播种：选择地势平整，排水良好，有灌溉条件，两年内未种植过豆类蔬菜的地块，深翻土壤，每亩施入有机肥2000-2500kg，氮磷钾复合肥40-60kg，生物菌肥1-2kg，耙平后按1.5-1.8m行距起垄，垄上铺盖地膜后备用，整地后选择饱满的种子进行足墒播种，1垄双行种植，行距40-50cm，株距30-35cm，每穴播种2-3粒；
水肥管理：豇豆出齐苗后插杆搭架并及时引蔓上架，开花前尽量控制水分，第一层花序坐荚后开始浇水追肥，以后每间隔5-7天追肥一次，同时每间隔7-10天喷施叶面肥补充养分；
药剂控旺：株高达到80-100cm时，叶面喷施豇豆控旺剂配方1，7-10天后，叶面喷施豇豆控旺剂配方2，5-7天后，若植株控旺效果不理想，可继续喷施豇豆控旺剂配方2控旺1-2次；
整枝打杈：主蔓第一花序以下的侧芽全部抹掉，主蔓中上部侧枝留2-3片叶后摘心，当主蔓长到2m以上时打顶，以便控制营养生长。
2.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，其中，所述豇豆控旺剂配方1包含下述重量体积比的物质：调环酸钙0.07-0.1g/L，磷酸二氢钾2-5g/L，尿素2-5g/L，吡唑醚菌酯0.6-1g/L，余量为水。
3.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，其中，所述豇豆控旺剂配方2包含下述重量体积比的物质：调环酸钙0.07-0.1g/L，磷酸二氢钾2-5g/L，钼酸铵0.1-0.3g/L，复硝酚钠0.005-0.01g/L，吡唑醚菌酯0.6-1g/L，余量为水。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，其中，所述豇豆控旺剂配方1和配方2的使用方法为：株高达到80-100cm时，将所述豇豆控旺剂配方1的组成成分分别用水溶解后倒入容量为15L的喷药壶，并将喷药壶加满水，充分搅拌均匀后即可进行叶面喷施；
所述配方1喷施7-10天后，将所述豇豆控旺剂配方2的组成成分分别用水溶解后倒入容量为15L的喷药壶，并将喷药壶加满水，充分搅拌均匀后即可进行叶面喷施，所述配方2喷施5-7天后，如果未达到预期控旺效果，可再继续喷施1-2次，间隔时间缩短至3-5天。
5.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，其中，晚熟品种种植密度为垄距1.5-1.8m，株距35-40cm；夏播豇豆种植密度为垄距1.8-2.0m，株距35-40cm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，其中，水肥管理步骤中，所述追肥的种类及使用量为：氮磷钾复合肥15-20kg/667m2，尿素5-10kg/667m2，同时交替追施1-2次钙镁硫等中量元素肥8-15kg/667m2和液态有机碳肥2.5-5kg/667m2。
7.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，其中，所述叶面肥包含：0.2％-0.3％磷酸二氢钾，0.0005％-0.001％硝钠·胺鲜酯水剂，0.5％-1％红糖，0.1％-0.2％硼肥，0.07％-0.08％甲基硫菌灵。
8.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆控旺增产栽培管理方法，其中，所述豇豆播种采用穴盘或营养钵育苗移栽的方式，育苗期较正常播种期提前15-20天。
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