CN116417099A - Molecular dynamics simulation method for nucleation and growth of pores at grain boundary in creep process of martensitic steel - Google Patents

Molecular dynamics simulation method for nucleation and growth of pores at grain boundary in creep process of martensitic steel Download PDF

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CN116417099A
CN116417099A CN202310350769.5A CN202310350769A CN116417099A CN 116417099 A CN116417099 A CN 116417099A CN 202310350769 A CN202310350769 A CN 202310350769A CN 116417099 A CN116417099 A CN 116417099A
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martensitic steel
creep
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董志波
李清华
杨来山
张植航
韩放
李承昆
王瀚
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Harbin Institute of Technology
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Abstract

With the improvement of scientific technology, martensitic stainless steel mechanical devices are increasingly applied to high-temperature environments, so creep failure often occurs in a long-time service process. The typical phenomenon of creep failure is nucleation and growth of creep voids. The invention discloses a molecular dynamics simulation method for nucleation and growth of pores at a grain boundary in the creep process of martensitic steel, which comprises the following specific steps: (1) establishing a molecular dynamics simulation model; (2) systematic relaxation; (3) potential function selection; (4) boundary condition selection; (5) temperature and pressure control; and (6) visualization and data analysis. Through numerical simulation of the cavitation nucleation and growth process at the grain boundary in the creep process of the martensitic steel at different environmental temperatures, the influence mechanism of the angle and the number of the grain boundary, the vacancy concentration and the dislocation number on the cavitation nucleation and growth at the grain boundary is described, the understanding of the creep failure mechanism of the martensitic stainless steel is improved on a microscopic scale, and the development of a creep-resistant strategy is promoted.

Description

Molecular dynamics simulation method for nucleation and growth of pores at grain boundary in creep process of martensitic steel
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of metal materials, and particularly relates to a molecular dynamics simulation method for nucleation and growth of pores at a grain boundary in a martensitic steel creep process.
Background
The martensitic stainless steel has the advantages of high strength, high toughness and high corrosion resistance, and is widely applied to the fields of aerospace, marine ships and the like. With the improvement of scientific technology, martensitic stainless steel mechanical devices are increasingly applied to high-temperature environments, so creep failure often occurs in a long-time service process. Typical phenomena of creep failure are nucleation and growth of creep voids: in martensitic steels, nucleation of creep voids is mainly caused by creep deformation, where grain boundaries slip during deformation, and stress concentrations occur in localized areas where grain boundary migration is impeded (e.g., at trifurcated grain boundaries). When the stress exceeds the critical nucleation stress, creep voids begin to nucleate at the grain boundaries. The growth process of creep voids is largely dependent on the orientation of the grains and the loading direction. Experiments have shown that holes perpendicular to the loading direction grow more easily. In addition, vacancy diffusion and dislocation adsorption under stress fields also promote void growth. Due to the complexity of the mechanism, creep cavitation nucleation and growth at the grain boundaries of martensitic stainless steel have been a research hotspot in the metal field.
The following problems exist in the research of nucleation and growth of creep voids by adopting a traditional test method: the angle of the grain boundary is difficult to accurately measure and control, and the stress state in the creep process cannot be characterized; defects such as vacancies and dislocation exist at the same time, so that the influence mechanism of a single factor is difficult to study, and the types and the quantity of the defects are difficult to quantitatively measure; TEM equipment for atomic observation and characterization is expensive to use. With the development of computer science and the development of more accurate interatomic potential functions, molecular dynamics simulation can model materials on an atomic scale and provide direct observation of phenomena occurring on a nanosecond time scale, so that the method has strong capability of researching creep cavitation nucleation and growth. The rationality of molecular dynamics simulation is largely dependent on modeling strategies, however, no molecular dynamics modeling study for creep cavitation nucleation and growth at grain boundaries exists at present, which limits further study on the creep performance and fracture mechanism of martensitic stainless steel.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a molecular dynamics modeling method for creep void nucleation and growth at a martensitic steel grain boundary. In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme is as follows:
taking crystal directions [100] [101] and [001] as x, y and z coordinate axis directions to construct a model, and filling iron atoms conforming to lattice arrangement in the model;
according to the type of martensitic steel and the proportion of elements in the steel, replacing iron atoms in the model in equal proportion to establish a martensitic steel model containing multiple elements;
presetting grain boundary defects with different angles and densities in a martensitic steel model, and constructing a polycrystalline martensitic steel model;
presetting vacancy defects with different concentrations in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model;
presetting different numbers of dislocation defects in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model;
simultaneously presetting vacancy defects with different concentrations and dislocation defects with different numbers in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model;
selecting a potential function capable of simulating the creep deformation of the martensitic steel;
setting boundary conditions;
controlling the temperature and the three-way pressure of the system through an isothermal and isobaric ensemble;
performing data analysis by using visual software OVITO, and analyzing nucleation and growth mechanisms of creep voids at grain boundaries through lattice analysis, co-neighbor analysis, dislocation analysis, strain analysis and potential energy distribution;
relaxation of the martensitic steel model, the polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model, the polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model and the polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model under an isothermal and isobaric ensemble (NPT) to enable system energy to reach a minimum value;
carrying out constant strain rate high-temperature stretching simulation on the relaxed martensitic steel model to obtain the tensile strength of the defect-free martensitic steel model at different temperatures;
developing constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystalline martensitic steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of the grain boundary angle and density at different temperatures on creep void nucleation and growth at the grain boundary;
developing constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-vacancy martensite steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of vacancy concentration on creep void nucleation and growth at a grain boundary at different temperatures;
developing constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-dislocation martensite steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of dislocation quantity at different temperatures on creep void nucleation and growth at a grain boundary;
and carrying out constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-vacancy-dislocation martensite steel mould so as to obtain a coupling influence mechanism of vacancy concentration and dislocation quantity at different temperatures on creep cavitation nucleation and growth at a grain boundary.
Further defined, a model having a size of 20 to 100 lattice units in three coordinate axis directions is constructed, the lattice unit length being the lattice constant of the iron single crystal at the initial temperature.
Further defined, a grain boundary defect is preset in the martensitic steel model, and a polycrystalline martensitic steel model comprising 1 to 10 grains is constructed.
Further defined, vacancy defects are preset in the polycrystalline martensitic steel model at a concentration of 0-30% to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model.
Further defined, dislocation defects at 0 to 5 are preset in the polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model.
Further defined, the concentration of 0 to 30% vacancy defects and 0 to 5 dislocation defects are simultaneously preset in the polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model.
Further defined, the martensitic steel creep deformation is simulated using an EAM potential function having a total energy calculation expression:
Figure BDA0004161420270000031
wherein F is i To embed as the embedding energy of the i-th atom ρ h,i R is i Electron density of the matrix in the absence of atom i as a function of short-range two body potential, r ij Is the distance between atoms i and j, f i Is the electron density distribution of i atoms.
Further defined is a periodic boundary condition set in all three directions x, y, z to enable the nanoscale molecular dynamics model to approximate an infinite system.
Further defined, the pressures in the x, y and z directions are always controlled to be 1 atmosphere.
Further defined, the relaxation time is between 0.5 nanoseconds and 5 nanoseconds.
Further defined, the constant strain rate high temperature stretch simulation parameters: the temperature is set to 400K-900K, and the strain rate is controlled to be 0.002.
Further defined, constant stress rate high temperature creep simulation parameters: the temperature is set to 400K-900K, and the stress is set to 20% -50% of the tensile strength of the flawless martensitic steel model at the corresponding temperature.
Based on a molecular dynamics simulation method, numerical simulation is carried out on the nucleation and growth process of the holes at the grain boundaries in the creep process of the martensitic steel at different environmental temperatures, so that the influence mechanism of the angles and the number of the grain boundaries, the vacancy concentration and the dislocation number on the nucleation and growth of the holes at the grain boundaries at different environmental temperatures is described, the understanding of the creep failure mechanism of the martensitic stainless steel is improved on a microscopic scale, and the development of a creep-resistant strategy is promoted.
The invention discovers through molecular dynamics simulation that when the stress exceeds nucleation stress, the holes begin to nucleate. The nucleation mechanism of the holes comprises the following three types: 1. during creep, grain boundary slippage causes voids 2 to appear at the three-grain boundary intersections, and under stress, the voids move and aggregate together through grain boundary slippage, which can cause creep void nucleation. 3. During creep, the accumulation of dislocations at the grain boundaries can lead to nucleation of voids at the grain boundaries.
The invention discovers through molecular dynamics simulation that the growth mechanism of creep voids comprises the following three types: 1. the growth rate of the pores is largely dependent on the grain boundary orientation and stress loading direction, and pores perpendicular to the loading direction are more likely to grow. 2. Stress concentration at the voids causes a negative stress gradient at the leading edge, which in turn causes vacancy defects to diffuse along the grain boundaries and void surfaces, causing more vacancies to accumulate at the voids and thus cause them to grow. 3. In the creep process, dislocation moves to the hole and is adsorbed to the surface of the hole under the action of stress field, so that the hole is promoted to grow continuously.
Drawings
FIG. 1 iron single crystal lattice model;
FIG. 2 martensitic steel model;
FIG. 3 is a polycrystalline martensitic steel model;
FIG. 4 a model of a polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and examples.
Example 1
In the embodiment, the molecular dynamics modeling method for creep void nucleation and growth at the martensitic steel grain boundary is realized through the following steps:
and respectively taking crystal directions [100] [101] and [001] as x, y and z coordinate axis directions to construct a model with the size of 20-100 lattice units in the three coordinate axis directions. The model is filled with iron atoms conforming to the lattice arrangement, and the unit length of the lattice is the lattice constant of the iron single crystal at the initial temperature.
Iron atoms in the model are replaced in equal proportion according to the type of martensitic steel and the proportion of elements in the steel so as to establish a martensitic steel model containing multiple elements.
Presetting grain boundary defects in a martensitic steel model, and constructing a polycrystalline martensitic steel model containing 1-10 grains.
Vacancy defects with a concentration of 0 to 30% are preset in the polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model.
Dislocation defects at 0 to 5 points are preset in the polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model.
And simultaneously presetting 0-30% of vacancy defects and 0-5 dislocation defects in the polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct the polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model.
And (3) potential function selection: and selecting a potential function capable of accurately simulating the creep deformation of the martensitic steel. Potential functions based on the EAM (embedded atomic potential) framework are widely used in the molecular dynamics simulation of metallic materials. The EAM theory assumes that every atom in the system is embedded in a non-uniform electron gas, which is basically similar to the description of the atoms in the metal material and the surrounding environment of the metal material by researchers, and can accurately reflect the interaction between microscopic particles of the metal material. The total energy of the EAM potential function is calculated as:
Figure BDA0004161420270000041
wherein F is i To embed as the embedding energy of the i-th atom ρ h,i R is i Electron density of the matrix in the absence of atom i as a function of short-range two body potential, r ij Is the distance between atoms i and j, f i Is the electron density distribution of i atoms. The above is the basic relationship of EAM theoryThe relation, from which the relevant properties of the material can be calculated directly.
Boundary condition selection: periodic boundary conditions are set in the x, y and z directions. The geometry of the cell satisfies a perfect two-dimensional tiling and as an object passes through one side of the cell, it reappears at the same speed on the other side. Thus by setting periodic boundary conditions in three directions, the nanoscale molecular dynamics model can approximate an infinite system.
Temperature and pressure control: the temperature and three-way pressure of the system are controlled by NPT (isothermal and isobaric) ensembles. The pressures in the x, y and z directions are always controlled at 1 atmosphere.
Visualization and data analysis: data analysis is performed by using visual software OVITO, and nucleation and growth mechanisms of creep voids at grain boundaries are revealed through lattice analysis, co-neighbor analysis, dislocation analysis, stress analysis and potential energy distribution.
And (3) relaxing the martensitic steel model, the polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model, the polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model and the polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model for 0.5-5 nanoseconds under isothermal and isobaric ensemble (NPT) so as to enable the system energy to reach the minimum value.
And carrying out constant strain rate high-temperature stretching simulation on the relaxed martensitic steel model to obtain the tensile strength of the defect-free martensitic model at different temperatures. The temperature is set to 400-900K, and the strain rate is controlled to be 0.002.
And carrying out constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystalline martensitic steel model to obtain the influence mechanism of the grain boundary angle and density on creep void nucleation and growth at the grain boundary at different temperatures. The temperature is set to 400-900K, and the stress is set to 20-50% of the tensile strength of the defect-free martensitic steel model at the corresponding temperature.
And carrying out constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-vacancy martensite steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of vacancy concentration on creep void nucleation and growth at a grain boundary at different temperatures. The temperature is set to 400-900K, and the stress is set to 20-50% of the tensile strength of the defect-free martensitic steel model at the corresponding temperature.
And carrying out constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-dislocation martensite steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of dislocation quantity at different temperatures on creep void nucleation and growth at a grain boundary. The temperature is set to 400-900K, and the stress is set to 20-50% of the tensile strength of the defect-free martensitic steel model at the corresponding temperature.
And carrying out constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-vacancy-dislocation martensite steel mould so as to obtain a coupling influence mechanism of vacancy concentration and dislocation quantity at different temperatures on creep cavitation nucleation and growth at a grain boundary. The temperature is set to 400-900K, and the stress is set to 20-50% of the tensile strength of the defect-free martensitic steel model at the corresponding temperature.
Based on a molecular dynamics simulation method, numerical simulation is carried out on the nucleation and growth process of the holes at the grain boundaries in the creep process of the martensitic steel at different environmental temperatures, so that the influence mechanism of the angles and the number of the grain boundaries, the vacancy concentration and the dislocation number on the nucleation and growth of the holes at the grain boundaries at different environmental temperatures is described, the understanding of the creep failure mechanism of the martensitic stainless steel is improved on a microscopic scale, and the development of a creep-resistant strategy is promoted.

Claims (9)

1. The molecular dynamics simulation method for nucleation and growth of pores at grain boundaries in the creep process of martensitic steel is characterized by comprising the following steps:
taking crystal directions [100] [101] and [001] as x, y and z coordinate axis directions to construct a model, and filling iron atoms conforming to lattice arrangement in the model;
according to the type of martensitic steel and the proportion of elements in the steel, replacing iron atoms in the model in equal proportion to establish a martensitic steel model containing multiple elements;
presetting grain boundary defects with different angles and densities in a martensitic steel model, and constructing a polycrystalline martensitic steel model;
presetting vacancy defects with different concentrations in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model;
presetting different numbers of dislocation defects in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model;
simultaneously presetting vacancy defects with different concentrations and dislocation defects with different numbers in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model;
selecting a potential function capable of simulating the creep deformation of the martensitic steel;
setting boundary conditions;
controlling the temperature and the three-way pressure of the system through an isothermal and isobaric ensemble;
performing data analysis by using visual software OVITO, and analyzing nucleation and growth mechanisms of creep voids at grain boundaries through lattice analysis, co-neighbor analysis, dislocation analysis, strain analysis and potential energy distribution;
relaxation of the martensitic steel model, the polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model, the polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model and the polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model under an isothermal and isobaric ensemble (NPT) to enable system energy to reach a minimum value;
carrying out constant strain rate high-temperature stretching simulation on the relaxed martensitic steel model to obtain the tensile strength of the defect-free martensitic steel model at different temperatures;
developing constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystalline martensitic steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of the grain boundary angle and density at different temperatures on creep void nucleation and growth at the grain boundary;
developing constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-vacancy martensite steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of vacancy concentration on creep void nucleation and growth at a grain boundary at different temperatures;
developing constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-dislocation martensite steel model to obtain an influence mechanism of dislocation quantity at different temperatures on creep void nucleation and growth at a grain boundary;
and carrying out constant stress rate high-temperature creep simulation on the relaxed polycrystal-vacancy-dislocation martensite steel mould so as to obtain a coupling influence mechanism of vacancy concentration and dislocation quantity at different temperatures on creep cavitation nucleation and growth at a grain boundary.
2. The simulation method according to claim 1, wherein a model having a size of 20 to 100 lattice units in three coordinate axis directions is constructed, and the lattice unit length is a lattice constant of the iron single crystal at the initial temperature.
3. A simulation method according to claim 1, wherein grain boundary defects are preset in a martensitic steel model, and a polycrystalline martensitic steel model comprising 1 to 10 grains is constructed;
presetting vacancy defects with the concentration of 0-30% in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-vacancy martensitic steel model;
presetting dislocation defects at 0-5 positions in a polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct a polycrystalline-dislocation martensitic steel model;
and simultaneously presetting 0-30% of vacancy defects and 0-5 dislocation defects in the polycrystalline martensitic steel model to construct the polycrystalline-vacancy-dislocation martensitic steel model.
4. A simulation method according to claim 1, wherein the martensitic steel creep deformation is simulated using an EAM potential function, the total energy of the EAM potential function being calculated as:
Figure FDA0004161420260000021
wherein F is i To embed as the embedding energy of the i-th atom ρ h,i R is i Electron density of the matrix in the absence of atom i as a function of short-range two body potential, r ij Is the distance between atoms i and j, f i Is the electron density distribution of i atoms.
5. A simulation method according to claim 1, characterized in that periodic boundary conditions are set in all three directions x, y, z to enable the nanoscale molecular dynamics model to approximate an infinite system.
6. A simulation method according to claim 1, wherein the pressures in the x, y and z directions are always controlled to 1 atmosphere.
7. A simulation method according to claim 1, characterized in that the relaxation time is 0.5-5 nanoseconds.
8. The simulation method according to claim 1, wherein the constant strain rate high temperature stretching simulation parameters: the temperature is set to 400K-900K, and the strain rate is controlled to be 0.002.
9. A simulation method according to claim 1, characterized in that the constant stress rate high temperature creep simulation parameters: the temperature is set to 400K-900K, and the stress is set to 20% -50% of the tensile strength of the flawless martensitic steel model at the corresponding temperature.
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