CN116559564A - Ground wire information monitoring and analyzing system - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于地线监测分析技术领域,具体是一种地线信息监测分析系统。The invention belongs to the technical field of ground wire monitoring and analysis, in particular to a ground wire information monitoring and analysis system.
背景技术Background technique
电力系统中,接地线是保护工作人员免遭触电伤害最直接的措施,但目前我国在电力工程运行维护施工现场普遍采用的是靠人工方式检查临时接地线,手段原始,效率低下且易发生安全事故。而现有的地线管控系统大多采用RS485等有线传输方式,或GPRS等收费通信手段,需耗费大量人力物力。In the power system, the grounding wire is the most direct measure to protect workers from electric shock. However, at present, in my country, at the construction site of power engineering operation and maintenance, it is generally used to check the temporary grounding wire manually. The method is primitive, inefficient and prone to safety hazards. ACCIDENT. Most of the existing ground wire control systems use wired transmission methods such as RS485, or paid communication methods such as GPRS, which require a lot of manpower and material resources.
专利号为CN110146769A的专利公开了一种接地线监测装置、EOS监测系统及其方法,EOS监测系统包括外部电器设备、交流充电桩、外部设备地桩和接地线监测装置,外部设备地桩通过第一地线电连接所述接地线监测装置;交流充电桩通过第二地线电连接所述接地线监测装置;外部电器设备通过第三地线电连接所述接地线监测装置;接地线监测装置发送检测信号,依次经过所述第一地线、所述第二地线、第三地线后返回所述接地线监测装置,形成一个回路,接地线监测装置判断所述检测信号没有通过回路返回时自动报警。无需人为定期检查线路就能实时自动检测和自动报警,大大节省了人力和维修成本,从而解决了现有EOS检测需要人为操作导致检查实效性较差的问题。Patent No. CN110146769A discloses a ground wire monitoring device, EOS monitoring system and its method. The EOS monitoring system includes external electrical equipment, AC charging piles, external equipment ground stakes and ground wire monitoring devices. The external equipment ground stakes pass through the first A ground wire is electrically connected to the ground wire monitoring device; an AC charging pile is electrically connected to the ground wire monitoring device through a second ground wire; external electrical equipment is electrically connected to the ground wire monitoring device through a third ground wire; the ground wire monitoring device Send a detection signal, and return to the ground wire monitoring device after passing through the first ground wire, the second ground wire, and the third ground wire in turn, forming a loop, and the ground wire monitoring device judges that the detection signal has not returned through the loop alarm automatically. Real-time automatic detection and automatic alarm can be realized without manual regular inspection of the line, which greatly saves manpower and maintenance costs, thereby solving the problem that the existing EOS detection requires manual operation and results in poor inspection effectiveness.
针对地线监测来说,当前提供了诸多方式进行检测,但是针对检测的结果,或者现场实际情况并未结合起来进行综合勘测,在最合适的情况统计地线的挂接情况,在需要发出警示的时候进行提醒,基于此,现提供一种解决方案。For ground wire monitoring, there are currently many methods for detection, but the results of the detection or the actual situation on the site are not combined for comprehensive surveys. In the most appropriate situation, the connection of the ground wire is counted, and a warning is issued when it is necessary. When reminding, based on this, a solution is now provided.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的技术问题之一;为此,本发明提出了一种地线信息监测分析系统,包括:The present invention aims to at least solve one of the technical problems existing in the prior art; for this reason, the present invention proposes a ground wire information monitoring and analysis system, including:
设定检测单元用于获取到地线的接触信息,接触信息包括接触标的和非接触标的,接触标的表示为地线已接,否则表示为未挂接地线;The detection unit is set to obtain the contact information of the ground wire. The contact information includes the contact target and the non-contact target. The contact target indicates that the ground wire is connected, otherwise it indicates that the ground wire is not connected;
设定检测单元用于将接触信息传输到信息汇总单元,信息汇总单元用于对接触信息进行汇总分析,根据接触信息中非接触标的的数量产生警惕信号;The detection unit is set to transmit the contact information to the information summary unit, and the information summary unit is used to summarize and analyze the contact information, and generate an alert signal according to the number of non-contact targets in the contact information;
汇分单元用于将产生的警惕信号传输到处理单元,处理单元接收汇分单元传输的警惕信号,并将其传输到辅控单元;The sink unit is used to transmit the generated alert signal to the processing unit, and the processing unit receives the alert signal transmitted by the sink unit and transmits it to the auxiliary control unit;
辅控单元在接收到处理单元传输的警惕信号时自动启动,辅控单元为设置在接地线场景的视频获取设备,用于获取到现场的实时视频,辅控单元用于将实时视频传输到处理单元,处理单元接收辅控单元传输的实时视频并对其进行辅控分析,辅控分析具体方式为:The auxiliary control unit starts automatically when it receives the alert signal transmitted by the processing unit. The auxiliary control unit is a video acquisition device set in the grounding line scene, which is used to obtain the real-time video of the scene. The auxiliary control unit is used to transmit the real-time video to the processing unit. unit, the processing unit receives the real-time video transmitted by the auxiliary control unit and performs auxiliary control analysis on it. The specific method of auxiliary control analysis is as follows:
获取到实时视频内的活动人员,将其标记为活动标的后,根据活动标的与圈定范围之间的最小距离,将活动标的标记为存险标的;After obtaining the active personnel in the real-time video and marking them as active objects, mark the active objects as objects of danger according to the minimum distance between the active objects and the circled area;
之后对存险标的进行行为跟踪,行为跟踪具体方式为:Afterwards, conduct behavioral tracking on the subject of insurance deposits. The specific method of behavioral tracking is as follows:
获取到所有的存险标的,任选一存险标的,获取到其小圈距离,之后每间隔T1时间获取一次,得到小圈距离组Qi,i=1、...、n,T1为预设数值,Qn表示为最新时刻的小圈距离;Obtain all the insured objects, choose an insured object, obtain the small circle distance, and then obtain it once every T1 time, and get the small circle distance group Qi, i=1,...,n, T1 is the preset Set the value, Qn represents the distance of the small circle at the latest moment;
利用公式计算到缩变值Bi,Bi=Qi+1-Qi,i=1、...、n-1,Bn-1表示为最新时刻的缩变值;Use the formula to calculate the shrinkage value Bi, Bi =Qi +1 - Qi , i=1,...,n-1, Bn-1 is expressed as the shrinkage value at the latest moment;
从Bn-1时刻往前推,获取到十组数据得到接近数据组,距离当下时刻最近的三组数据标记为靠近数据组;Pushing forward from time Bn-1, ten sets of data are obtained to obtain close data sets, and the three sets of data closest to the current moment are marked as close data sets;
当接近数据组内大于等于零的数值数量超过X3个,且靠近数据组内的数值全部大于等于零时,产生接近信号,否则不做任何处理;X3为预设数值;When the number of values greater than or equal to zero in the proximity data group exceeds X3, and all the values in the proximity data group are greater than or equal to zero, a proximity signal is generated, otherwise no processing is performed; X3 is a preset value;
在产生接近信号后,自动获取到圈定范围的地线接挂位置,将其与接近信号一起融合形成提醒信号。After the proximity signal is generated, the ground wire connection position within the delineated range is automatically obtained, and it is fused with the proximity signal to form a reminder signal.
进一步地,获取到地线的接触信息方式为:Further, the way to obtain the contact information of the ground wire is:
在接地位置上设置压力检测设备,可以为压力传感器或者压力检测仪,设置在接地设备和地线插口之间,当存在压力时表示接地;压力检测设备用于将所有检测到的压力信号超过预设值的标记为接触标的,否则标记为非接触标的,将接触标的和非接触标的标记为接触信息。A pressure detection device is set at the grounding position, which can be a pressure sensor or a pressure detector, and it is set between the grounding device and the ground wire socket. When there is pressure, it means grounding; The set value is marked as a contact target, otherwise it is marked as a non-contact target, and the contact target and the non-contact target are marked as contact information.
进一步地,汇总分析具体方式为:Further, the specific method of summary analysis is as follows:
步骤一:获取到所有的接触信息;Step 1: Obtain all contact information;
步骤二:获取到接触信息中非接触标的的数量,将其标记为非标数,同样获取到接触信息中接触标的和非接触标的的总量,将非标数除以总量得到非标占比;Step 2: Obtain the number of non-contact targets in the contact information, mark it as a non-standard number, also obtain the total amount of contact targets and non-contact targets in the contact information, divide the non-standard number by the total amount to obtain the non-standard share Compare;
步骤三:当非标占比不为零或者1时,产生合理信号,否则产生警惕信号。Step 3: When the non-standard proportion is not zero or 1, a reasonable signal is generated, otherwise a warning signal is generated.
进一步地,辅控分析具体方式为:Further, the specific method of auxiliary control analysis is as follows:
S1:获取到实时视频;S1: Get the real-time video;
S2:自动从实时视频内获取到所有的活动人员,将其标记为活动标的;S2: Automatically obtain all active personnel from the real-time video, and mark them as active targets;
S3:获取到所有的活动标的,之后将所有的地线接地所在线路的指定范围标记为圈定范围,指定范围指代任意地线负责的线路所在的前后X1距离内,X1为预设数值;S3: Obtain all the active targets, and then mark the specified range of the grounding line of all ground wires as a delimited range. The specified range refers to the X1 distance before and after the line responsible for any ground wire, and X1 is a preset value;
S4:之后对圈定范围进行实时监控,当出现任意活动标的小圈距离圈定范围X2范围内时,将该活动标的标记为存险标的;X2为预设值,且大于等于X1;小圈距离即为对应活动标的与圈定范围最小的距离。S4: Afterwards, real-time monitoring is carried out on the delineated range. When any small circle of an active target is within the X2 range of the delineated range, the active target is marked as an insured target; X2 is a preset value and is greater than or equal to X1; the distance of the small circle is It is the minimum distance between the corresponding active target and the enclosed range.
进一步地,处理单元用于在产生提醒信号时,将其传输到提醒单元,提醒单元在接收到处理单元传输的提醒信号自动播放语音“当前+地线接挂位置+地线未接,存在安全隐患”;Further, the processing unit is used to transmit the reminder signal to the reminder unit when the reminder signal is generated, and the reminder unit automatically plays the voice “current + ground wire connection position + ground wire is not connected, there is a security Hidden danger”;
处理单元还用于将提醒信号打上时间戳后传输到存储单元,存储单元接收处理单元传输的带有时间戳的提醒信号并自动存储。The processing unit is also used to stamp the reminder signal with a time stamp and then transmit it to the storage unit, and the storage unit receives and automatically stores the reminder signal with the time stamp transmitted by the processing unit.
进一步地,信息汇总单元还用于对接触信息进行漏差分析,漏差分析具体方式为:Further, the information summarization unit is also used to perform leakage analysis on contact information, and the specific method of leakage analysis is as follows:
实时的获取到所有的接触信息;Get all contact information in real time;
获取到接触信息中非接触标的的数量,将其标记为非标数,每间隔T2时间获取一次非标数,当非标数连续减少后若持续T3时间后没有任何减少,则产生接挂完成信号,T2和T3均为预设数值;Obtain the number of non-contact targets in the contact information, mark them as non-standard numbers, and obtain non-standard numbers every T2 time intervals. When the non-standard numbers continue to decrease and there is no decrease after T3 time, the connection will be completed. Signal, T2 and T3 are preset values;
获取到此时还存在的非接触标的,将其标记为漏接标的。Obtain the non-contact standard that still exists at this time, and mark it as a missing standard.
进一步地,信息汇总单元还用于通过汇分单元将漏接标的传输到处理单元,处理单元在接收到漏接标的时自动将其传输到显示单元;Further, the information summarizing unit is also used to transmit the missed bids to the processing unit through the merging unit, and the processing unit automatically transmits the missed bids to the display unit when receiving the missed bids;
提醒单元在接收到漏接标的时,自动提示管理人员“当前存在漏接标的,请注意核查”。When the reminding unit receives the missing bid, it will automatically remind the management staff that "there are currently missing bids, please pay attention to check".
进一步地,管理单元与处理单元通信连接,用于录入所有的预设数值。Further, the management unit is communicatively connected with the processing unit for inputting all preset values.
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is:
本发明通过设定检测单元获取到地线的接触信息,接触信息包括接触标的和非接触标的,之后借助信息汇总单元对接触信息进行汇总分析,根据接触信息中非接触标的的数量产生警惕信号;The invention obtains the contact information of the ground wire by setting the detection unit, the contact information includes the contact target and the non-contact target, and then uses the information summarization unit to summarize and analyze the contact information, and generates an alert signal according to the number of non-contact targets in the contact information;
根据警惕信号启动辅控单元,获取到现场的实时视频,并借助处理单元对实时视频进行辅控分析,根据辅控分析情况确定是否需要针对未挂接地线部分,提醒工作人员进行维护或警示,本发明简单有效,且易于实用。Start the auxiliary control unit according to the alert signal, obtain the real-time video of the scene, and use the processing unit to conduct auxiliary control analysis on the real-time video, and determine whether it is necessary to remind the staff for maintenance or warning for the part that is not connected to the ground wire according to the auxiliary control analysis situation. The invention is simple, effective and easy to use.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的系统框图。Fig. 1 is a system block diagram of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面将结合实施例对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其它实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments. Apparently, the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
请参阅图1,本申请提供了一种地线信息监测分析系统,包括:Please refer to Figure 1, this application provides a ground wire information monitoring and analysis system, including:
设定检测单元、信息汇总单元、汇分单元、处理单元、管理单元、存储单元和提醒单元;Set detection unit, information collection unit, collection and distribution unit, processing unit, management unit, storage unit and reminder unit;
其中,所述设定检测单元用于检测地线的接触信息,接触信息包括接触标的和非接触标的,接触标的表示为地线已接,否则表示为未挂接地线;具体检测方式可以采用如公开号为CN109459649A的专利公开的技术;当然可以采用如下方式进行,具体为:Wherein, the setting detection unit is used to detect the contact information of the ground wire, the contact information includes the contact target and the non-contact target, the contact target indicates that the ground wire has been connected, otherwise it indicates that the ground wire is not connected; the specific detection method can be as follows: Publication number is the technology disclosed by the patent of CN109459649A; Of course, it can be carried out in the following way, specifically:
在接地位置上设置压力检测设备,可以为压力传感器或者压力检测仪,设置在接地设备和地线插口之间,当存在压力时表示接地;压力检测设备用于将所有检测到的压力信号超过预设值的标记为接触标的,否则标记为非接触标的,将接触标的和非接触标的标记为接触信息;A pressure detection device is set at the grounding position, which can be a pressure sensor or a pressure detector, and it is set between the grounding device and the ground wire socket. When there is pressure, it means grounding; The set value is marked as a contact target, otherwise it is marked as a non-contact target, and the contact target and non-contact target are marked as contact information;
设定检测单元用于将接触信息传输到信息汇总单元,信息汇总单元用于对接触信息进行汇总分析,汇总分析具体方式为:The detection unit is set to transmit the contact information to the information summary unit, and the information summary unit is used to summarize and analyze the contact information. The specific method of summary analysis is as follows:
步骤一:获取到所有的接触信息;Step 1: Obtain all contact information;
步骤二:获取到接触信息中非接触标的的数量,将其标记为非标数,同样获取到接触信息中接触标的和非接触标的的总量,将非标数除以总量得到非标占比;Step 2: Obtain the number of non-contact targets in the contact information, mark it as a non-standard number, also obtain the total amount of contact targets and non-contact targets in the contact information, divide the non-standard number by the total amount to obtain the non-standard share Compare;
步骤三:当非标占比不为零或者1时,此处的1也为百分百,产生合理信号,否则产生警惕信号;Step 3: When the non-standard proportion is not zero or 1, 1 here is also 100%, which generates a reasonable signal, otherwise a warning signal is generated;
汇分单元用于将警惕信号传输到处理单元,处理单元接收汇分单元传输的警惕信号,并将其传输到辅控单元;The sink unit is used to transmit the alert signal to the processing unit, and the processing unit receives the alert signal transmitted by the sink unit and transmits it to the auxiliary control unit;
辅控单元在接收到处理单元传输的警惕信号时自动启动,辅控单元为设置在接地线场景的视频获取设备,可以为摄像头,也可以为其他设备,用于获取到现场的实时视频,辅控单元用于将实时视频传输到处理单元,处理单元接收辅控单元传输的实时视频并对其进行辅控分析,辅控分析具体方式为:The auxiliary control unit starts automatically when receiving the alert signal transmitted by the processing unit. The auxiliary control unit is a video acquisition device set in the ground wire scene, which can be a camera or other equipment, and is used to obtain real-time The control unit is used to transmit real-time video to the processing unit, and the processing unit receives the real-time video transmitted by the auxiliary control unit and performs auxiliary control analysis on it. The specific method of auxiliary control analysis is as follows:
S1:获取到实时视频;S1: Get the real-time video;
S2:自动从实时视频内获取到所有的活动人员,将其标记为活动标的,此处可以通过人脸获取的方式或者其他现有方式识别人员;S2: Automatically obtain all the active personnel from the real-time video, and mark them as the target of the activity. Here, the personnel can be identified by face acquisition or other existing methods;
S3:获取到所有的活动标的,之后将所有的地线接地所在线路的指定范围标记为圈定范围,指定范围指代任意地线负责的线路所在的前后X1距离内,X1为预设数值;S3: Obtain all the active targets, and then mark the specified range of the grounding line of all ground wires as a delimited range. The specified range refers to the X1 distance before and after the line responsible for any ground wire, and X1 is a preset value;
S4:之后对圈定范围进行实时监控,当出现任意活动标的小圈距离圈定范围X2范围内时,将该活动标的标记为存险标的;X2为预设值,且大于等于X1;小圈距离即为对应活动标的与圈定范围最小的距离;S4: Afterwards, real-time monitoring is carried out on the delineated range. When any small circle of an active target is within the X2 range of the delineated range, the active target is marked as an insured target; X2 is a preset value and is greater than or equal to X1; the distance of the small circle is The minimum distance between the corresponding active target and the delineated range;
S5:之后对存险标的进行行为跟踪,行为跟踪具体方式为:S5: Afterwards, conduct behavioral tracking on the subject of insurance deposits. The specific method of behavioral tracking is:
获取到所有的存险标的,任选一存险标的,获取到其小圈距离,之后每间隔T1时间获取一次,得到小圈距离组Qi,i=1、...、n,T1为预设数值,Qn表示为最新时刻的小圈距离;Obtain all the insured objects, choose an insured object, obtain the small circle distance, and then obtain it once every T1 time, and get the small circle distance group Qi, i=1,...,n, T1 is the preset Set the value, Qn represents the distance of the small circle at the latest moment;
利用公式计算到缩变值Bi,Bi=Qi+1-Qi,i=1、...、n-1,Bn-1表示为最新时刻的缩变值;Use the formula to calculate the shrinkage value Bi, Bi =Qi +1 - Qi , i=1,...,n-1, Bn-1 is expressed as the shrinkage value at the latest moment;
从Bn-1时刻往前推,获取到十组数据得到接近数据组,距离当下时刻最近的三组数据标记为靠近数据组;Pushing forward from time Bn-1, ten sets of data are obtained to obtain close data sets, and the three sets of data closest to the current moment are marked as close data sets;
当接近数据组内大于等于零的数值数量超过X3个,且靠近数据组内的数值全部大于等于零时,产生接近信号,否则不做任何处理;X3为预设数值;When the number of values greater than or equal to zero in the proximity data group exceeds X3, and all the values in the proximity data group are greater than or equal to zero, a proximity signal is generated, otherwise no processing is performed; X3 is a preset value;
在产生接近信号后,自动获取到圈定范围的地线接挂位置,将其与接近信号一起融合形成提醒信号;After the proximity signal is generated, the ground wire connection position within the delineated range is automatically obtained, and it is fused together with the proximity signal to form a reminder signal;
处理单元用于在产生提醒信号时,将其传输到提醒单元,提醒单元在接收到处理单元传输的提醒信号自动播放语音“当前+地线接挂位置+地线未接,存在安全隐患”;The processing unit is used to transmit the reminder signal to the reminder unit when the reminder signal is generated, and the reminder unit automatically plays the voice "current + ground wire connection position + ground wire is not connected, there is a safety hazard" after receiving the reminder signal transmitted by the processing unit;
处理单元还用于将提醒信号打上时间戳后传输到存储单元,存储单元接收处理单元传输的带有时间戳的提醒信号并自动存储;The processing unit is also used to time stamp the reminder signal and then transmit it to the storage unit, and the storage unit receives and automatically stores the reminder signal with the time stamp transmitted by the processing unit;
管理单元与处理单元通信连接,用于录入所有的预设数值;The management unit communicates with the processing unit, and is used to input all preset values;
作为本发明的实施例二,As the second embodiment of the present invention,
信息汇总单元还用于对接触信息进行漏差分析,漏差分析具体方式为:The information summarization unit is also used to perform leakage analysis on contact information, and the specific method of leakage analysis is as follows:
实时的获取到所有的接触信息;Get all contact information in real time;
获取到接触信息中非接触标的的数量,将其标记为非标数,每间隔T2时间获取一次非标数,当非标数连续减少后若持续T3时间后没有任何减少,则产生接挂完成信号,T2和T3均为预设数值;Obtain the number of non-contact targets in the contact information, mark them as non-standard numbers, and obtain non-standard numbers every T2 time intervals. When the non-standard numbers continue to decrease and there is no decrease after T3 time, the connection will be completed. Signal, T2 and T3 are preset values;
获取到此时还存在的非接触标的,将其标记为漏接标的;Obtain the non-contact standard that still exists at this time, and mark it as a missing standard;
信息汇总单元还用于通过汇分单元将漏接标的传输到处理单元,处理单元在接收到漏接标的时自动将其传输到显示单元;The information summarization unit is also used to transmit the missed bids to the processing unit through the merging unit, and the processing unit automatically transmits the missed bids to the display unit when receiving the missed bids;
提醒单元在接收到漏接标的时,自动提示管理人员“当前存在漏接标的,请注意核查”。When the reminding unit receives the missing bid, it will automatically remind the management staff that "there are currently missing bids, please pay attention to check".
上述公式中的部分数据均是去除量纲取其数值计算,公式是由采集的大量数据经过软件模拟得到最接近真实情况的一个公式;公式中的预设参数和预设阈值由本领域的技术人员根据实际情况设定或者通过大量数据模拟获得。Part of the data in the above formula is calculated by removing the dimension and taking its numerical value. The formula is a formula that is closest to the real situation through software simulation of a large amount of collected data; the preset parameters and preset thresholds in the formula are determined by those skilled in the art. It is set according to the actual situation or obtained through a large amount of data simulation.
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方法而非限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方法进行修改或等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方法的精神和范围。The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical method of the present invention without limitation. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that the technical method of the present invention can be modified or equivalently replaced. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical method of the present invention.
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