CN116506058A - Time service system, method and application based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction - Google Patents
Time service system, method and application based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of time service, in particular to a time service system, a time service method and application based on an all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction. The system comprises a power private network and a converter station; adding Kalman filtering to correct one-way time delay in the wireless time service synchronization of the all-optical network; based on the Kalman filtering time correction method, the unidirectional time delay obtained by calculation based on the PTP protocol is corrected, so that the precision of wireless synchronous time service is improved. The beneficial effects are that: according to the invention, through the end-to-end time service of the all-optical network, the wired time service and the wireless time service are combined, the microsecond time service precision is OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON clock cross-domain interconnection, the all-optical network is on the bottom, the wired sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, the wireless sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, the time service efficiency is high, and the time service data is accurate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of time service, in particular to a time service system, a time service method and application based on an all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction.
Background
The military field, the financial field and the electric power communication field all need to synchronize time and frequency during operation. The improvement of time service precision has very important significance for national economy, science and technology and national defense safety. Currently, the time-frequency standard time-service synchronous approach is developed to network time-service technology and navigation satellite time-service by short wave time-service, long wave time-service and IRIG-B code time-service.
The invention is based on all-optical network time service, time service is performed step by step through an all-optical network, synchronous time service is performed to an Internet of things gateway through an optical line terminal, and synchronous time service is performed to a wired sensing device and a wireless sensing device through the Internet of things gateway.
According to the invention, the time service precision of the Internet of things gateway can reach microsecond level by time service of the optical fiber to the wired sensing equipment. However, the existing wireless synchronous time service technology is affected by network transmission jitter, limited network resources and the like. Compared with wired time service, the existing wireless synchronous time service has certain error; this is a first drawback of the prior art.
The current network time synchronization method and protocol are mature and comprise an NTP protocol and a PTP protocol. However, the accuracy of the NTP protocol in wireless synchronization time service is poor, and the requirements of some modern industries cannot be met. Therefore, the PTP protocol is widely adopted at present, and the wireless synchronous time service precision based on the PTP protocol can reach microsecond precision theoretically, but can only reach the precision of sub microsecond or even millisecond level in practical situations.
Although the precision of wireless synchronous time service can be effectively improved based on the PTP protocol, network transmission jitter and the situation that wireless sensing equipment is possibly moved lead to errors in the one-way time delay calculated based on the PTP protocol, so that the fluctuation of the time service precision is relatively large, and the time service precision at certain times can not reach microsecond level; this is a second drawback of the prior art.
The invention combines wired time service and wireless time service based on all-optical network time service, corrects the unidirectional time delay based on PTP protocol, and can meet the time service precision requirement of modern industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is that: in order to provide a time service system, a time service method and a time service application which are better in effect and are based on an all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction, specific purposes are seen from a plurality of substantial technical effects of the specific implementation part.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the time service system based on the all-optical network and the Kalman filtering correction is characterized in that,
the system comprises a power private network and a converter station;
the power private network comprises a national network time service center and a provincial network time service center; the national network time service center, the provincial network time service division center and the intra-station time service server share data time authentication information;
the converter station comprises an intra-station time service server, an optical line terminal and an Internet of things gateway; and the in-station time service server switches time to the Internet of things through the optical line terminal.
The invention has the further technical proposal that,
the optical line terminal is used for timing the wired sensing equipment through the Internet of things gateway, and the optical line terminal is used for timing the wireless sensing equipment through the Internet of things gateway.
The invention has the further technical proposal that,
adding Kalman filtering to correct one-way time delay in the wireless time service synchronization of the all-optical network; based on the Kalman filtering time correction method, the unidirectional time delay obtained by calculation based on the PTP protocol is corrected, so that the precision of wireless synchronous time service is improved.
The invention has the further technical proposal that,
based on the whole optical network, wireless time service and wired time service are comprehensively carried out; OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON clocks are interconnected in a cross-domain manner, all light is transmitted to the bottom through one network, the wired sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, the wireless sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, and the wireless time service and the wired time service are combined to perform time service with high time service efficiency and accurate time service data; the wired sensing device switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond accuracy, specifically about 10 microseconds, and the wireless sensing device switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond accuracy.
The invention has the further technical proposal that,
the wired sensing equipment is any one or more of limited sensing equipment, a track wired robot and a wired camera; the wireless sensing equipment comprises any one or more of wireless sensing equipment, a wireless camera, a wearable terminal and an outdoor inspection robot.
The invention has the further technical proposal that,
the internet of things gateway time service to the wireless sensing equipment, then calculates unidirectional transmission time delay, then carries out Kalman filtering to obtain accurate time delay, and further obtains accurate time delay for next time synchronization.
The time service method based on the all-optical network and the Kalman filter correction is characterized by being realized by the time service system based on the all-optical network and the Kalman filter correction, and comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining time information, namely obtaining basic time information by the national network time service center, the provincial network time service division center and the intra-station time service server through common view data time authentication information, synchronizing the basic time information into the intra-station time service server, and then carrying out next time service through an all-optical network;
the server time service, the time service server in the station time service, then time service to the optical line terminal through the optical line terminal;
the time service is carried out to a gateway, after the optical line terminal receives the time service of the in-station time service server, the time service is further carried out to the Internet of things, and the Internet of things gateway carries out time service to the wired sensing equipment and the wireless sensing equipment;
time is given to the wired sensing equipment, and time is given to the limited sensing equipment, the track wired robot and the wired camera of the wired sensing equipment through the internet of things gateway;
and carrying out time service on the wireless sensing equipment, the wireless camera, the wearable terminal and the outdoor inspection robot of the wireless sensing equipment through the Internet of things gateway.
The invention has the further technical proposal that,
the network transmission has jitter and the wireless sensing equipment terminal equipment possibly moves, so that the unidirectional time delay calculated based on the PTP protocol has errors, the distribution form of the errors is similar to the Gaussian white noise form in mathematics, a Kalman filter is added in the wireless synchronous time service process, unidirectional time delay deviation based on the PTP protocol is corrected, the wireless synchronous time service precision is improved, and microsecond precision can be achieved in the wireless synchronous time service in the power communication field;
the internet of things gateway calculates one-way time delay based on a PTP protocol when the wireless sensing equipment is subjected to time service for the first time, carries out Kalman filtering on the calculated one-way time delay, corrects one-way time delay deviation, obtains accurate one-way time delay, and improves the precision of the next time service;
the wireless synchronization time service precision corrected by the Kalman filter is basically stabilized at microsecond level based on the one-way time delay calculated by the PTP protocol.
The invention has the further technical proposal that,
the wireless public network 2G/3G/4G/5G/NB-IoT is accessed to a remote communication network through a full light pipeline, and also comprises an optical fiber access OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON, wherein a hardware platform, an EC-IoT system, a container and application APPs are built in a standardized mode of an optical object model of the Internet of things, and the requirements of PLC, wifi6, WIPI and ZigBee transmission are realized through an access technology of the end-side Internet of things, so that the wireless public network is compatible with various modes;
the method comprises the steps that when a headquarter cloud is used for carrying out timing on an OTN, the OTN is used for carrying out timing on an OTN OSU optical network, on one hand, the OTN OSU optical network is used for carrying out timing on a PTMP PON, on the other hand, when the OTUk is used for carrying out timing on an OLT, the PTMP PON is used for carrying out timing on an industrial Internet of things through unequal ratio light splitting of a tower networking along the line, the OLT is used for carrying out timing on a branch port, and the OLT is used for carrying out timing on a cable end, a Wifi6 end and a ZigBee end in combination with the industrial Internet of things;
the time service system carries out end-to-end time service through an all-optical network, microsecond time service precision is OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON clock cross-domain interconnection, all-optical network is complete, the wired sensing equipment switches on and off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, and the wireless sensing equipment switches on and off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision.
The time service method based on the all-optical network and the Kalman filtering correction as claimed in any one of the above is applied to big data analysis, flow management, AI training, data preprocessing, data acquisition, interfaces and protocols, network management and equipment management.
Compared with the prior art, the invention adopting the technical scheme has the following beneficial effects: according to the invention, through the end-to-end time service of the all-optical network, the wired time service and the wireless time service are combined, the microsecond time service precision is OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON clock cross-domain interconnection, the all-optical network is on the bottom, the wired sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, the wireless sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, the time service efficiency is high, and the time service data is accurate.
Drawings
For further explanation of the invention, reference is made to the following further description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
fig. 1 is a block diagram of a time service system of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a flow chart of the time service method of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a working block diagram of embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a flow chart of unidirectional delay correction based on PTP protocol wireless synchronous time service in the invention.
Fig. 5 is a simulation diagram of a wireless synchronous time service precision test by Kalman filtering.
Description of the embodiments
The present invention is further illustrated in the following drawings and detailed description, which are to be understood as being merely illustrative of the invention and not limiting the scope of the invention.
The patent provides a plurality of parallel schemes, and the different expressions belong to an improved scheme based on a basic scheme or a parallel scheme. Each scheme has its own unique features.
Please refer to fig. 1-3.
Examples
The time service system based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction comprises an electric private network and a converter station, wherein the electric private network comprises a national network time service center and a provincial network time service division center, the converter station comprises an in-station time service server, an optical line terminal and an Internet of things gateway, the national network time service center, the provincial network time service division center and the in-station time service server commonly view data time authentication information, the in-station time service server is used for carrying out time service on the Internet of things through the optical line terminal, time information data is acquired through the national network time service center and the provincial network time service division center of the electric private network, the national network time service center, the provincial network time service division center and the in-station time service server commonly view data time authentication information, then the in-station time service server is used for carrying out time service on the Internet of things through the optical line terminal, the optical line terminal is used for carrying out time service on the wired sensing equipment and the wireless sensing equipment through the Internet of things gateway, the time service is carried out from the end to the end of the Internet of things through the all-optical network, the time service equipment is used for carrying out time service on the optical network, the PON is used for carrying out time service precision, OTN, OSU, PTMP-cross-optical network time service equipment, and the wireless sensing equipment is used for carrying out time service on the wireless sensing equipment, and the real-time service equipment.
As a technical optimization scheme of the invention, the optical line terminal is used for timing the wired sensing equipment through the optical fiber by the Internet of things gateway, and the optical line terminal is used for timing the wireless sensing equipment based on the PTP protocol by the Internet of things gateway.
As a technical optimization scheme of the invention, the wired sensing equipment comprises limited sensing equipment, a track wired robot and a wired camera.
As a technical optimization scheme of the invention, the wireless sensing equipment comprises wireless sensing equipment, a wireless camera, a wearable terminal and an outdoor inspection robot.
As a technical optimization scheme of the invention, the wired sensing device switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, specifically about 10 microseconds, and the wireless sensing device switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision.
A time service method based on an all-optical network comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining time information, namely obtaining basic time information by the national network time service center, the provincial network time service division center and the intra-station time service server through common view data time authentication information, synchronizing the basic time information into the intra-station time service server, and then carrying out next time service through an all-optical network;
the server time service, the time service server in the station time service to the optical line terminal through the optical fiber;
the time service is carried out to a gateway, after the optical line terminal receives the time service of the in-station time service server, the time service is further carried out to the Internet of things, and the Internet of things gateway carries out time service to the wired sensing equipment and the wireless sensing equipment;
time is given to the wired sensing equipment, and time is given to the limited sensing equipment, the track wired robot and the wired camera of the wired sensing equipment based on optical fibers through the internet of things gateway;
time service to wireless sensing equipment, pass through the thing networking gateway based on PTP agreement to wireless sensing equipment of wireless sensing equipment, wireless camera, wearing terminal with outdoor inspection robot carries out the time service.
Examples
The embodiment is based on embodiment 1, and further details of the practical application method and flow of the time service system are described. Based on time service of the all-optical network, the efficiency of working fields such as big data analysis, flow management, AI training, data preprocessing, data acquisition, interfaces, protocols, network management, equipment management and the like can be improved.
As shown in FIG. 3, the remote communication network is accessed through the all-optical pipeline, the wireless public network 2G/3G/4G/5G/NB-IoT is included, the optical fiber access OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON is further included, the hardware platform, the EC-IoT system, the container and the application APPs are built through the standardized mode of the optical object model of the Internet of things, the PLC, the Wifi6, the WIPI and the ZigBee transmission requirements are realized through the access technology of the end-side Internet of things, and the wireless public network is compatible with various modes.
The method comprises the steps that when the headquarter cloud is used for carrying out timing on the OTN, the OTN is used for carrying out timing on the OTN OSU optical network, on one hand, the OTN OSU optical network is used for carrying out timing on the PTMP PON, on the other hand, when the OTUk is used for carrying out timing on the OLT, the PTMP PON is used for carrying out timing on the industrial Internet of things through unequal ratio light splitting along a tower networking line, the OLT is used for carrying out timing on a branch port, and the OTN is used for carrying out timing on the cable end, the Wifi6 end and the ZigBee end in combination with the industrial Internet of things.
Compared with the existing time service system, the time service system is used for time service from end to end through an all-optical network, microsecond-level time service precision is achieved, OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON clocks are connected in a cross-domain mode, all-optical networks are connected to the bottom, the wired sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clocks from the internet with microsecond-level precision, the wireless sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clocks from the internet with microsecond-level precision, time service efficiency is high, and time service data is accurate.
The network transmission has jitter and the wireless sensing equipment terminal equipment possibly moves, so that the unidirectional time delay calculated based on the PTP protocol has errors, and the distribution form of the errors is similar to the Gaussian white noise form in mathematics, so that a Kalman filter is added in the wireless synchronous time service process, unidirectional time delay deviation based on the PTP protocol is corrected, the wireless synchronous time service precision can be improved, the wireless synchronous time service in the electric power communication field can reach microsecond precision, and the specific flow is shown in fig. 4.
As shown in fig. 4, the internet of things gateway calculates the unidirectional time delay based on the PTP protocol when the internet of things gateway is time-shared for the first time to the wireless sensor device, performs kalman filtering on the calculated unidirectional time delay, corrects the unidirectional time delay deviation, obtains accurate unidirectional time delay, and improves the precision of the next time-shared.
Based on the one-way time delay calculated by the PTP protocol, the wireless synchronization time service precision corrected by the Kalman filter is basically stabilized at microsecond level, and fig. 5 is the corrected time synchronization precision. The method of the invention carries out Kalman filtering on the unidirectional time delay in the wireless synchronous time service, can effectively reduce the deviation caused by network jitter and wireless terminal movement, and improves the precision of the wireless synchronous time service.
For the detailed description of fig. 5, we first define a master and slave clocks, a and B, respectively. And calculating the one-way time delay of the first clock synchronization based on the PTP protocol, and correcting the one-way time delay obtained by the first calculation through a Kalman filter based on the PTP protocol to obtain the accurate time delay for next synchronization. In the PTP protocol, the time update frequency is higher than the one-way delay calculation frequency, so the next clock synchronization must be based on the latest one-way delay. And based on a Kalman filter of PTP, the time jitter of the network and the mobile node is eliminated, an accurate experiment is obtained, and the error of clock synchronization can be effectively reduced.
In this analog clock synchronization, we sample the time of the a, B clocks 100 times, and the clock synchronization is set to 10 times. Assuming that the initial clock deviation is 10% (which is matched with the data in the actual situation), the initial frequency drift rate is 20% (which is considered when the clock synchronization of the analog mobile node is added in the design) and the measured value is basically consistent with the estimated value of the Kalman filter based on the PTP protocol, and the deviation is within a reasonable error range. The master-slave clock error after synchronization ranges between (-3 microseconds to +3 microseconds). The wireless clock synchronization precision based on the PTP protocol reaches microsecond level, and the current commercial wireless synchronization time service is basically sub microsecond level and even the error can reach millisecond level. Therefore, the invention proposes to add Kalman filtering in the wireless synchronous time service based on the all-optical network time service, and the combination of the two designs combines the wired time service with the wireless time service, thereby improving the time service precision.
According to the invention, the time service precision of the Internet of things gateway can reach microsecond level by time service of the optical fiber to the wired sensing equipment. However, the existing wireless synchronous time service technology is affected by network transmission jitter, limited network resources and the like. As a result, the existing wireless synchronization timing has a certain error compared with the wired timing. (this is the first defect in the prior art, and aiming at the defect, the patent opening proposal of the invention is based on all-optical network time service, so that the time service error from a time service center to an Internet of things gateway is effectively reduced.)
Although the precision of wireless synchronous time service can be effectively improved based on the PTP protocol, network transmission jitter and the situation that wireless sensing equipment is likely to move lead to errors in the one-way time delay calculated based on the PTP protocol, so that the fluctuation of the time service precision is relatively large, and the time service precision can not reach microsecond level at certain times. The invention provides an all-optical network time service method aiming at the second defect of the prior art, and provides a Kalman filtering time correction method based on the Kalman filtering time correction method in the synchronous time service process from an Internet of things gateway to wireless sensing equipment, so that unidirectional time delay obtained based on PTP protocol calculation can be effectively corrected, and the precision of wireless synchronous time service is improved.
Overall, the following is true: 1. based on all-optical network time service, the method is pioneering in both wired and wireless time service. 2. The method is based on the fact that Kalman filtering is added in wireless time service synchronization based on an all-optical network to correct one-way time delay, and the method also belongs to the first time. 3. Based on the all-optical network, wireless time service and wired time service are integrated, and the time service precision is improved jointly by combining the wired time service with the wireless time service.
The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, principal features and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments, which have been described in the foregoing description merely illustrates the principles of the invention, and that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The time service system based on the all-optical network and the Kalman filtering correction is characterized in that,
the system comprises a power private network and a converter station;
the power private network comprises a national network time service center and a provincial network time service center; the national network time service center, the provincial network time service division center and the intra-station time service server share data time authentication information;
the converter station comprises an intra-station time service server, an optical line terminal and an Internet of things gateway; and the in-station time service server switches time to the Internet of things through the optical line terminal.
2. The time service system based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction according to claim 1, wherein the optical line terminal is used for time service to a wired sensing device through the Internet of things gateway, and the optical line terminal is used for time service to a wireless sensing device through the Internet of things gateway.
3. The time service system based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction as claimed in claim 2, wherein the all-optical network adds Kalman filtering correction one-way time delay in wireless time service synchronization; based on the Kalman filtering time correction method, the unidirectional time delay obtained by calculation based on the PTP protocol is corrected, so that the precision of wireless synchronous time service is improved.
4. The time service system based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction according to claim 2, wherein the wireless time service and the wired time service are integrated based on the all-optical network; OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON clocks are interconnected in a cross-domain manner, all light is transmitted to the bottom through one network, the wired sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, the wireless sensing equipment switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, and the wireless time service and the wired time service are combined to perform time service with high time service efficiency and accurate time service data; the wired sensing device switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond accuracy, specifically about 10 microseconds, and the wireless sensing device switches off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond accuracy.
5. The time service system based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction according to claim 2, wherein,
the wired sensing equipment is any one or more of limited sensing equipment, a track wired robot and a wired camera; the wireless sensing equipment comprises any one or more of wireless sensing equipment, a wireless camera, a wearable terminal and an outdoor inspection robot.
6. A time service system based on all-optical network and kalman filter correction as claimed in claim 3, wherein the internet of things gateway time service to the wireless sensing device, then calculates unidirectional transmission delay, then carries out kalman filter to obtain accurate delay, and further obtains accurate delay for next time synchronization.
7. A time service method based on all-optical network and kalman filter correction, characterized in that the time service system based on all-optical network and kalman filter correction as set forth in any one of claims 1-6 is utilized, comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining time information, namely obtaining basic time information by the national network time service center, the provincial network time service division center and the intra-station time service server through common view data time authentication information, synchronizing the basic time information into the intra-station time service server, and then carrying out next time service through an all-optical network;
the server time service, the time service server in the station time service, then time service to the optical line terminal through the optical line terminal;
the time service is carried out to a gateway, after the optical line terminal receives the time service of the in-station time service server, the time service is further carried out to the Internet of things, and the Internet of things gateway carries out time service to the wired sensing equipment and the wireless sensing equipment;
time is given to the wired sensing equipment, and time is given to the limited sensing equipment, the track wired robot and the wired camera of the wired sensing equipment through the internet of things gateway;
and carrying out time service on the wireless sensing equipment, the wireless camera, the wearable terminal and the outdoor inspection robot of the wireless sensing equipment through the Internet of things gateway.
8. A time service method based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction as claimed in claim 7, wherein,
the network transmission has jitter and the wireless sensing equipment terminal equipment possibly moves, so that the unidirectional time delay calculated based on the PTP protocol has errors, the distribution form of the errors is similar to the Gaussian white noise form in mathematics, a Kalman filter is added in the wireless synchronous time service process, unidirectional time delay deviation based on the PTP protocol is corrected, the wireless synchronous time service precision is improved, and microsecond precision can be achieved in the wireless synchronous time service in the power communication field;
the internet of things gateway calculates one-way time delay based on a PTP protocol when the wireless sensing equipment is subjected to time service for the first time, carries out Kalman filtering on the calculated one-way time delay, corrects one-way time delay deviation, obtains accurate one-way time delay, and improves the precision of the next time service;
the wireless synchronization time service precision corrected by the Kalman filter is basically stabilized at microsecond level based on the one-way time delay calculated by the PTP protocol.
9. A time service method based on all-optical network and Kalman filtering correction as claimed in claim 7, wherein,
the wireless public network 2G/3G/4G/5G/NB-IoT is accessed to a remote communication network through a full light pipeline, and also comprises an optical fiber access OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON, wherein a hardware platform, an EC-IoT system, a container and application APPs are built in a standardized mode of an optical object model of the Internet of things, and the requirements of PLC, wifi6, WIPI and ZigBee transmission are realized through an access technology of the end-side Internet of things, so that the wireless public network is compatible with various modes;
the method comprises the steps that when a headquarter cloud is used for carrying out timing on an OTN, the OTN is used for carrying out timing on an OTN OSU optical network, on one hand, the OTN OSU optical network is used for carrying out timing on a PTMP PON, on the other hand, when the OTUk is used for carrying out timing on an OLT, the PTMP PON is used for carrying out timing on an industrial Internet of things through unequal ratio light splitting of a tower networking along the line, the OLT is used for carrying out timing on a branch port, and the OLT is used for carrying out timing on a cable end, a Wifi6 end and a ZigBee end in combination with the industrial Internet of things;
the time service system carries out end-to-end time service through an all-optical network, microsecond time service precision is OTN, OSU, PTMP-PON clock cross-domain interconnection, all-optical network is complete, the wired sensing equipment switches on and off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision, and the wireless sensing equipment switches on and off the synchronous clock from the internet with microsecond precision.
10. Use of the time service method based on all-optical network and kalman filter correction according to any of claims 7-9 in big data analysis, flow management, AI training, data preprocessing, data acquisition, interfaces and protocols, network management, equipment management.
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