CN116406663A - 一种含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明提供一种含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂及其制备方法与应用。本发明将草蒿脑制成了便于施用的剂型,通过试验发现草蒿脑能有效驱避果蝇,并验证了草蒿脑驱避果蝇的原理为草蒿脑对果蝇触角电位值的影响。本发明提供的含草蒿脑的制剂,具有安全、高效、与环境兼容性好、对非靶标生物安全等特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于昆虫驱避剂技术领域,涉及一种含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂及其制备方法与应用,具体涉及草蒿脑在果蝇驱避方面的应用和含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂。
背景技术
斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇属双翅目果蝇科果蝇属昆虫,以腐烂的水果或植物体为食,寄主植物广泛,已知寄主涉及18科60多种水果,包括香蕉、猕猴桃、柿、无花果、草莓、樱桃、李、油桃、西洋梨、黑莓、树莓、蓝莓、葡萄等。果蝇通常是将卵产在成熟果的果皮下,卵孵化后以幼虫为害,随着幼虫的蛀食,被取食果软化、腐烂、脱落。另外,果蝇幼虫取食点亦可引起真菌和细菌的污染,导致果实果汁外溢,果肉稀软腐烂,品质变劣,产量下降,严重的影响了水果的鲜销和深加工,成为水果产业稳步发展的制约因素。再者,果蝇传播速度非常快,其带来的危害几乎是毁灭性的,故防治果蝇对于水果产业来说是一项刻不容缓的重任。
由于斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇以藏匿于果实中的幼虫为害,化学杀虫剂往往很难到达靶标生物,防治效果较差,且长期使用化学杀虫剂,不仅破坏果园生态环境,还导致害虫抗药性增强,增加果品农药残留,对水果商业贸易造成影响,进而使我国的经济水果产业发展受到严重影响。
水果的生产过程中往往受到各种病虫草等的为害,施用化学合成农药是目前通用的控制害物为害的主要方法。化学合成农药的滥用导致其负面效应日益凸显,如对环境的污染,对非靶标生物的毒害,对人类健康的危险及“三R”(抗药性、猖獗、残留)问题等。利用植物气味物质对害虫进行驱避,从而使害虫远离农作物,降低害虫的为害是一种安全、有效的方法。来源于植物挥发性次生代谢产物的化合物通常结构简单,易于合成,且具有与环境兼容性好,对非靶标生物安全,对人体无害,可促进生态的良性循环等优点,是未来新型环保农药的研发方向之一。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决上述问题,提供一种以草蒿脑为主要活性成分的趋避剂及其制备方法。
基于上述目的,本发明提供了一种含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂及其制备方法与应用用于解决本领域内的该技术问题。
一方面,本发明涉及一种含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂,其包括:草蒿脑和助剂;所述助剂包括酯类化合物和泊洛沙姆188。
进一步地,本发明提供的果蝇驱避剂中,所述酯类化合物包括:核桃油、山嵛酸甘油酯、二硬脂酸甘油酯。
进一步地,本发明提供的果蝇驱避剂中,以质量份计,包括:草蒿脑10~100份、核桃油50~200份、山嵛酸甘油酯100~200份、二硬脂酸甘油酯10~150份、泊洛沙姆188 1~50份。
进一步地,本发明提供的果蝇驱避剂中,制备方法包括:以质量百分比计,取草蒿脑1~10%、核桃油5~20%、山嵛酸甘油酯10~20%、二硬脂酸甘油酯1~15%、泊洛沙姆188 0.1~5%,水余量。
将草蒿脑,核桃油,山嵛酸甘油酯,二硬脂酸甘油酯混合并加热到80℃得到第一混合液。
向所述第一混合液中倒入泊洛沙姆188的80℃水溶液,超声形成O/W乳剂,冷却至室温后得到缓释固体脂质体喷剂。
本发明通过田间试验验证了含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂用于果蝇驱避的技术效果,由此本发明进一步请求保护上述果蝇驱避剂在果蝇驱避方面的应用;所述果蝇驱避包括用于驱避动物身上或植物生长环境中的果蝇;所述果蝇包括:黑腹果蝇、斑翅果蝇。
示例性地,常见需要果蝇驱避的植物包括蓝莓、草莓、杨梅。
示例性地,将果蝇驱避剂稀释10~100倍,然后均匀的喷洒到果蝇为害的植株上,半个月喷洒一次,可有效防控黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇在浆果中的产卵量。
本发明通过室内试验验证了草蒿脑用于果蝇驱避的技术效果,并进一步验证了草蒿脑用于果蝇驱避的技术原理,由此本发明进一步请求保护草蒿脑在果蝇驱避方面的应用;草蒿脑的浓度不低于12.5mg/L。
与现有技术相比,本发明提供的技术方案具备以下有益效果或优点:
(1)本发明通过室内忌避活性测试试验验证了草蒿脑能驱避果蝇。不同浓度的草蒿脑溶液对黑腹果蝇的忌避活性强于斑翅果蝇,200mg/L的草蒿脑对2种果蝇的忌避率最高,分别为100%和95.37%。随着浓度的降低,忌避率也降低,当浓度为12.5mg/L时,2种果蝇的忌避率均低于50%。
(2)本发明通过EAG测量方法验证了触角电位的变化是黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇远离草蒿脑的原因之一。
(3)本发明以草蒿脑为主要活性物质,通过加入酯类物质和泊洛沙姆188制备成具有缓释功能的脂质体喷剂,制得的制剂提高了药物的利用率,本工艺造价低、效率高、对人体无毒副作用。
具体实施方式
下面,结合实施例对本发明的技术方案进行说明,但是,本发明并不限于下述的实施例。
为了使本领域技术人员更好地理解本发明的技术方案能予以实施,下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。
下述各实施例中所述实验方法和检测方法,如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所述试剂和材料,如无特殊说明,均可在市场上购买得到。
实施例1
本实施例提供了草蒿脑对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇的室内忌避活性测试。
本实施例所用草蒿脑购自萨恩化学技术(上海)有限公司。
笼罩法:将200头果蝇放入一个25×25×25cm的纱笼中饥饿1h。用丙酮将草蒿脑配制成200、100、50、25、12.5mg/L的浓度,待测样品100μL加到2cm×2cm的香蕉片上,对照皿中仅滴加等量的丙酮溶液。将处理皿和对照皿同时放入果蝇笼中。放皿入笼后10min记录对照皿和处理皿中的果蝇数,然后将果蝇驱散,过10min后再记录一次,如此重复3次,用其平均数计算忌避率。
忌避率(%)=[(对照皿中果蝇平均数-处理皿中果蝇平均数)/对照皿中果蝇平均数]×100
表1,不同浓度的草蒿脑对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇的驱避活性
由表1可知,不同浓度的草蒿脑溶液对黑腹果蝇的忌避活性强于斑翅果蝇,200mg/L的草蒿脑对2种果蝇的忌避率最高,分别为100%和95.37%。随着浓度的降低,忌避率也降低,当浓度为12.5mg/L时,2种果蝇的忌避率均低于50%。
实施例2
本实施例提供了草蒿脑对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇的触角电位值(EAG)的影响。
本实施例草蒿脑来源于同实施例1。
用解剖刀将黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇雌性和雄性的头部沿着颈部切下,将触角电位仪的玻璃电极插入果蝇的眼部,另一玻璃电极与果蝇触角端相连。将草蒿脑用正己烷配制成1mg/mL的溶液。测定时,将草蒿脑溶液10μL滴加至滤纸条(3mm×40mm)上,待溶剂挥发干后,将滤纸条放入玻璃巴斯德管中,平衡30s,开始测定并观察电位变化,以正己烷为对照。刺激时间设为0.3s,刺激间隔30s,刺激气流为40mL/min,刺激10次,重复测试3次。并按以下公式计算EAG相对值。
相对EAG值(%)=[(样品的平均EAG值-正己烷的平均EAG值)/正己烷的平均EAG值]×100%
表2,草蒿脑对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇相对触角电位值(EAG)的影响
表2为草蒿脑对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇触角电位值的影响。由表2可知,草蒿脑显著的改变了黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇的触角电位值,与活性测试结果一致,草蒿脑对黑腹果蝇的影响强于斑翅果蝇,但雌性黑腹果蝇的相对EAG值高于雄性的,分别为1452.26%和1360.37%,而雄性斑翅果蝇的相对EAG值高于雌性的,分别为938.05%和821.91%。为了感知环境的物理和化学特性,昆虫进化出一种高度特异的感觉系统。昆虫的感觉系统将接收到的刺激转换成各种信号,然后传递到大脑,并进一步调节昆虫的行为、代谢、生理等。嗅觉系统在昆虫的生活中起着重要作用,如栖息地选择、繁殖、觅食、集群、飞行、驾驶、迁徙、信息传输等。昆虫的行为受到多种因素的调控,化合物通过多种途径来调控昆虫的行为。该测试结果表明草蒿脑调控黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇触角电位的变化是该化合物驱避昆虫的原因之一。
实施例3
本实施例提供了草蒿脑制剂对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇防控的田间试验。
实验地点为贵州省贵阳市花溪区摆龙村蓝莓种植园。实验时间为2022年6月至8月。
试验药剂1:以质量比计,草蒿脑5%、核桃油15%、山嵛酸甘油酯20%、二硬脂酸甘油酯10%、泊洛沙姆188 2%,水余量。
试验药剂2:以质量比计,草蒿脑1%、核桃油5%、山嵛酸甘油酯10%、二硬脂酸甘油酯1%、泊洛沙姆188 0.1%,水余量。
试验药剂3:以质量比计,草蒿脑10%、核桃油20%、山嵛酸甘油酯15%、二硬脂酸甘油酯15%、泊洛沙姆188 5%,水余量。
制备方法:(1)原料配比:按照所述的质量百分比将各组分混合;(2)加热:将添加后的原料进行搅拌混合,使其充分混合,并用加热套缓慢加热,边加热边搅拌,直至80℃;(3)超声:将加热的混合物倒入含有泊洛沙姆188的80℃水溶液中,超声,形成O/W乳剂;(4)降温:搅拌形成的O/W乳剂,缓慢降温到室温,制得草蒿脑缓释固体脂质体喷剂。
本发明通过试验发现草蒿脑及其助剂需在80℃时与泊洛沙姆188经超声后方可制备成脂质体喷剂。对草蒿脑固体脂质体在pH=7.4的溶出介质中的释放进行研究,结果表明该草蒿脑固体脂质体的释放显示出初始爆发释放,随后持续缓慢释放的模式,可以长效释放草蒿脑长达20天。
实验方法:采取喷药法,在蓝莓成熟阶段(6~8月),将制备好的本发明药物用蒸馏水稀释50倍。选取大小均一的蓝莓树作为测试树,用喷雾器将配制好的药液300mL喷到蓝莓树上,保证每棵树每片叶子均被喷到,每半月喷药一次,从第二次用药后均为先采果再打药,然后计数。
果实采收时取样,每株树东、西、南、北、中5个方位各标记20个果,计100个果,带回实验室进行调查,统计虫果率,计算药剂的防效。施药前各处理所标记果实均未发现有虫果,施药前虫果数为0。
防治效果(%)=[(对照组孵化虫数-处理组孵化虫数)/对照组孵化虫数]×100
试验结果如表3~5所示。
表3,试验药剂1对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇田间防效效果
表4,试验药剂2对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇田间防效效果
表5,试验药剂3对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇田间防效效果
由表3、4、5可知,本发明药剂在田间对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇均有良好的防控效果,且随着施药次数的增多防控效果也越好。
实施例4
本实施例提供了草蒿脑制剂的缓释效果验证实验。
实验方法:用丙酮将草蒿脑配制成1%、5%、10%浓度,按药剂1、2、3配方配制(配制方法见实施例13),参考实施例1中笼罩法测试缓释效果,间隔3天测试1次,共测试5次。
实验结果如表6所示。
表6,3种配方缓释效果测试
由表6可知,仅用丙酮溶解的草蒿脑6天后活性已经降到了很低,而本专利提供的脂质体喷剂在15天后依然可保持中等强度的忌避活性。
如上所述,即可较好地实现本发明,上述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种改变和改进,均应落入本发明确定的保护范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种含草蒿脑的果蝇驱避剂,其特征在于,包括:草蒿脑和助剂;所述助剂包括酯类化合物和泊洛沙姆188。
2.根据权利要求1所述的果蝇驱避剂,其特征在于,所述酯类化合物包括:核桃油、山嵛酸甘油酯、二硬脂酸甘油酯。
3.根据权利要求2所述的果蝇驱避剂,其特征在于,以质量份计,包括:草蒿脑10~100份、核桃油50~200份、山嵛酸甘油酯100~200份、二硬脂酸甘油酯10~150份、泊洛沙姆1881~50份。
4.根据权利要求2所述的果蝇驱避剂,其特征在于,制备方法包括:以质量百分比计,取草蒿脑1~10%、核桃油5~20%、山嵛酸甘油酯10~20%、二硬脂酸甘油酯1~15%、泊洛沙姆188 0.1~5%,水余量;
将草蒿脑,核桃油,山嵛酸甘油酯,二硬脂酸甘油酯混合并加热到80℃得到第一混合液;
向所述第一混合液中倒入泊洛沙姆188的80℃水溶液,超声形成O/W乳剂,冷却至室温后得到缓释固体脂质体喷剂。
5.权利要求1~4任一项所述的果蝇驱避剂在果蝇驱避方面的应用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述果蝇驱避包括用于驱避动物身上或植物生长环境中的果蝇。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于,所述果蝇包括:黑腹果蝇、斑翅果蝇。
8.草蒿脑在果蝇驱避方面的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述草蒿脑的浓度不低于12.5mg/L。
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