CN116456940A - 用于在弯曲期间保持动脉管腔的分段球囊可扩张支架系统 - Google Patents
用于在弯曲期间保持动脉管腔的分段球囊可扩张支架系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116456940A CN116456940A CN202180051662.XA CN202180051662A CN116456940A CN 116456940 A CN116456940 A CN 116456940A CN 202180051662 A CN202180051662 A CN 202180051662A CN 116456940 A CN116456940 A CN 116456940A
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Abstract
提供了用于维持或增强血液流动通过血管的装置、系统和方法。本文描述了在动脉壁处提供高径向力,同时在弯曲期间仍保持管腔通畅率的球囊可扩张的生物可吸收的血管支架元件。描述了串联安装在递送系统上并通过单个球囊膨胀同时展开的多个短的球囊可扩张的支架。单独支架以高径向力维持动脉管腔,而支架间空间在肢体移动期间自由弯曲和压缩。结果是动脉中管腔得到充分保持并且有效地植入了支架。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2020年11月23日提交的题为“用于在弯曲期间保护动脉管腔的分段球囊可扩张支架系统(SEGMENTED BALLOON-EXPANDABLE STENT SYSTEM FOR PRESERVATIONOF THE ARTERIAL LUMEN DURING BENDING)”的美国临时专利申请第63/116919号的权益和优先权,上述参考申请的完整公开内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本申请总体上涉及医疗装置领域。更具体地,本申请涉及旨在维持血管(动脉和静脉)的通畅(血流量)的血管内支架的设计和制造。
背景技术
经皮外周介入(PPI)已成为有症状的外周动脉闭塞性疾病(PAOD)的首选治疗方法。与外科旁路移植术相比,这种微创治疗提供了同等的疼痛缓解和肢体挽救,同时最小化患者发病率、并发症和成本。遗憾的是,其耐久性仍然较差;仅一年后,全部PPI手术中的大约50%将会出现症状复发和/或需要重新干预的再狭窄。在最近一项采用球囊血管成形术经皮治疗长股腘动脉闭塞性病变(>150mm)的研究中,仅34%的患者在仅一年后仍保持通畅且无再狭窄。
目前用于外周血管介入的大多数装置都是最初为冠状动脉设计的装置的改编。然而,这种策略是有问题的,因为外周动脉比心外膜冠状动脉更大、更长、更加弥漫性病变和钙化,并且以更明显和更不可预测的方式弯曲和扭转。鉴定用于有效治疗外周脉管系统的最佳装置设计一直难以捉摸,这也许并不奇怪。
在目前的状态下,外周动脉的血管内治疗是通过普通球囊血管成形术、经皮粥样斑块切除术、紫杉醇涂覆的球囊血管成形术、普通镍钛诺支架、紫杉醇涂覆的镍钛诺支架和/或紫杉醇洗脱镍钛诺支架的组合来完成的。普通球囊血管成形术虽然普遍用于治疗较短病变,但不幸地对长病变无效;一项研究记录了平均长度仅为8.7cm的病灶的一年通畅率仅为28%。最初设计用于治疗“救助”场景中的夹层和闭塞的普通镍钛诺支架也好不到哪里去。这些不断扩张的永久性装置的持续移动和向外施加的力会产生慢性炎症、异物反应、平滑肌细胞增殖、再狭窄和治疗失败。事实上,最近的一项审查得出结论,自扩张支架植入后外周动脉的通畅率并不比单独的普通球囊血管成形术更好。
被喷洒或浸渍在旨在减轻新内膜增生的药理化合物中的血管成形术球囊也得到了广泛应用;迄今为止,三项独立、随机、对照的临床试验表明,与未涂覆的球囊相比,通畅率略有提高。然而,所谓的“药物涂覆的球囊”在临床实践中经常遇到的长病变中很少保持通畅。例如,一项对在平均24cm的病灶中膨胀的药物涂覆的球囊进行的纵向研究表明,23%的病例需要计划外的支架植入,并且两年原发性通畅率仅为54%,这令人沮丧。此外,最近针对紫杉醇涂覆的装置试验的荟萃分析表明,这些药物装置调配物会增加晚期死亡率的风险,这可能来源于长期、低水平地暴露于细胞毒性药物。分析表明,在两年(7.2%对3.8%)和在五年(14.7%对8.1%)进行检查时,接受紫杉醇涂覆的装置治疗的患者的全因死亡率明显高于接受裸装置治疗的患者的全因死亡率。一旦证实,此发现导致美国食品和药物管理局共识小组(United States Food&Drug Administration Consensus Panel)得出结论,“存在与使用紫杉醇涂覆的装置治疗股腘PAOD相关联的晚期死亡率信号”。此发现导致使用这种药物的热情大大降低,使患者和干预者对这种衰竭性疾病的治疗的选择要少得多。
用紫杉醇涂覆自扩张金属支架的努力同样被证明是令人失望的。一项简单的策略是将药物喷洒在没有赋形剂的开缝管镍钛诺支架上,此策略在一项使用裸金属支架作为比较的随机关键试验中进行了测试。初步结果是有利的;在一组6.5cm的病变中,此装置表现出优于其裸镍钛诺对应物的一年通畅率(89.9%对73.0%;p<0.01)。不幸的是,考虑到药物的短暂洗脱曲线和持久的金属异物,结果迅速恶化,并且三年后,通畅率仅为75%。此外,所述装置在现实世界中的全球体验一直没有留下深刻印象。在一项对690名平均病变长度为17cm的患者进行的国际研究中,一年和三年再狭窄率分别为36%和51%,这导致作者得出结论,此装置的性能并不比裸镍钛诺更好。
在美国获得市场批准的最后一个也是最近的装置是紫杉醇洗脱装置。镍钛诺装置涂有0.167μg紫杉醇/mm2支架表面积,嵌入PVDF-HFP含氟聚合物中,成功用于冠状动脉应用。尽管欧洲的初步临床结果很有希望,但最近报告的试验结果并不理想。治疗患有平均8.6cm的病灶的患者后,原发性一年通畅率仅为88%,并且此装置与其控制臂的再干预率之间的微小的名义上的差异没有统计学意义。
所有这些血管内支架共享同一基础金属平台:开缝管镍钛诺。它在外周脉管系统方面的持续流行是基于长期以来的信念,即更刚性的球囊可扩张的支架无法安全地植入弯曲的动脉中。考虑到外周动脉中产生的扭转力已得到充分证明,据信任何植入刚性球囊可扩张的支架的尝试都会导致塑性变形、再狭窄、血栓形成和/或假性动脉瘤形成。最近一份支持“股浅动脉和腘动脉血管成形术和支架置入术的实践标准”的报告表明,“由于存在外部压缩和纵轴变形的风险,球囊可扩张的金属支架不再用于股腘段。”
因此,拥有可以安全地用于高度移动性脉管系统中的球囊可扩张的支架将是有利的。这些目的中的至少一些将通过以下描述的实施例来满足。
发明内容
本文中的实施例描述了一种用于放置在血管内以维持或增强血液流动通过所述血管的装置。所述装置可以包括被配置成作为支架植入在所述血管中的一个或多个球囊可扩张的生物可吸收的血管支架元件。所述支架可以被配置成在血管壁处提供高径向力,同时在弯曲期间仍然保持管腔的通畅率。在一实施例中,通过弯曲所述支架元件之间的空间来适应所述血管的弯曲。在一实施例中,所述血管的轴向压缩被所述支架元件和所述支架元件之间的空间两者的轴向压缩吸收。所述支架元件可以包含生物可吸收材料。可替代地,所述支架元件可以包含永久性材料。
本文描述了本公开的这个和其它方面。
附图说明
当结合附图考虑时,本发明的实施例具有将从以下详细描述和所附权利要求书中更加显而易见的其它优点和特征,在附图中:
图1示出了血管内支架的典型径向阻力。
图2A示出了多元件支架的一个实施例。图2B是图2A中的支架元件的放大视图。
图3A-3C描绘了球囊可扩张的多元件支架的展开。
图4A示出了在髋部和膝盖完全屈曲期间在腘动脉中植入的多元件支架。图4B描绘了以三维显示的图4A的植入装置。
图5A-5D示出了支架图案的实施例。图5A是元件的二维描绘。图5B示出了图5A中的孔的放大视图。图5C和5D示出了图5A的呈圆柱形形式的支架元件。
图6示出了激光切割支架。
图7A-7C示出了分段球囊可扩张的血管内支架的血管造影实例。
图8示出了在猪后肢屈曲期间支架间空间的轴向压缩(缩短)。
图9示出了在猪后肢屈曲期间支架的轴向压缩(缩短)。
图10A和10B示出了通过将五个单独的支架卷曲到单个递送系统上而创建的五段式装置。
图10C和10D示出了在动脉壁处提供高径向力同时在弯曲期间仍保持管腔的通畅率的分段球囊可扩张的血管内支架系统(五个串联支架)。
图10E和10F示出了植入到猪的髂股动脉中的对照自扩张镍钛诺支架。
图10G示出了猪经皮外周血管介入模型中自扩张支架(镍钛诺)和5支架球囊可扩张的装置展开后的弯曲角度测量结果。
图10H示出了猪经皮外周血管介入模型中自扩张支架(镍钛诺)和5支架球囊可扩张的装置展开后的目标动脉轴向压缩。
图10I示出了猪经皮外周血管介入模型中自扩张支架(镍钛诺)和5支架球囊可扩张的装置展开后的最小和平均目标动脉管腔直径。
图10J和10K示出了90天后用5支架球囊可扩张的装置和自扩张支架(镍钛诺)治疗的双侧猪股动脉的血管造影图像。
图10L示出了在猪髂股模型中植入5支架装置对镍钛诺SES后的血管造影最大直径狭窄。
图10M示出了连续光学相干断层扫描(OCT)对支架随时间推移的降解进行的成像。
图10N和10O示出了用5支架装置(图10N)或镍钛诺支架(图10O)处理并在2年后采集的猪股动脉的显微照片。
图11是根据一个实施例的用于创建支架的微立体光刻图的示意图。
具体实施方式
虽然已经参考某些实施例公开了本发明,但是本领域的技术人员将理解的是,在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下,可以进行各种改变并且等效物可以取代。另外,在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下,可以进行许多修改以使具体情况或材料适应本发明的教导。
贯穿本说明书和权利要求书,除非上下文另有明确指示,否则以下术语采用与本文明确相关的含义。“一个(a)”、“一种(an)”和“所述(the)”的含义包括复数指代物。“在……中(in)”的含义包括“在……中(in)”和“在……上(on)”。参考附图,贯穿这些视图中的相同的数字表示相同的部分。另外,除非另外说明或与本文中的公开内容不一致,否则对单数的引用包括对复数的引用。
词语“示例性”在本文中用于意指“用作为实例、例子或说明”。本文中描述为“示例性”的任何实施方案不必被解释为优于其它实施方案。
本文参考附图描述了各个实施例。附图未按比例绘制并且仅旨在促进实施例的描述。其并不旨在作为本发明的详尽描述或作为本发明的范围的限制。另外,所展示的实施例不需要具有所示出的所有方面或优点。结合特定实施例描述的方面或优点不必限于所述实施例且可在任何其它实施例(即使未这样说明)中实践。
图1示出了血管内支架的典型径向阻力。典型的“生物可吸收血管构架”(BVS)或可吸收支架的径向阻力为2N/cm以下。类似地,典型的自扩张金属支架(SES)的径向阻力为2N/cm以下。典型的球囊可扩张的金属支架(BES)的径向阻力要高得多,有时高于18N/cm。
哺乳动物的长外周动脉弯曲、压缩和扭转,以在肢体移动期间保持血液流动。因此,旨在驻留在这些动脉内的血管内装置必须足够柔性以适应反复弯曲和变形。然而,柔性血管内装置通常不提供可靠地维持严重患病动脉的流动通道所必需的径向强度。
本文描述的是在动脉壁处提供高径向力同时在弯曲期间仍维持管腔的通畅率的分段球囊可扩张的血管内支架系统。这通过使用串联安装在递送系统上并通过单个球囊膨胀同时展开的多个短的球囊可扩张的支架来实现。单独支架以高径向力保持动脉管腔,而支架间空间吸收伴随肢体移动的弯曲和压缩。
本文的实施例描述了在动脉壁处提供高径向力同时在弯曲期间仍保持管腔的通畅率的分段球囊可扩张的血管内支架系统。与较弱的自扩张支架相反,单独的支架分段的关键设计元素是提供更典型的高效、刚性、球囊可扩张的支架的径向强度。
与被设计成结合径向力和纵向柔性两者的大多数支架图案相比,本文所描述的图案被专门定制成使径向力和刚性最大化并放弃纵向和轴向柔性。
本文所描述的装置是多元件血管支架(或“血管构架(vascular scaffold)”)。这些支架由多个短的、刚性的、圆柱形支架区段或元件构成,所述支架区段或元件彼此分开,但可以一起被称为多元件支架。
通常,本文所描述的多元件支架中的至少两个元件将是足够刚性的,以提供期望的强度水平来承受其放置在其中的血管(如迂曲的外周血管)的应力。同时,由于其由多个单独的元件构成的事实,多元件支架也将是柔性的,因此允许放置在弯曲的、迂曲的血管内。在一些实施例中,多元件支架中的至少两个元件的刚性或径向强度变化。在一个实施例中,多元件支架中的外部元件可具有比内部元件小的径向强度。在另一个实施例中,多元件支架包含沿多元件支架的长度依次具有增加的径向强度的元件,如在AV瘘管中。因此,元件的径向强度可以变化并且可以通过目标动脉的已知特征来定制。
另外,本文所描述的多元件支架将通常是球囊可扩张的而不是自扩张,因为球囊可扩张的支架通常比自扩张支架更牢固。由于所描述的结构和材料,支架的每个球囊可扩张的元件可以具有相对较高的径向力(刚性)。如果支架元件的径向强度显著高于自扩张支架的径向强度,则支架元件被限定为是径向刚性的,所述径向强度与传统金属球囊可扩张的支架(如由钢或钴-铬制成的那些支架)的径向强度在量级上类似或更大。
当连续安装在可膨胀球囊上时,支架元件可以同时并排植入长血管中。在生物体运动期间,所述元件可以独立地移动,维持其各自的形状和强度,而血管的居间的非支架化元件可以不受阻碍地扭转、弯曲和旋转。结果是经过治疗的血管具有在生物体移动期间仍然享有不受限制的柔性的刚性地维持的流动通道。
所描述的实施例利用了以下原理:(1)考虑到血管内支架对动脉壁的短暂作用和精确植入的相对容易性,通过球囊扩张展开的刚性装置代表了血管内支架的最佳设计;(2)长的刚性装置不能安全地植入随骨骼运动而弯曲和扭转的动脉中;(3)弯曲和扭转的长动脉可以是用允许居间的非支架化动脉元件不受阻碍地移动的多个短的BES来有效地治疗;(4)支架元件的长度、数量和间距可以通过目标动脉的已知和可预测的弯曲特征来确定;和(5)动脉仅需短暂地进行构架支撑;晚期支架溶解将对治疗的长期效力几乎没有影响。
完全组装的装置的一个实施例在图2A中示出。单个球囊膨胀和装置展开可以治疗患病动脉的长区段,同时仍然保持动脉随着骨骼运动(如坐下或行走)而弯曲的关键能力。多元件支架200包含多个支架元件201。单独的球囊可扩张的支架元件201被卷曲到可膨胀球囊203上以促进递送。图2B是图2A中的支架元件201的放大视图。单独的元件201沿球囊203的纵向长度连续地安置并间隔开,使得支架元件201彼此不接触。进一步地,间距使得在展开之后,支架元件201在骨骼移动期间不接触或重叠。元件201的数量、元件的长度和元件201之间的间隙202可以根据目标血管位置而变化。在一个实施例中,多元件支架200中的每个元件201具有相同的长度。在具有三个或更多个元件201以及因此两个或更多个间隙202的多元件支架中,所述间隙可以具有相同的长度。
图3A-3C描绘了球囊可扩张的多元件支架的展开。在图3A中,安装在球囊上的多元件支架被推进到病变处。在图3B中,球囊和支架扩张。在图3C中,撤回球囊,使多元件支架仍处于动脉内。
图4A示出了在髋部和膝盖完全屈曲期间在腘动脉中植入的多元件支架。图4B描绘了以三维显示的图4A的植入装置。各个支架元件401间隔开,使得即使在动脉高度弯曲时其也不会重叠。通过未支架化间隙402的屈曲或延伸来提供不受阻碍的动脉移动。
支架元件可以包含各种形状和配置。支架元件中的一些或所有可以包含由交叉支柱形成的闭孔结构(closed-cell structure)。闭孔结构可以包含菱形、正方形、矩形、平行四边形、三角形、五边形、六边形、七边形、八边形、三叶草形、小叶形、圆形、椭圆形和/或卵形几何形状。闭孔也可以包含开槽形状,如H形槽、I形槽、J形槽等。另外或可替代地,支架可以包含开孔结构,如螺旋结构、蛇形结构、之字形结构等。支柱交叉可以形成尖的、垂直的、圆的、外圆角的、平的、斜角和/或斜切的孔拐角。在一个实施例中,支架可以包含具有不同孔形状、朝向和/或大小的多个不同孔。题为“多元件生物可吸收血管内支架(MULTI-ELEMENT BIORESORBABLE INTRAVASCULAR STENT)”的PCT国际申请第PCT/US16/20743号、题为“在标称直径下表现出最大径向强度的可吸收血管内装置(ABSORBABLE INTRAVASCULARDEVICES THAT EXHIBIT THEIR GREATEST RADIAL STRENGTH AT THEIR NOMINALDIAMETERS)”的PCT国际申请第PCT/US20/19132号以及题为“在扩张时缩短以为血管移动创造空间的可吸收血管内装置(ABSORBABLE INTRAVASCULAR DEVICES THAT SHORTEN UPONEXPANSION CREATING SPACE FOR VASCULAR MOVEMENT)”的PCT国际申请第PCT/US19/35861号中已描述了各种孔结构,所述PCT国际申请的全部公开内容通过引用并入本文。
返回图2B,在此示例性实施例中,支架元件201具有菱形闭孔图案。元件201包含混合菱形闭孔204、205。菱形孔204可以重复图案在纵向和/或周向方向上对齐。类似地,菱形孔205可以重复图案在纵向和/或周向方向上对齐。另外或可替代地,菱形孔204和菱形孔205可以交替图案螺旋地对齐。在一个实施例中,菱形孔204和菱形孔205周向地偏移。另外,菱形孔205可以形成在四个相邻的菱形孔204之间的中心位置处。纵向对齐的菱形孔204的两个拐角之间的支柱206的宽度可以大于纵向对齐的菱形孔205的两个拐角之间的支柱207的宽度。
图5A-5D示出了支架图案的一个实施例。支架元件501具有菱形的闭孔图案,其具有相对较厚的支柱宽度和倾斜成角度的连杆。元件501包括菱形闭孔504。元件501可以包括宽225微米或更大的支柱506。元件501可以类似地包括厚225微米或更大的支柱506。在一个实施例中,元件501包括宽度和/或厚度为大约250微米的支柱506。菱形孔504的两个拐角之间的支柱506的宽度和/或高度可以大于或小于形成菱形孔504的侧面的支柱506的宽度和/或高度。当径向压缩(卷曲)时,支柱506的大部分水平定向。然而当展开时,支柱506变成在竖直方向上定向,并且像建筑物的柱子一样,提供额外的抗压缩性。压缩载荷分布在整个重复结构中,使其高度抗变形。支架图案设计用于在扩张至其标称直径时实现最大径向力和刚度。本文中设计的实际激光切割支架的实例在图6中示出。
本文所描述的支架可以由各种不同的材料形成。在一实施例中,支架可以由聚合物或共聚物形成。在各个替代性实施例中,支架或支架元件可以由任何合适的生物可吸收材料制成,以便其将无毒地溶解在人体中,所述生物可吸收材料如但不限于聚酯,如聚乳酸、聚(ε-己内酯)、聚乙醇酸和聚羟基脂肪酸酯、基于氨基酸的聚合物,如聚酯酰胺、聚碳酸酯,如聚三甲基碳酸酯以及本文所描述类型的任何和所有共聚物。在替代性实施例中,支架可以由永久性材料(如金属)形成。
在各个实施例中,可以使用任何合适的聚合物或共聚物来构造支架。术语“聚合物”旨在包括聚合反应的产物,包括均聚物、共聚物、三元共聚物等,无论其是天然的或合成的,包括无规的、交替的、嵌段的、接枝的、支化的、交联的共混物、共混物的组合物和其变体。聚合物可以呈真溶液的形式、饱和的或作为颗粒悬浮或在有益剂中过饱和。聚合物可以是生物相容的或可生物降解的。出于说明而非限制目的,聚合材料可以包含但不限于:L-丙交酯、聚(D-乳酸)(PDLA)、聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA)、聚(碘化的脱氨基酪氨酰基-酪氨酸乙酯)碳酸酯、聚(乳酸-共-乙醇酸)(PLGA)、聚(碘化的脱氨基酪氨酰基-酪氨酸乙酯)碳酸酯、基于水杨酸酯的聚合物、半晶质聚丙交酯、磷酰胆碱、ε-己内酯、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚-D,L-乳酸、聚-L-乳酸、聚(丙交酯共-乙交酯)、聚(羟基丁酸酯)、聚(羟基丁酸酯-共-戊酸酯)、聚二噁烷酮(PDS)、聚原酸酯、聚酐、聚(乙醇酸)、聚(乙醇酸-共-三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚磷酸酯、聚磷酸酯氨基甲酸乙酯、聚(氨基酸)、氰基丙烯酸酯、聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚(亚氨基碳酸酯)、聚亚烷基草酸酯、聚磷腈、聚亚氨基碳酸酯和脂肪族聚碳酸酯、纤维蛋白、纤维蛋白原、纤维素、淀粉、胶原蛋白、包含聚碳酸酯氨基甲酸乙酯的聚氨酯、聚乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯乙烯醇、包含聚硅氧烷和经过取代的聚硅氧烷的硅酮、聚环氧乙烷、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯-共-PEG、PCL-共-PEG、PLA-共-PEG、PLLA-共-PCL、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酰胺及其组合。其它合适的聚合物的非限制性实例一般包括热塑性弹性体、聚烯烃弹性体、EPDM橡胶和聚酰胺弹性体,以及生物稳定的塑料材料,包括丙烯酸聚合物及其衍生物、尼龙、聚酯和环氧树脂。在一些实施例中,支架可以包含具有如聚-L-丙交酯(PLLA)或聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA)的材料的一个或多个涂层。然而,这些材料仅仅是实例,并且不应被视为限制本发明的范围。涂层可以包括药物和能够溶解药物并溶胀或软化支架结构聚合物的溶剂。溶剂可以是任何单一溶剂或溶剂的组合。出于说明而非限制的目的,合适的溶剂的实例包含水、脂肪族烃、芳香族烃、醇、酮、二甲亚砜、四氢呋喃、二氢呋喃、二甲基乙酰胺、乙腈、乙酸酯及其组合。
治疗药物可以是旨在预防或减弱腔内介入的病理学后果,如炎症、细胞功能障碍、细胞活化、细胞增殖、新生内膜形成、增厚、晚期动脉粥样硬化变化和/或血栓形成的任何药剂。在一实施例中,药物可以是西罗莫司(Sirolimus)和/或其衍生物。此类治疗剂的实例包括但不限于:抗血栓药、抗凝血剂、抗血小板剂、抗脂质剂、血栓溶解剂、抗增殖剂、抗炎药、抑制增生的药剂、平滑肌细胞抑制剂、抗生素、生长因子抑制剂、细胞粘附抑制剂、细胞粘附促进剂、抗有丝分裂剂、抗纤维蛋白、抗氧化剂、抗肿瘤药、促进内皮细胞恢复的药剂、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂、抗代谢物、抗过敏物质、病毒载体、核酸、单克隆抗体、酪氨酸激酶的抑制剂、反义化合物、寡核苷酸、细胞渗透增强剂、降血糖药、降血脂药、蛋白质、核酸、可用于红细胞生成刺激的药剂、血管生成剂、抗溃疡/抗回流剂和抗恶心/止吐剂、如非诺贝特等PPARα激动剂、如罗格列扎酮和吡格列酮等所选的PPAR-γ激动剂、肝素钠、LMW肝素、类肝素、水蛭素、阿加曲班、毛喉素、伐普瑞普罗斯特(vapriprost)、前列环素和前列环素类似物、葡聚糖、D-phe-pro-arg-氯甲基酮(合成的抗凝血酶)、糖蛋白IIb/IIIa(血小板膜受体拮抗剂抗体)、重组水蛭素、凝血酶抑制剂、吲哚美辛、水杨酸苯酯、β-雌二醇、长春花碱、ABT-627(阿司生坦(astrasentan))、睾酮、孕酮、紫杉醇、甲氨蝶呤、福莫司汀、RPR-101511A、环孢霉素A、长春新碱、卡维地洛、长春地辛、双嘧达莫、甲氨蝶呤、叶酸、血小板反应蛋白模拟物、雌二醇、地塞米松、甲泛葡胺、碘帕醇、碘海醇、碘普罗胺、碘比醇、碘美普尔、碘喷托、碘佛醇、碘昔兰、碘克沙醇以及碘曲伦、反义化合物、平滑肌细胞增殖抑制剂、降脂剂、不透射线剂、抗肿瘤药、HMG CoA还原酶抑制剂(如洛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、西立伐他汀和氟伐他汀)和其组合。
抗血栓药、抗凝血剂、抗血小板剂和血栓溶解剂的实例包括但不限于:肝素钠、未分级肝素、低分子量肝素(如达肝素钠、依诺肝素、纳德肝素、瑞维肝素、阿达肝素(ardoparin)和舍托肝素(certaparin))、类肝素、水蛭素、阿加曲班、毛喉素、伐普瑞普罗斯特、前列环素和前列环素类似物、葡聚糖、D-phe-pro-arg-氯甲基酮(合成的抗凝血酶)、双嘧达莫、糖蛋白IIb/IIIa(血小板膜受体拮抗剂抗体)、重组水蛭素和凝血酶抑制剂(如比伐卢定)、凝血酶抑制剂以及血栓溶解剂(如尿激酶、重组尿激酶、前尿激酶、组织纤溶酶原激活剂、阿替普酶和替奈替普酶)。
细胞抑制剂或抗增殖剂的实例包含但不限于:雷帕霉素(rapamycin)和其类似物(包含依维莫司(everolimus)、佐他莫司(zotarolimus)、他克莫司(tacrolimus)、诺维莫司(novolimus)、瑞达莫司(ridafrolimus)、替西罗莫司(temsirolimus)和吡美莫司(pimecrolimus))、血管肽素、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(如卡托普利(captopril)、西拉普利(cilazapril)或赖诺普利(lisinopril))、钙通道阻断剂(如硝苯地平(nifedipine)、氨氯地平(amlodipine)、西尼地平(cilnidipine)、乐卡地平(lercanidipine)、贝尼地平(benidipine)、三氟哌拉嗪、地尔硫卓(diltiazem)和维拉帕米(verapamil))、成纤维细胞生长因子拮抗剂、鱼油(ω3-脂肪酸)、组胺拮抗剂、洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、拓扑异构酶抑制剂(如依托泊苷(etoposide)和托泊替康(topotecan))以及抗雌激素(如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen))。
抗炎剂的实例包括但不限于:秋水仙碱和糖皮质激素,如倍他米松、可的松、地塞米松、布地奈德、泼尼松龙、甲基泼尼松龙和氢化可的松。非甾体抗炎剂包括但不限于:氟比洛芬、布洛芬、酮洛芬、非诺洛芬、萘普生、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、乙酰氨基酚、吲哚美辛、舒林酸、依托度酸、双氯芬酸、酮咯酸、甲氯芬酸、吡罗昔康和苯基丁氮酮。
抗肿瘤剂的实例包括但不限于:烷化剂(包括六甲蜜胺、苯达莫星(bendamucine)、卡铂、卡莫司汀、顺铂、环磷酰胺、福莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀、泼尼莫司汀和曲奥舒凡(treosulfin))、抗有丝分裂剂(包括长春新碱、长春花碱、紫杉醇、多西他赛)、抗代谢物(包括甲氨蝶呤、巯基嘌呤、喷司他丁、三甲曲沙、吉西他滨、硫唑嘌呤和氟尿嘧啶)、抗生素(如盐酸阿霉素和丝裂霉素)以及促进内皮细胞恢复的药剂(如雌二醇)。
抗过敏剂包括但不限于:吡嘧司特硝普钾(permirolast potassiumnitroprusside)、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、前列腺素抑制剂、苏拉明、血清素阻断剂、类固醇、硫蛋白酶抑制剂、三唑并嘧啶和一氧化氮。
在实验动物身上证明了分段式球囊可扩张的装置可以在弯曲期间保持动脉管腔。对体重介于25kg至35kg之间的四只雌性家养猪进行了外周对比血管造影。在全身麻醉、插管和机械通气诱导后,颈动脉通过外科手术暴露,并且动物仰卧。在直视下将护套插入到颈总动脉中,并使用透视法推进至主动脉分叉处。施用肝素以实现活化凝血时间>300秒。施用硝酸甘油推注以减轻继发性动脉血管痉挛。前后血管造影图像是在中立位置获得的,其中后肢自然延伸,并在手动强调的髋关节和膝关节屈曲(蹲姿)后重复。使用实现完全壁并置所必需的球囊膨胀,将支架展开到双侧髂股动脉的最佳大小区域中。在装置展开和球囊撤出后,对延伸和屈曲的后肢重复血管造影。使用回顾性定量血管分析评估动脉、支架和支架间空间的变形。测量包含支架的直径和长度、支架之间的间隔以及近侧和远侧动脉边缘。轴向压缩被定义为中立、延伸位置的动脉目标段长度减去弯曲位置的长度除以中立位置的长度之间的差异。弯曲角度被定义为样品目标动脉区段的近侧和远侧边界之间的近似角度。
将总共38个可吸收支架植入到4只动物的8根髂股动脉中。装置以2个动脉中2个串联支架、2个动脉中4个支架、3个动脉中6个支架和1个动脉中8个支架的配置植入。支架动脉总长度的范围为32mm至97mm。
支架植入后,后肢屈曲产生可预测的动脉变形模式;血管造影实例在图7A、7B和7C中示出。示出了分段球囊可扩张的血管内支架系统(两个串联支架),其在动脉壁处提供高径向力同时在弯曲期间仍保持管腔的通畅率。并排式支架经皮植入到农场猪的左侧股动脉中。在左图中,左后肢延伸。当手动弯曲后肢时(右图),动脉弯曲被支架和中间空间的轴向缩短所吸收。即使后肢被手动弯曲至非生理位置(底图),支架区段仍然广泛通畅。
尽管包含多个刚性支架,但即使在极度屈曲期间,经处理的动脉的管腔动脉直径仍保持不变,没有扭结或闭塞(延伸时平均管腔直径4.8±0.3mm对屈曲时平均管腔直径4.7±0.3)。对支架和支架间空间进行了单独的长度测量,以评估系统的哪些特定组件正在机械地吸收变形。结果表明,动脉的弯曲和轴向压缩是通过缩短支架之间的空间(n=30个空间,延伸时平均长度2.2±08mm对屈曲时平均长度1.9±0.7mm;p=0.0008,使用配对t检验)以及支架本身的轴向缩短(n=38个支架;延伸时平均长度10.7±1.4mm对屈曲时平均长度9.9±1.1mm;p=0.0003,使用配对t检验)来承受的。装置的各个组件的缩短在图8和9中以图形方式描绘。
图8示出了在猪后肢屈曲期间支架间空间的轴向压缩(缩短)。可吸收支架之间的30个中间空间在猪后肢屈曲期间的轴向压缩(缩短)。测量结果来自血管造影图像。通过黑色实线连接的粗体黑色方块表示平均值。
图9示出了在猪后肢屈曲期间支架的轴向压缩(缩短)。38个植入的可吸收支架在猪后肢屈曲期间的轴向压缩(缩短)。测量结果来自血管造影图像。通过黑色实线连接的粗体黑色方块表示平均值。
同样的现象也在图10A和10B所示的类似实验模型中使用5支架装置得到证明。在这项研究中,将8只雌性尤卡坦小型猪(Yucatan mini-swine)按上述麻醉,并通过切开的颈动脉将5支架紫杉醇洗脱装置血管内植入到髂股动脉中(图10C和10D)。
五个支架通过单个球囊膨胀在目标猪髂股动脉中同时展开。当后肢延伸(图10C)以及最大限度屈曲(图10D)时,动脉保持广泛的通畅。每个图中都显示了来自定量血管造影分析(QVA)的数值数据。
为了充当对照,将标准的、经批准的、大小合适的、长度为6cm的自扩张镍钛诺支架植入到对侧髂股动脉的相同解剖位置中(图10E和10F)。将单个自扩张镍钛诺支架在目标猪髂股动脉中展开。由于支架的固有柔性,当后肢延伸(图10E)以及最大限度屈曲(图10F)时,动脉保持广泛的通畅。每个图中都显示了来自定量血管造影分析(QVA)的数值数据。
植入后,对处于延伸和过度屈曲两者的后肢重复血管造影。使用回顾性定量血管分析(QVA)评估经处理的动脉的形态。测量结果包含在后肢延伸和屈曲期间的经处理的动脉长度、直径和弯曲角度。轴向压缩被定义为中立、延伸位置的动脉目标段长度减去弯曲位置的长度除以中立位置的长度之间的差异。弯曲角度被定义为样品目标动脉区段的近侧和远侧边界之间的近似角度。结果表明,猪髂股动脉如所预期的在后肢屈曲时明显变形。存在动脉极度弯曲伴后肢屈曲;与5支架装置相比,在用镍钛诺处理的动脉中没有发现差异(图10G)。测量结果来自血管造影图像。弯曲角度被定义为样品目标动脉区段的近侧和远侧边界之间的近似角度。N=8条动脉。数据点表示平均值±SEM。
类似地,通过手动后肢屈曲而变形的动脉表现出可预测的轴向压缩。然而,与纵向刚性镍钛诺装置相反,植入5支架装置允许更自然的轴向压缩(11%对1%;图10H)。测量结果来自血管造影图像。轴向压缩被定义为中立、延伸位置的动脉目标段长度减去弯曲位置的长度除以中立位置的长度之间的差异。N=8条动脉。数据点表示平均值±SEM。
沿经处理的动脉的长度以1cm的间隔进行定量血管造影直径测量。如所预期的,植入镍钛诺支架后,由于其自扩张设计产生的向外径向力,术后管腔直径稍大(平均直径5.19±0.64mm对4.38±0.55mm)。然而,后肢的极度屈曲并未明显影响任一装置的直径(图10I)。测量结果来自血管造影图像。N=8条动脉。数据点表示平均值±SEM。从此实验得出的结论是,这种分段球囊可扩张的支架系统在动脉弯曲期间有效地保持管腔。
植入后,本研究中的动物持续每天口服乙酰水杨酸325mg和氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)75mg。在30天、90天、180天、365天和730天间隔中的每一个时,对动物进行重新麻醉并对经处理的动脉进行重新成像。结果表明,用对照镍钛诺支架处理的动脉表现出严重的新生内膜增生,伴有管腔受损和支架内狭窄;相比之下,用5支架装置处理的动脉仅表现出最小狭窄和广泛的通畅率(图10J和10K)。示出了90天后用5支架60mm装置(图10J)或60mm对照镍钛诺支架(图10K)处理的双侧猪股动脉的血管造影图像。注意EVSS与极度狭窄的金属支架(箭头)相比的广泛通畅率。值得注意的是,发现一个远侧放置的镍钛诺支架在90天时完全闭塞;相比之下,所有5支架装置在研究中的所有时间点均广泛地通畅。
对连续血管造影图像进行定量血管分析(QVA),以测量动脉狭窄和管腔丢失随时间推移的发展。最大直径狭窄百分比计算为(1-[MLD/RVD])x 100%,其中MLD=最小管腔直径,并且RVD=参考血管直径。结果表明,在猪髂股动脉中植入5支架装置使管腔狭窄显著且减少(图10L)。显示了在猪髂股模型中植入5支架装置对镍钛诺SES后的血管造影最大直径狭窄。N=8条动脉。数据点表示平均值±SEM。
使用连续光学相干断层扫描(OCT)对支架随时间推移的退化进行成像。支架在第一个月后被完全覆盖,6个月后完全吸收到动脉壁中,并且2年后完全降解(图10M)。
2年后,将动物处死并采集目标动脉用于组织学和形态学分析。用5支架装置处理的动脉表现出适度的新生内膜反应(平均新生内膜面积为5.2±2.1mm2),并保持细胞结构。支架间空间基本上没有血管病变。相比之下,用镍钛诺SES处理的动脉表现出显著的新生内膜反应(平均新生内膜面积12.7±5.2mm2);在股动脉中,可以观察到镍钛诺支柱延伸至外部弹性层之外,引起动脉细胞结构完全破坏和限流狭窄(图10N和10O)。显示了用5支架装置(图10N)或镍钛诺支架(图10O)处理并在2年后采集的猪股动脉的显微照片。注意在用5支架装置处理的动脉中的轻度新生内膜反应、保持的细胞结构和缺少残留支架(图10N)。相反,注意镍钛诺装置的慢性向外力引起的严重破坏和管腔狭窄(图10O)。从这项研究中得出的结论是,紫杉醇洗脱5支架装置显著减少了猪经皮外周介入模型中的新生内膜、晚期管腔丢失和狭窄。
支架可以使用增材或减材方法来制造。在任何所描述的实施例中,支架或支架元件可以被制造成片材并包裹成圆柱形形式。可替代地,可以使用增材制造工艺以圆柱形形式制造支架或支架元件。在一个实施例中,支架可以通过将材料挤出到圆柱形管中来形成。在一些实施例中,较长的支架元件可以在制造工艺期间形成,并且然后被切割成较小的支架元件/元件,以提供多元件支架。在一个实施例中,支架管可以激光切割成具有图案以形成支架元件。
现在参考图11,在一个实施例中,支架可以使用微立体光刻系统100(或“3D打印系统”)来制造。可以在各个实施例中使用的当前可用系统的若干实例包括但不限于:MakiBoxA6,中国香港Makible有限公司(Makible Limited,Hong Kong,China);CubeX,南卡罗来纳州圆石山的3D系统有限公司(3D Systems,Inc.,Circle Rock Hill,SC);和3D-Bioplotter(德国格拉德贝克的EnvisionTEC公司(EnvisionTEC GmbH,Gladbeck,Germany))。
微立体光刻系统可以包括照明器、动态图案生成器、图像形成器和Z台。照明器可以包括光源、滤光器、电快门、准直透镜和将均匀强度的光投影到生成动态掩模的数字镜装置(DMD)上的反射镜。图10示出了微立体光刻系统100的一个实施例的这些组件中的一些组件,包括DMD板、Z台、灯、平台、树脂槽和物镜。这里将不对3D打印/微立体光刻系统和其它增材制造系统的细节进行描述,因为其在本领域中是众所周知的。然而,根据各个实施例,任何增材制造系统或工艺,无论是当前已知的还是此后开发的,都可以潜在地用于制造处于本发明的范围内的支架。换句话说,本发明的范围不限于任何特定的增材制造系统或工艺。
在一个实施例中,系统100可以被配置成使用动态掩模投影微立体光刻来制造支架。在一个实施例中,所述制造方法可以包括首先通过用计算机程序切割3D模型并且在系统中逐层固化和堆叠图像来产生3D微结构构架。在一个实施例中,系统的反射镜用于在DMD上投影均匀强度的光,从而生成动态掩模。动态图案生成器通过产生类似于掩模的黑白区域来创建制造模型的切割区段的图像。最后,为了堆叠图像,分辨率Z台上下移动,以刷新树脂表面用于后续固化。在一个实施例中,Z台构建子系统的分辨率为约100nm,并且包括用于附接衬底的平台、用于容纳聚合物液体溶液的桶以及用于控制溶液温度的热板。Z台通过深入地向下移动、向上移动到预定位置并且然后等待一定时间以使溶液均匀分布来制备具有所需层厚度的新溶液表面。
尽管已经示出并描述了特定实施例,但是所述实施例并不旨在限制本发明。在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以对任何实施例进行各种改变和修改。本发明旨在覆盖替代方案、修改和等效物。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于放置在血管内以维持或增强血液流动通过所述血管的装置,所述装置包括:
多个球囊可扩张的生物可吸收的血管支架元件,所述血管支架元件被配置成作为支架植入在所述血管中;
其中所述支架元件由生物可吸收聚合物材料形成;
其中所述支架被配置成在血管壁处提供高径向力,同时在弯曲期间仍保持管腔的通畅率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中通过弯曲所述支架元件之间的空间来适应所述血管的弯曲。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述血管的轴向压缩被所述支架元件和所述支架元件之间的空间两者的轴向压缩吸收。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述生物可吸收聚合物材料包括聚(L-乳酸)(PLLA)、聚(D-乳酸)(PDLA)、聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA)、半晶质聚丙交酯、聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚(乳酸-共-乙醇酸)(PLGA)、聚(碘化的脱氨基酪氨酰基-酪氨酸乙酯)碳酸酯、聚己内酯(PCL)、基于水杨酸酯的聚合物、聚二噁烷酮(PDS)、聚(羟基丁酸酯)、聚(羟基丁酸酯-共-戊酸酯)、聚原酸酯、聚酐、聚(乙醇酸-共-三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚(碘化的脱氨基酪氨酰基-酪氨酸乙酯)碳酸酯、聚磷酸酯、聚磷酸酯氨基甲酸乙酯、聚(氨基酸)、氰基丙烯酸酯、聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚(亚氨基碳酸酯)、聚亚烷基草酸酯、聚磷腈、聚亚氨基碳酸酯和脂肪族聚碳酸酯、纤维蛋白、纤维蛋白原、纤维素、淀粉、胶原蛋白、包含聚碳酸酯氨基甲酸乙酯的聚氨酯、聚乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯乙烯醇、包含聚硅氧烷和经取代的聚硅氧烷的硅酮、聚环氧乙烷、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯-共-PEG、PCL-共-PEG、PLA-共-PEG、PLLA-共-PCL、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酰胺或其组合。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述支架的径向刚性在所述支架的结构聚合物未连接和代谢时缓慢减弱,使得所述支架缓慢地变得更具柔性,从而引起静脉的适应和重塑以及静脉弹性的恢复。
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