CN116561834A - Method and system for optimally designing neutron source target structural parameters of electron accelerator - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a system for optimally designing neutron source target structural parameters of an electron accelerator, wherein the method comprises the following steps: determining parameters to be optimized; in the electron-neutron conversion target model, parameters to be optimized are used as variables, the neutron yield of a neutron source is maximized as an optimization target, and the parameters to be optimized are optimized by adopting a genetic algorithm to obtain the structural parameters of the optimized electron accelerator neutron source target.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of parameter optimization, and relates to a method and a system for optimizing structural parameters of a neutron source target of an electron accelerator.
Background
Neutron physics is the basis of nuclear physics, nuclear energy and nuclear technology, and neutron sources with excellent performance are the preconditions for carrying out related research work. Currently, the neutron sources mainly comprise the following three types: radioisotope neutron source, fission reactor neutron source, accelerator white light neutron source. The white light neutron source driven by the electron accelerator bombards a metal target with high atomic number by using high-energy electrons, generates high-energy gamma rays through the bremsstrahlung process, and part of gamma rays further react with target atomic nuclei to generate (gamma, n) photonuclear reaction to generate required neutrons.
The neutron source can be closed when not in use, and has high controllability and safety; the neutron source can obtain neutrons with high quality in all directions, and measurement experiments can be carried out simultaneously in different directions of the neutron source; neutron yield can be adjusted by adjusting accelerator power, so that different test requirements can be met; the produced neutrons are high in quality: the energy spectrum range is wide, and the fluence rate is high. The method is widely applied to a plurality of fields such as nuclear data measurement, neutron radiation effect, neutron imaging, nuclide component analysis, detector calibration and the like.
The parameters such as the material, the structure, the geometric dimension and the like of the target have critical influence on the performance of the neutron source, and the design of the target is also a core problem in the neutron source design process.
The current design modes of geometric parameters of the target can be mainly divided into the following two modes:
first, designs are made by means of past design experience or related empirical formulas. This approach requires a lot of experimental data as support, is not flexible enough, has poor universality, and can bring large errors for different system structures, so that it is difficult to apply the method to electron accelerators with different energy ranges and different scenes.
Secondly, using simulation software such as Geant4, MCNPX, FLUKA and the like to obtain the trend of neutron yield changing along with the change of a single parameter, and sequentially and respectively determining each geometric parameter. The method greatly saves test cost, and can obtain more fitting results by changing programs for different systems and different application scenes, but the method cannot simultaneously consider the influence of simultaneous actions of different parameters.
While for target materials, most targets use only a single material, such as tungsten, tantalum, lead, etc., the (gamma, n) reaction cross section of these materials is large, and more neutrons can be generated under the same conditions. Since the photonuclear reaction is a threshold reaction, the reaction can only occur when the energy is larger than a certain threshold, which results in that a large amount of gamma particles with lower energy are not fully utilized, and the gamma particles which are not utilized can cause interference, so that the performance of the neutron source is affected.
Whether the design of the target structure is adopted, the selection of target materials or the selection of target parameters cannot be realized by the traditional mode, the influence of the factors can not be simultaneously considered, the performance of the electron accelerator can be exerted to the greatest extent, and the neutron yield of the neutron source still has a great improvement space.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method and a system for optimizing structural parameters of a neutron source target of an electron accelerator, and the system and the method can effectively improve the neutron yield of the neutron source.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the method for optimizing the structural parameters of the neutron source target of the electron accelerator comprises the following steps:
determining parameters to be optimized;
in the electron-neutron conversion target model, parameters to be optimized are used as variables, the neutron yield of a neutron source is maximized as an optimization target, and the parameters to be optimized are optimized by adopting a genetic algorithm, so that the structural parameters of the optimized electron accelerator neutron source target are obtained.
Further comprises:
establishing an electron-neutron conversion target model;
determining the type of the detector;
selecting a Pb spherical shell as a gamma shielding layer;
the physical process that occurs is determined.
The specific process for establishing the electron-neutron conversion target model comprises the following steps:
establishing an electron accelerator model according to the energy, the emergent position, the emergent angle and the particle number of electrons emitted by the electron accelerator;
and establishing an electron-neutron conversion target model based on the electron accelerator model according to the geometric parameters of the primary target and the secondary target, wherein the geometric structure of the conversion target is set to be a cylinder.
The parameters to be optimized include, but are not limited to, the geometric position of the target, the radius and thickness of the primary target, the radius and thickness of the secondary target, and the shield thickness.
The fitness function with neutron yield maximization as the optimization target is:
wherein ,flux for target energy neutrons, +.>Flux for target energy gamma particles, +.>For other energy neutron flux,/->For flux of other energy gamma particles, T is a set of axial thicknesses of different target layer structures, R is a set of radial thicknesses of different target layer structures, X is a set of spatial parameters such as target position angles, Y is a set of incident particle information, Z is a set of parameters related to a detector and a shielding layer, a+b+c+d=1, and a, b, c and d are weight factors of four single objective functions respectively.
The physical processes include, but are not limited to, reactions of electrons with substances, reactions of photons with substances, and reactions of neutrons with substances.
The detector type is a sphere detector, wherein ion information at different angles is acquired through the sphere detector.
The invention relates to an optimization design system for structural parameters of a neutron source target of an electron accelerator, which comprises the following components:
the first determining module is used for determining parameters to be optimized;
and the optimizing module is used for optimizing the parameters to be optimized by adopting a genetic algorithm in the electron-neutron conversion target model by taking the parameters to be optimized as variables to obtain the structural parameters of the neutron source target of the optimized electron accelerator.
Further comprises:
the second determining module is used for determining the type of the detector;
the selecting module is used for selecting the Pb spherical shell as a gamma shielding layer;
a third determining module for determining the physical process that occurs;
and the building module is used for building an electron-neutron conversion target model.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
in the specific operation of the method and the system for optimizing the structural parameters of the neutron source target of the electronic accelerator, the parameters to be optimized are used as variables in the electronic-neutron conversion target model, the neutron yield of the neutron source is maximized as an optimization target, the genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize the parameters to be optimized, the structural parameters of the neutron source target of the electronic accelerator after optimization are obtained, the neutron source target is obtained based on the structural parameters, the neutron yield of the neutron source is effectively improved, and the method and the system are simple and convenient to operate and extremely high in practicability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a switching target;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a detector;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the position of a detector and a switching target in the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present invention better understood by those skilled in the art, the following description will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments, but not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, in the following description, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as not to unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present disclosure. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any inventive effort, shall fall within the scope of the present invention.
In the accompanying drawings, there is shown a schematic structural diagram in accordance with a disclosed embodiment of the invention. The figures are not drawn to scale, wherein certain details are exaggerated for clarity of presentation and may have been omitted. The shapes of the various regions, layers and their relative sizes, positional relationships shown in the drawings are merely exemplary, may in practice deviate due to manufacturing tolerances or technical limitations, and one skilled in the art may additionally design regions/layers having different shapes, sizes, relative positions as actually required.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1 to 4, the method for optimizing the structural parameters of the neutron source target of the electron accelerator comprises the following steps:
1) In simulation software based on the Monte Carlo method, taking Geant4 as an example, the energy, the emergent position, the emergent angle and the particle number of electrons emitted by an electron accelerator are input, and an electron accelerator model is built, and 400MeV single-energy electrons are taken as an example.
2) The method comprises the steps of inputting geometric parameters of a primary target and a secondary target, establishing an electron-neutron conversion target model, wherein the geometric structure of the conversion target is a cylinder, selecting the cylinder according to the neutron yield by comparing a ball target, a cylinder target, a cone target and a cuboid target, wherein the three cylinders are coaxially distributed and the lower bottom surfaces are coincident as shown in figure 1, the innermost layer is the primary target, the middle is the secondary target, the outermost layer is a vacuum target, the geometric center of the vacuum target and the electron emission position, namely the electron accelerator position distance are fixed, and controlling the distance between the primary secondary target and the electron accelerator and the relative position in a detector by changing the parameters of the vacuum target.
The primary target material is selected from W material (selected from metals with high atomic number such as W, ta, pb, etc.), and the secondary target material is selected from Be material.
3) The detector is a sphere detector and is divided into 40 sphere rings according to angles, as shown in fig. 2, to obtain particle information at different angles.
4) Pb spherical shell is selected as gamma shielding layer, which can greatly reduce the influence of gamma noise floor without obviously affecting neutron yield.
5) Defining a physical inventory, explicitly occurring physical processes, and building a physical model, including but not limited to:
the reaction of electrons with a substance: elastic scattering, ionization excitation, bremsstrahlung, electron pair annihilation, and electron nuclear reaction;
the reaction of photons with a substance: photoelectric effect, compton effect, electron pair effect, and photonuclear reaction;
reaction of neutrons with matter: elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, radiation trapping, nuclear reactions, and nuclear fission reactions.
Taking Geant4 as an example, an FTFP_BERT physical list is selected, which comprises the physical process and the section database.
6) And counting information of various particles obtained by a detector output by Geant4 by using matlab software to obtain neutron yield, neutron spectrum, gamma yield and gamma spectrum information.
7) Determining parameters to be optimized, extracting parameter sets, and specific parameters include but are not limited to: different target layer space geometry parameters, incident particle parameters, detector related parameters, and shielding layer parameters.
8) The optimization objective is set to obtain as many neutrons and gamma particles of the required parameters as possible while minimizing the effects of neutrons and gamma particles of other energies, e.g., establishing an fitness function targeting the maximum neutron yield, wherein,
wherein ,ffitness (T, R, X, Y, Z) is an fitness function,for neutrons of the target energyFlux (I)>Flux for target energy gamma particles, +.>For other energy neutron flux,/->For flux of other energy gamma particles, T is a set of axial thicknesses of different target layer structures, R is a set of radial thicknesses of different target layer structures, X is a set of spatial parameters such as target position angles, and Y is a set of incident particle information, for example, incident angle and incident energy; z is a set of detector and shield related parameters, e.g., detection angle. a+b+c+d=1, and a, b, c, and d are weighting factors of four single objective functions, respectively, representing the importance of each objective.
9) Initializing genetic algorithm parameters;
relevant parameters of the input genetic algorithm include, but are not limited to: iteration times, individual numbers, mutation rates and crossover rates. And setting boundary conditions by taking the geometric position of the target, the radius and thickness of the primary target, the radius and thickness of the secondary target and the thickness of the shielding layer as parameters to be optimized.
10 Using binary random coding mode to code the parameters to be optimized of the primary individual.
11 Calling Geant4 software for each individual in the population in the genetic algorithm, obtaining the fitness function of the corresponding individual through the steps 1) to 7), and calculating the fitness value of each individual.
12 Ranking the individuals according to the fitness value, and selecting and determining chromosomes which are inherited to the next generation individuals by using a random traversal sampling method.
13 Performing cross mutation operation on the next generation chromosome population to obtain a new generation population;
14 Judging whether the termination condition is met, decoding if the termination condition is met, outputting optimized parameters, otherwise, repeating the steps 10) to 12).
The invention relates to an optimization design system for structural parameters of a neutron source target of an electron accelerator, which comprises the following components:
the second determining module is used for determining the type of the detector;
the selecting module is used for selecting the Pb spherical shell as a gamma shielding layer;
a third determining module for determining the physical process that occurs;
the building module is used for building an electron-neutron conversion target model;
the first determining module is used for determining parameters to be optimized;
and the optimizing module is used for optimizing the parameters to be optimized by adopting a genetic algorithm in the electron-neutron conversion target model by taking the parameters to be optimized as variables to obtain the structural parameters of the neutron source target of the optimized electron accelerator.
The invention has the following characteristics:
compared with the traditional single-structure target, the target with the composite structure is adopted, the primary target generates the gamma particles through the incidence electrons and the substance generating the bremsstrahlung radiation, and the high-energy gamma particles and the substance generate photonuclear reaction to generate neutrons; the secondary target utilizes gamma particles with lower energy which cannot be utilized by the primary target to generate neutrons through photonuclear reaction, so that the neutron yield is further improved, the utilization efficiency of the electron accelerator is improved, and the performance of a neutron source is improved.
In the optimization, aiming at a plurality of targets, different from the target which only considers the improvement of neutron yield in the traditional target structure optimization process, the method and the device can reduce the influence of other energy neutrons and gamma particles as much as possible while acquiring neutrons and gamma particles of required parameters as much as possible by adjusting the parameters of the target and the shielding body, reduce the influence of unnecessary particles on the premise of not influencing the particles required by the experiment which can be provided originally, and improve the performance of a neutron source.
The optimization process simultaneously considers a plurality of parameters, namely the geometry and parameters of the target, the geometry parameters of the shielding layer, the parameters of the electron accelerator and the like, and influences on the performance of the neutron source. The traditional optimization process usually adopts a controlled variable method, and the parameters of the target are respectively determined by respectively determining the influence trend of a single factor on the result, but when the structural parameters are more (composite targets are used), the parameters are often mutually influenced, the traditional method is difficult to calculate, and the calculation amount is large and even the method is not applicable any more. The invention can simultaneously consider the influence of all parameters on the optimization result, and the mathematical model is simple and is convenient for modeling and understanding.
The invention has wide application range and high flexibility, and can flexibly adjust the fitness function according to different test requirements (neutrons and gamma particles with different energies are needed in different experiments), so that the neutron source can generate neutrons which are most suitable for the experiments.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical aspects of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: modifications and equivalents may be made to the specific embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is intended to be covered by the claims.
Claims (9)
1. The optimization design method for the neutron source target structural parameters of the electron accelerator is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
determining parameters to be optimized;
in the electron-neutron conversion target model, parameters to be optimized are used as variables, the neutron yield of a neutron source is maximized as an optimization target, and the parameters to be optimized are optimized by adopting a genetic algorithm, so that the structural parameters of the optimized electron accelerator neutron source target are obtained.
2. The method for optimizing structural parameters of a neutron source target of an electron accelerator according to claim 1, further comprising:
establishing an electron-neutron conversion target model;
determining the type of the detector;
selecting a Pb spherical shell as a gamma shielding layer;
the physical process that occurs is determined.
3. The method for optimizing structural parameters of a neutron source target of an electron accelerator according to claim 1, wherein the specific process of establishing the electron-neutron conversion target model is as follows:
establishing an electron accelerator model according to the energy, the emergent position, the emergent angle and the particle number of electrons emitted by the electron accelerator;
and establishing an electron-neutron conversion target model based on the electron accelerator model according to the geometric parameters of the primary target and the secondary target, wherein the geometric structure of the conversion target is set to be a cylinder.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters to be optimized include, but are not limited to, the geometric position of the target, the radius and thickness of the primary target, the radius and thickness of the secondary target, and the thickness of the shielding layer.
5. The method for optimizing the design parameters of the neutron source target structure of the electron accelerator according to claim 1, wherein the fitness function for maximizing the neutron yield as the optimization target is:
wherein ,flux for target energy neutrons, +.>Flux for target energy gamma particles, +.>For other energy neutron flux,/->For flux of other energy gamma particles, T is a set of axial thicknesses of different target layer structures, R is a set of radial thicknesses of different target layer structures, X is a set of spatial parameters such as target position angles, Y is a set of incident particle information, Z is a set of parameters related to a detector and a shielding layer, a+b+c+d=1, and a, b, c and d are weight factors of four single objective functions respectively.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical process includes, but is not limited to, a reaction between an electron and a substance, a reaction between a photon and a substance, and a reaction between a neutron and a substance.
7. The method for optimizing structural parameters of a neutron source target of an electron accelerator according to claim 1, wherein the detector is a spherical detector, and wherein ion information at different angles is acquired through the spherical detector.
8. An electron accelerator neutron source target structural parameter optimization design system is characterized by comprising:
the first determining module is used for determining parameters to be optimized;
and the optimizing module is used for optimizing the parameters to be optimized by adopting a genetic algorithm in the electron-neutron conversion target model by taking the parameters to be optimized as variables to obtain the structural parameters of the neutron source target of the optimized electron accelerator.
9. The system for optimizing structural parameters of a neutron source target in an electron accelerator of claim 8, further comprising:
the second determining module is used for determining the type of the detector;
the selecting module is used for selecting the Pb spherical shell as a gamma shielding layer;
a third determining module for determining the physical process that occurs;
and the building module is used for building an electron-neutron conversion target model.
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