CN116381512B - Battery voltage calculation method, battery voltage calculation device, electronic equipment and readable storage medium - Google Patents
Battery voltage calculation method, battery voltage calculation device, electronic equipment and readable storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 125
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 144
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 238000005290 field theory Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 112
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 112
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
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- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000028659 discharge Diseases 0.000 description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;iron(2+);manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn+2].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005501 phase interface Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003775 Density Functional Theory Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
A battery voltage calculation method, device, electronic equipment and readable storage medium; the battery voltage calculation method includes: acquiring operation parameters corresponding to electrode materials of a battery; inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process; the voltage calculation model is a model established based on the phase field theory. According to the application, the electrode material of the battery is calculated by adopting the voltage calculation model established based on the phase field theory, so that the calculation of the battery adopting the electrode material with the phase separation characteristic is realized, and the battery voltage curve is obtained, and the analysis of the subsequent electrode material based on the voltage curve has important significance for the research of the battery.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of material simulation technologies, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for calculating battery voltage, an electronic device, and a readable storage medium.
Background
In the field of research and development of batteries of new energy sources, lithium ion batteries have become research hot spots gradually due to the characteristics of high energy density, long service life, high rated voltage, low self-discharge rate and the like. At present, the traditional technology for calculating the battery voltage is applied to concentration-controlled diffusion when simulating lithium ion transmission in a solid phase, and is not applicable to a lithium ion battery with phase separation characteristics of an electrode material, so that the traditional voltage calculation process cannot simulate the dynamic process of charge and discharge of the lithium ion battery adopting the phase separation material.
Disclosure of Invention
According to various embodiments of the present application, a battery voltage calculation method, apparatus, electronic device, and readable storage medium are provided.
In a first aspect, the present application provides a battery voltage calculation method, including: acquiring operation parameters corresponding to electrode materials of a battery; inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process; the voltage calculation model is a model established based on the phase field theory.
By the mode, the voltage calculation model established based on the phase field theory can calculate the voltage curve in the charging or discharging process for the battery adopting the electrode material with the phase separation characteristic; analysis of subsequent electrode materials based on voltage curves is of great significance for cell research.
In one possible implementation of the first aspect, the operating parameter comprises a free energy of the electrode material; acquiring operation parameters corresponding to battery electrode materials, including:
based on the first principle of sexual and the theory of phase field, the free energy of the electrode material is calculated.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, calculating the free energy of the electrode material based on the first sexual principle and the phase field theory includes:
Based on a first principle of nature, calculating a homogeneous free energy density of the electrode material; based on the phase field theory, calculating the interfacial free energy of the electrode material; the free energy is calculated based on the homogeneous free energy density and the interfacial free energy.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the voltage calculation model includes a solid phase ion motion model; calculating the operation parameter input voltage calculation model, comprising:
calculating a first motion state of lithium ions in solid phase particles of the electrode material in a charging or discharging process by adopting a solid phase ion motion model; the first motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the voltage calculation model includes an electrolyte ion motion model; calculating the operation parameter input voltage calculation model, comprising:
calculating a second motion state of lithium ions in the electrolyte in a charging or discharging process of the electrode material by adopting an electrolyte ion motion model; the second motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the voltage calculation model includes an interface electrochemical reaction model; inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
Calculating a third motion state of lithium ions at a reaction interface between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte in a charging or discharging process of the electrode material by adopting an interface electrochemical reaction model; determining an electrode potential based on the third motion state and the equilibrium potential, the electrode potential being taken as a voltage of the electrode material during charging or discharging; determining a voltage profile over time or over lithium ion concentration based on the voltage; wherein the lithium ion concentration of the electrode material changes in time during charge or discharge.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, before calculating a first motion state of lithium ions in solid phase particles of the electrode material during charging or discharging using the solid phase ion motion model, the method further includes:
calculating the change rate of the free energy along with the concentration of lithium ions based on the free energy of the electrode material to obtain the diffusion chemical potential of the electrode material; the diffusion chemical potential is used to determine a first state of motion of lithium ions in the solid phase particles.
In a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the operation parameters further include a preset charging current or discharging current, and the operation parameters are input into the voltage calculation model to calculate, including:
Inputting charging current into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging process under the charging current; or, inputting the discharged current into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the discharging process under the discharging current.
In a second aspect, the present application provides a battery voltage calculation apparatus comprising:
the acquisition unit is used for acquiring the operation parameters corresponding to the electrode materials of the battery;
the processing unit is used for inputting the operation parameters into the voltage calculation model to calculate so as to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process; the voltage calculation model is a model established based on the phase field theory.
In a third aspect, the application provides an electronic device comprising a memory storing a computer program and a processor implementing the steps of the method of any of the first aspects when the computer program is executed.
In a fourth aspect, the present application provides a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method of any of the first aspects.
In a fifth aspect, the application provides a computer program product for causing an electronic device to carry out the steps of the method according to any one of the first aspects above when the computer program product is run on the electronic device.
It will be appreciated that the advantages of the second to fifth aspects may be found in the relevant description of the first aspect, and are not described here again.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the application, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an application scenario for calculating a battery voltage according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an implementation flow of a battery voltage calculation method according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a voltage curve of a battery discharging process according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a voltage curve of a battery charging process according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery voltage calculating device according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the technical scheme of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for more clearly illustrating the technical aspects of the present application, and thus are merely examples, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application; the terms "comprising" and "having" and any variations thereof in the description of the application and the claims and the description of the drawings above are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
In the description of embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first," "second," and the like are used merely to distinguish between different objects and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated, a particular order or a primary or secondary relationship. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the meaning of "plurality" is two or more unless explicitly defined otherwise.
Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of such phrases in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Those of skill in the art will explicitly and implicitly appreciate that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "and/or" is merely an association relationship describing an association object, and indicates that three relationships may exist, for example, a and/or B may indicate: a exists alone, A and B exist together, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the front and rear associated objects are an "or" relationship.
Currently, the electrode materials used in lithium ion batteries include split-phase materials, i.e., the distribution of lithium ions in the electrode materials is not always uniform, but is in a low-energy state of split-area distribution, along with the standing of the battery or the reaction of the charge-discharge process; for example, some of the electrode materials are fully intercalated with lithium, and some are not intercalated with lithium. Therefore, the electrode material cannot calculate the corresponding voltage curve through the traditional concentration control diffusion mode.
Aiming at the problems, the Gibbs free energy of the electrode material is obtained through calculation according to the first sexual principle, a voltage calculation model of the lithium ion battery is built through a phase field electrochemical theory, and a voltage curve of the lithium ion battery in a charging or discharging process is obtained through calculation and solving.
A specific implementation procedure for calculating the battery voltage is described below by way of example.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an application scenario for calculating a battery voltage according to an embodiment of the present application; as shown in fig. 1, the schematic view is a schematic view of one end electrode of the battery, and may include a current collector region, an electrolyte region, and a separator region; the surface of the electrode material particles and the electrolyte area are subjected to electrochemical reaction, so that the electrode material is subjected to lithium intercalation or deintercalation.
As shown in fig. 1, the lithium ion battery mainly comprises three parts, namely solid-phase active material particles (i.e., electrode material particles), liquid-phase electrolyte and electrochemical reaction of a solid-liquid interface. The voltage calculation model provided by the embodiment of the application is mainly used for respectively calculating the motion state of lithium ions aiming at three parts, and further determining the electrode potential of an electrochemical reaction interface based on the motion state of the lithium ions and outputting a voltage curve.
As shown in fig. 2, a schematic implementation flow chart of a battery voltage calculation method according to an embodiment of the present application may include the following steps:
s201, acquiring operation parameters corresponding to electrode materials of the battery.
S202, inputting operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in a charging or discharging process; the voltage calculation model is a model established based on the phase field theory.
In some embodiments, the electrode material may be a material having a phase-separated characteristic, i.e., a phase-separated material. Specifically, a lithium compound material such as a lithium iron phosphate material, a lithium manganese iron phosphate material, or the like may be mentioned. The operation parameters may be parameters that need to be input when performing a charge-discharge process simulation calculation on the electrode material, such as initial conditions for calculating the battery voltage: such as the initial concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase particles (e.g., set to 0.01), the initial concentration of lithium ions in the electrolyte, the number of particles of the electrode material, the volume of the electrode material, the temperature parameters, the constant current value controlled during charge or discharge, and some constants in the calculation process (porosity, molar gas constant, interfacial energy constant), etc.
In some embodiments, the free energy of the electrode material also needs to be calculated before calculation due to the nature of the phase-separated material; that is, the above operation parameters may further include free energy of the electrode material, and acquiring the operation parameters corresponding to the electrode material of the battery includes:
based on the first principle of sexual and the theory of phase field, the free energy of the electrode material is calculated.
The first principle is that from researching the atomic composition of the electrode material, the basic physical rules such as quantum mechanics are applied, and the performances such as the geometric structure, the electronic structure, the transport property and the like in the electrode material are determined through calculation; in particular, the calculation can be performed by the density functional theory. Phase field theory is that for a state or process of a particular physical system, the equilibrium state can be considered as the result of global energy minimization under constrained (or unconstrained) conditions.
Accordingly, based on the first sexual principle and the phase field theory, the free energy of the electrode material is calculated, including:
based on a first principle of nature, calculating a homogeneous free energy density of the electrode material; based on the phase field theory, calculating the interfacial free energy of the electrode material; the free energy is calculated based on the homogeneous free energy density and the interfacial free energy.
By way of example, the content of lithium ions in the electrode material can be calculated from a non-lithium state to a full-lithium state through the density functional theory, the gibbs free energy of the electrode material under different lithium contents is respectively corresponding, and the calculated gibbs free energy is also different due to the different unit cell structures of the electrode material; and calculating the minimum value of the Gibbs free energy of the electrode material under each lithium content according to various cell structures respectively corresponding to the simulated different lithium contents, and taking the minimum value as the homogeneous free energy density under each lithium content.
In the above calculation process, the number of particles corresponding to the lithium ion concentration (lithium content) and the lithium ion distribution state are set and known in the process of simulating the electrode material, and the calculation process of the homogeneous free energy may be based on a preset lithium ion concentration, for example, the lithium ion concentration is sequentially set to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 until the lithium state 1 is full (i.e., the state of full lithium intercalation in the electrode material). Calculating corresponding homogeneous free energy density based on density functional theory Wherein c is lithium ion concentration.
For example, since the embodiment of the application is the simulation calculation for the phase-separated material, the lithium ion distribution in the phase-separated material is not always in uniform distribution, and the diffusion of the lithium ions in the phase-separated material belongs to the diffusion behavior of chemical potential and is not the concentration diffusion behavior, the interfacial free energy of the electrode material at the phase interface is calculated based on the phase field theory; when lithium ions in the solid phase of the electrode material are distributed in a zoned manner, a negative lithium zone and a flat lithium zone exist in the electrode material, and therefore an interface of the two zones is a phase interface.
Illustratively, the phase interface free energy can be calculated by the following formula：
（1）
Where c is lithium ion concentration and K is an interface energy parameter characterizing the change in interface energy at the phase interface due to the difference in lithium ion concentration.
In some embodiments, the free energy G of the electrode material population is calculated based on the homogeneous free energy density and the phase interface free energy by the following formula (in the form of the nonlinear diffusion equation Cahn-hillard functional):
（2）
where V is the simulated volume of electrode material.
It should be noted that, the positive electrode material of the battery is an energy source, and is used for removing lithium ions in the discharging process; the electrode materials are split-phase materials and also are positive electrode materials, and voltage curves of discharging and charging processes are calculated according to the extraction and intercalation of lithium ions in the positive electrode materials.
After the total free energy of the electrode material is determined, the operation parameters are calculated through a voltage calculation model, so that electrode potential is obtained, and a voltage curve in the charge-discharge process is output; the specific calculation process of the voltage calculation model is further described below.
The voltage calculation model comprises a solid-phase ion motion model, and the calculation result of the model is used for representing the motion state of lithium ions in solid-phase particles of the electrode material, namely a first motion state; the voltage calculation model also comprises an electrolyte ion movement model, and the calculation result of the model is used for representing the movement state of lithium ions in the electrolyte, namely a second movement state; the voltage calculation model also comprises an interface electrochemical reaction model, and the calculation result of the model is used for representing the lithium ion motion state of the lithium ion participating in the reaction at the solid-liquid interface, namely a third motion state.
Illustratively, the solid phase ion motion model is represented by the following formula:
（3）
wherein c is the concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase active material particles, t is time, D is the solid phase diffusion coefficient, and mu is the diffusion chemical potential. The formula (3) shows a gradient based on chemical potential as driving force to drive the movement of lithium ions in solid phase particles; in the solid-phase electrode material, lithium ions move from a high chemical potential area to a low chemical potential area; multiplying the gradient of the diffusion chemical potential mu by a solid-phase diffusion coefficient D to represent the flux of the lithium ion flowing generated, and further obtaining the divergence, wherein the quantity of the lithium ions flowing in at one position of the electrode material is reduced, and the quantity of the lithium ions flowing out, namely the change rate of the concentration of the lithium ions with time is reduced; the first state of motion of lithium ions in the solid phase particles of the electrode material is characterized by the rate of change of the lithium ion concentration over time.
Accordingly, the diffusion chemical potential μ can be calculated based on the free energy G as follows:
（4）
and solving the derivative of the free energy G on the lithium ion concentration c through a formula (4), namely, the change rate of the free energy G along with the lithium ion concentration c, so as to obtain the diffusion chemical potential mu.
Illustratively, the electrolyte ion motion model is represented by the following formula:
（5）
wherein epsilon is the porosity of the porous ceramic material,is the concentration of lithium ions in the electrolyte>The diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in the electrolyte, J is a source item, and represents the lithium ion exchange amount of the electrolyte and the solid-phase electrode material, and the lithium ion exchange amount can be determined by an interface electrochemical reaction model.
Illustratively, the interfacial electrochemical reaction model is represented by the following formula:
（6）
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,for exchange current density (which can be measured directly experimentally or calculated by an expression), α is the reaction symmetry coefficient (which is typically 0.5), R is the molar gas constant, T is the kelvin temperature (which can be set based on the scene requirements), and η is the overpotential.
Accordingly, the expression of the overpotential η is:
（7）
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,for electrode potential (which can be controlled by an external circuit), -a circuit for the electrode potential (which can be controlled by an external circuit)>Is the equilibrium potential between the solid phase particle surface and the electrolyte, and is determined based on the lithium ion motion state of the solid phase particle surface and the liquid phase lithium ion motion state.
In some embodiments, the electrochemical system phase change process of the lithium ion battery is that lithium ions are embedded into the electrode active material at a constant rate under the action of a variable driving force so as to meet the requirement of constant current charge and discharge of the battery. Therefore, reasonable results are only possible with intercalation/deintercalation kinetics calculations under constant current constraints. In the process, the macroscopic electrochemical response corresponding to the microscopic process is recorded in real time, so that the change curve of the voltage along with time can be obtained. Wherein, the macroscopic current of the electrochemical system is the integral of the reactive current density of all the particle surfaces inside the electrode, and the expression formula is as follows:
（8）
wherein, C is a constant,for constant current in the charging or discharging process, J is the lithium ion exchange amount of the electrolyte and the solid phase, and is based on +.>The second p-based integration is to integrate all particles of the electrode material.
Based on the formulas in the above voltage calculation model, the voltage of the electrode material during the charge and discharge process is determined. The calculation process implemented based on the above formula is further described below.
By way of example, when the electrodes are at constant current After the power is on, the electrode material interface of the solid phase and the electrolyte react electrochemically, along with the lithium ions are inserted into the solid phase electrode material, the concentration of the lithium ions in the part, close to the electrolyte, of the inside of the solid phase electrode material is increased, the chemical potential is increased, the lithium ions move in the solid phase electrode material particles under the drive of the diffusion chemical potential, and at the moment, the first movement state of the lithium ions in the solid phase particles of the electrode material can be determined based on a solid phase ion movement model, namely ∈H in the formula (3)>I.e., the rate of change of lithium ion concentration in the solid phase electrode material over time.
Correspondingly, in the area, close to the solid-phase electrode material, of the electrolyte, the concentration of lithium ions is reduced, and the lithium ions in the area with high concentration in the electrolyte move to the area with low concentration, at the moment, the second movement state of the lithium ions in the electrolyte, namely in the formula (5), can be determined through an electrolyte ion movement modelI.e. the concentration of lithium ions in the electrolyte at any timeRate of change between.
Then, the interface electrochemical reaction model can be used for determining the third motion state of the lithium ions when the lithium ions participate in the electrochemical reaction, namely the third motion state in the formula (6)I.e., the amount of time-varying lithium ion exchange of the electrolyte with the solid phase electrode material.
In an exemplary embodiment, in the actual calculation process, a lithium battery is given an electrode potential to be determined based on the characteristics of the lithium battery materialBased on the first movement state of lithium ions determined by the formula (3) and the second movement state of lithium ions determined by the formula (5) during the reaction, the equilibrium potential is determined>Bringing the electrode potential and the equilibrium potential into formula (7) to obtain an overpotential η; then bringing the overpotential eta into the formula (6), calculating +.>Namely, determining the time-varying lithium ion exchange amount of the electrolyte and the solid-phase electrode material, substituting the exchange amount as J into the formula (8), calculating the current I to be evaluated, and adding the current I to the preset constant current->By contrast, if the error is within a predetermined threshold value, the initially set electrode potential to be determined is set +.>As voltage output, obtaining the voltage at the current reaction moment; with the continued reaction, the electrode potential to be determined corresponding to the next reaction moment is determined +.>Based on the same calculation principle, the method comprises the following steps,electrode potential to be determined +.>After verification, continuing to output the voltage at the reaction moment, and resetting the electrode potential to be determined if the error does not meet the threshold range >Again, calculating based on the voltage calculation model; and stopping calculation until the output voltage is smaller than the minimum voltage threshold value, and ending the simulated electrode material reaction.
It should be noted that the above calculation process is only exemplary, and confirmation of the electrode potential may be realized by other calculation methods based on the above voltage calculation model; for example, based on a constant-current formula (8), firstly determining the lithium ion exchange amount J of the electrolyte and the solid phase, substituting J into the formula (5), and calculating the change rate of the lithium ion concentration in the electrolyte along with timeThe method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Then, based on the formulas (3) and (4), the change rate of the lithium ion concentration in the solid-phase electrode material along with the time is calculated>Thereby determining the equilibrium potential, for example by equation (9), wherein equation (9) may be expressed as:
（9）
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,for standard electrode potentials (known to be established), n is the charge (for lithium ions, n may have a value of 1), F is the Faraday constant (for example 96500C/mol), R is the molar gas constant,/>Corresponding to electrolyteThe concentration of lithium ion in the electrolyte (based on the rate of change of the concentration of lithium ion in the electrolyte over time>Definitive) and- >Corresponds to the concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase particles (based on the rate of change of the concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase electrode material over time +.>And (5) determining.
Based on the constant current formula (8), firstly determining that the lithium ion exchange amount J of the electrolyte and the solid phase is brought to the left of the formula (6) to determine the overpotential eta, then based on the formula (7), calculating the electrode potential, and outputting the voltage in the discharging process until the reaction is finished.
As shown in fig. 3. The electrode materials corresponding to the (a) and (b) diagrams in fig. 3 may be lithium iron phosphate materials, and the electrode materials corresponding to the (c) diagrams in fig. 3 may be lithium manganese iron phosphate materials.
Fig. 3 (a) is a graph showing a voltage curve of a discharge process of a lithium iron phosphate material at a constant rate of 0.2 (i.e., 0.2C); fig. 3 (b) shows a voltage curve of a discharge process of a lithium iron phosphate material under a constant current of 1.0 multiplying power (i.e. 1.0C), and it can be seen from the two diagrams that the voltage curve of the material comprises a voltage plateau, i.e. the voltage is in a stable discharge stage; and the greater the current multiplying power of the discharging process, the faster the discharging of the battery.
The graph (C) in fig. 3 shows a voltage curve of the discharge process of the lithium manganese iron phosphate under the constant current of 0.1 multiplying power (i.e. 0.1C) and 1.0 multiplying power (i.e. 1.0C), respectively, and it can be seen from the graph that the voltage curve of the lithium manganese iron phosphate material comprises two voltage platforms, namely, after the voltage goes through a stage of smooth discharge after one time of descent, the voltage goes on to descend once again to enter a stage of smooth discharge.
Through the analysis of the voltage curve, the performance of different electrode materials can be further researched, and the method has important significance for the research and development of batteries.
It can be understood that the charging process of the battery is the opposite process to the discharging process, and the electrode potential in the charging process can be calculated based on the voltage calculation model, so as to output the voltage curve in the charging process, such as the voltage curve shown in fig. 4, and after the voltage rises to a certain value, the battery is in a stable constant-current charging stage until full charge stops reacting.
The above voltage curves are only illustrative of the trend of voltage, and other types of voltage curves can be output correspondingly if lithium ion batteries using other split-phase materials are adopted, for example, the lithium iron phosphate and the lithium manganese iron phosphate materials are combined to be used as electrode materials, and it is also possible to output voltage curves including discharge processes of three voltage platforms, so that the types of the output voltage curves include but are not limited to the types shown above based on different electrode materials.
In some embodiments, the voltage calculation model comprises a solid phase ion motion model; calculating the operation parameter input voltage calculation model, comprising:
Calculating a first motion state of lithium ions in solid phase particles of the electrode material in a charging or discharging process by adopting a solid phase ion motion model; the first motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
The first motion state may be, for example, a rate of change of lithium ion concentration in the solid phase electrode material over time.
In some embodiments, the voltage calculation model includes an electrolyte ion motion model; calculating the operation parameter input voltage calculation model, comprising:
calculating a second motion state of lithium ions in the electrolyte in a charging or discharging process of the electrode material by adopting an electrolyte ion motion model; the second motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
The second motion state may be, for example, a rate of change of lithium ion concentration in the electrolyte over time.
In some embodiments, the voltage calculation model includes an interfacial electrochemical reaction model; inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
calculating a third motion state of lithium ions at a reaction interface between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte in a charging or discharging process of the electrode material by adopting an interface electrochemical reaction model; determining an electrode potential based on the third motion state and the equilibrium potential, the electrode potential being taken as a voltage of the electrode material during charging or discharging; determining a voltage profile over time or over lithium ion concentration based on the voltage; wherein the lithium ion concentration of the electrode material changes in time during charge or discharge.
The third motion state may be, for example, a time-varying amount of lithium ion exchange of the electrolyte with the solid phase electrode material. In the process of performing calculation of the battery voltage, as shown in (a) and (b) of fig. 3, a voltage curve varying with the reaction time may be output; as shown in (c) of fig. 3, a curve varying with ion concentration, for example, a voltage curve varying with the proportion of lithium intercalation in the battery cathode material during discharge, may also be output. It is understood that as the reaction time advances during charge or discharge, the corresponding lithium ion concentration (i.e., the lithium removal or intercalation ratio in the positive electrode material) also changes in a corresponding relationship.
In some embodiments, the operation parameters further include a preset charging current or discharging current, and the operation parameters are input into the voltage calculation model to calculate, including:
inputting charging current into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging process under the charging current; or, inputting the discharged current into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the discharging process under the discharging current.
For example, in the actual calculation process, the constant current can be changed And then running a voltage calculation model to calculate, and obtaining a voltage curve of the lithium ion battery under different multiplying power conditions after the calculation is finished. Such as the voltage curves at different magnifications shown in fig. 3.
In some embodiments, prior to calculating the first state of motion of the lithium ions in the solid phase particles of the electrode material during the charging or discharging using the solid phase ion motion model, the method further comprises:
calculating the change rate of the free energy along with the concentration of lithium ions based on the free energy of the electrode material to obtain the diffusion chemical potential of the electrode material; the diffusion chemical potential is used to determine a first state of motion of lithium ions in the solid phase particles.
Illustratively, the diffusion chemical potential μ of the electrode material is calculated by equation (4).
Illustratively, based on the voltage calculation model, performing computer numerical solution to output a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process; the theoretical model of the lithium ion battery can be discretized by adopting a finite difference method so as to facilitate computer numerical solution.
It should be understood that the sequence number of each step in the foregoing embodiment does not mean that the execution sequence of each process should be determined by the function and the internal logic, and should not limit the implementation process of the embodiment of the present application.
Corresponding to the battery voltage calculation method provided in the above embodiment, fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the battery voltage calculation device provided in the embodiment of the present application, and for convenience of explanation, only the portion related to the embodiment of the present application is shown.
Referring to fig. 5, the battery voltage calculating apparatus includes:
an acquiring unit 51, configured to acquire an operation parameter corresponding to an electrode material of the battery;
the processing unit 52 is used for inputting the operation parameters into the voltage calculation model to calculate so as to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process; the voltage calculation model is a model established based on the phase field theory.
In one possible implementation, the operating parameter includes the free energy of the electrode material; the acquisition unit 51 is further adapted to calculate said free energy of the electrode material based on the first principle of sexual and the phase field theory.
In a possible implementation, the acquisition unit 51 is further configured to calculate a homogeneous free energy density of the electrode material based on the first principle of nature; based on the phase field theory, calculating the interfacial free energy of the electrode material; the free energy is calculated based on the homogeneous free energy density and the interfacial free energy.
In one possible implementation, the voltage calculation model comprises a solid phase ion motion model; the processing unit 52 is further configured to calculate a first motion state of lithium ions in solid phase particles of the electrode material during a charging or discharging process by using a solid phase ion motion model; the first motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
In one possible implementation, the voltage calculation model includes an electrolyte ion motion model; the processing unit 52 is further configured to calculate a second motion state of lithium ions in the electrolyte during the charging or discharging process of the electrode material by using the electrolyte ion motion model; the second motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
In one possible implementation, the voltage calculation model includes an interfacial electrochemical reaction model; the processing unit 52 is further configured to calculate a third motion state of lithium ions at a reaction interface between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte during the charging or discharging process of the electrode material by using the interface electrochemical reaction model; determining an electrode potential based on the third motion state and the equilibrium potential, the electrode potential being taken as a voltage of the electrode material during charging or discharging; determining a voltage profile over time or over lithium ion concentration based on the voltage; wherein the lithium ion concentration of the electrode material changes in time during charge or discharge.
In one possible implementation, the operating parameters further include a preset charging current or discharging current; the processing unit 52 is further configured to input a charging current into the voltage calculation model to calculate, so as to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material during the charging process under the charging current; or, inputting the discharge current into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the discharge process under the discharge current.
In one possible implementation, the processing unit 52 is further configured to calculate, based on the free energy of the electrode material, a rate of change of the free energy with the concentration of lithium ions, to obtain a diffusion chemical potential of the electrode material; the diffusion chemical potential is used to determine a first state of motion of lithium ions in the solid phase particles.
Fig. 6 shows a schematic diagram of the hardware configuration of the electronic device 6.
As shown in fig. 6, the electronic device 6 of this embodiment includes: at least one processor 60 (only one is shown in fig. 6), a memory 61, said memory 61 having stored therein a computer program 62 executable on said processor 60. The steps in the above-described method embodiments, such as S201 to S202 shown in fig. 2, are implemented when the processor 60 executes the computer program 62. Alternatively, the processor 60, when executing the computer program 62, performs the functions of the modules/units of the apparatus embodiments described above.
It should be understood that the structure illustrated in the embodiments of the present application does not constitute a specific limitation on the electronic device 6. In other embodiments of the application, the electronic device 6 may include more or fewer components than shown, or certain components may be combined, or certain components may be split, or different arrangements of components. The illustrated components may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of software and hardware.
The electronic device 6 may be a computing device such as a desktop computer, a notebook computer, a palm computer, a cloud server, etc. The electronic device 6 may include, but is not limited to, a processor 60, a memory 61. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that fig. 6 is merely an example of the electronic device 6 and is not meant to be limiting as the electronic device 6, may include more or fewer components than shown, or may combine certain components, or different components, e.g., the server may also include an input transmitting device, a network access device, a bus, etc.
The processor 60 may be a central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU), but may also be other general purpose processors, digital signal processors (Digital Signal Processor, DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (Application Specific Integrated Circuit, ASICs), off-the-shelf programmable gate arrays (Field-Programmable Gate Array, FPGAs) or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, or the like. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor or the processor may be any conventional processor or the like.
A memory may also be provided in the processor 60 for storing instructions and data. In some embodiments, the memory in the processor 60 is a cache memory. The memory may hold instructions or data that has just been used or recycled by the processor 60. If the processor 60 needs to reuse the instruction or data, it may be called directly from the memory. Repeated accesses are avoided and the latency of the processor 60 is reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of the system.
The above-mentioned memory 61 may in some embodiments be an internal storage unit of the electronic device 6, such as a hard disk or a memory of the electronic device 6. The memory 61 may also be an external storage device of the electronic device 6, such as a plug-in hard disk, a Smart Media Card (SMC), a Secure Digital (SD) Card, a Flash memory Card (Flash Card) or the like, which are provided on the electronic device 6. Further, the memory 61 may also include both an internal storage unit and an external storage device of the electronic device 6. The memory 61 is used for storing an operating system, an application program, a boot loader (BootLoader), data, other programs, and the like, for example, program codes of computer programs, and the like. The memory 61 may also be used for temporarily storing data that has been transmitted or is to be transmitted.
In addition, each functional unit in the embodiments of the present application may be integrated in one processing unit, or each unit may exist alone physically, or two or more units may be integrated in one unit. The integrated units may be implemented in hardware or in software functional units.
It should be noted that the structure of the electronic device is only illustrated by way of example, and other entity structures may be included based on different application scenarios, and the entity structure of the electronic device is not limited herein.
In the foregoing embodiments, the descriptions of the embodiments are emphasized, and in part, not described or illustrated in any particular embodiment, reference is made to the related descriptions of other embodiments.
Embodiments of the present application also provide a computer readable storage medium storing a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements steps for implementing the various method embodiments described above.
Embodiments of the present application provide a computer program product which, when run on a server, causes the server to perform steps that enable the implementation of the method embodiments described above.
The integrated modules/units, if implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as stand-alone products, may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. Based on such understanding, the present application may implement all or part of the flow of the method of the above embodiment, or may be implemented by a computer program to instruct related hardware, where the computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of each method embodiment described above may be implemented. Wherein the computer program comprises computer program code, which may be in the form of source code, object code, executable files or in some intermediate form, etc. The computer readable medium may include: any entity or device capable of carrying computer program code, a recording medium, a U disk, a removable hard disk, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a computer Memory, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a random access Memory (Random Access Memory, RAM), an electrical carrier signal, a telecommunications signal, a software distribution medium, and so forth.
The algorithm development platform, the electronic device, the computer storage medium and the computer program product provided by the embodiments of the present application are all used for executing the method provided above, so that the beneficial effects achieved by the algorithm development platform, the electronic device, the computer storage medium and the computer program product can refer to the beneficial effects corresponding to the method provided above, and are not described herein again.
It should be understood that the above description is only intended to assist those skilled in the art in better understanding the embodiments of the present application, and is not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments of the present application. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing examples that various equivalent modifications or variations can be made, for example, certain steps may not be necessary in the various embodiments of the detection methods described above, or certain steps may be newly added, etc. Or a combination of any two or more of the above. Such modifications, variations, or combinations are also within the scope of embodiments of the present application.
The technical features of the above embodiments may be arbitrarily combined, and all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are not described for brevity of description, however, as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features, they should be considered as the scope of the description.
It should be understood that the above description is only intended to assist those skilled in the art in better understanding the embodiments of the present application, and is not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments of the present application. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing examples that various equivalent modifications or variations can be made, for example, certain steps may not be necessary in the various embodiments of the detection methods described above, or certain steps may be newly added, etc. Or a combination of any two or more of the above. Such modifications, variations, or combinations are also within the scope of embodiments of the present application.
It should also be understood that the manner, the case, the category, and the division of the embodiments in the embodiments of the present application are merely for convenience of description, should not be construed as a particular limitation, and the features in the various manners, the categories, the cases, and the embodiments may be combined without contradiction.
It is also to be understood that in the various embodiments of the application, where no special description or logic conflict exists, the terms and/or descriptions between the various embodiments are consistent and may reference each other, and features of the various embodiments may be combined to form new embodiments in accordance with their inherent logic relationships.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative elements and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, or combinations of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the solution. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.
In the embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed apparatus/network device and method may be implemented in other manners. For example, the apparatus/network device embodiments described above are merely illustrative, e.g., the division of the modules or units is merely a logical functional division, and there may be additional divisions in actual implementation, e.g., multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be omitted, or not performed. Alternatively, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be an indirect coupling or communication connection via interfaces, devices or units, which may be in electrical, mechanical or other forms.
The units described as separate units may or may not be physically separate, and units shown as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present application, and not for limiting the same; although the application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, and are intended to be included in the scope of the present application.
Finally, it should be noted that: the foregoing is merely illustrative of specific embodiments of the present application, and the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, but any changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present application should be covered by the scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (11)
1. A battery voltage calculation method, characterized by comprising:
acquiring operation parameters corresponding to electrode materials of a battery;
inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process; the voltage calculation model is a model established based on a phase field theory;
the operating parameter comprises a constant current value; inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process, wherein the voltage curve comprises the following steps:
inputting the constant current value into the voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process under the constraint of the constant current value.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating parameter comprises a free energy of the electrode material; the obtaining the operation parameters corresponding to the electrode materials of the battery comprises the following steps:
the free energy of the electrode material is calculated based on a first principle of sexual and a phase field theory.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said calculating said free energy of said electrode material based on first principles of sex and phase field theory comprises:
Calculating a homogeneous free energy density of the electrode material based on the first sexual principle;
calculating the interfacial free energy of the electrode material based on the phase field theory;
and calculating the free energy based on the homogeneous free energy density and the interface free energy.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the voltage calculation model comprises a solid phase ion motion model; the step of inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation comprises the following steps:
calculating a first motion state of lithium ions in solid phase particles of the electrode material in a charging or discharging process by adopting the solid phase ion motion model; the first motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the voltage calculation model comprises an electrolyte ion motion model; the step of inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation comprises the following steps:
calculating a second motion state of lithium ions in the electrolyte in a charging or discharging process of the electrode material by adopting the electrolyte ion motion model; the second motion state is used to determine an equilibrium potential between the solid phase particles and the electrolyte.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the voltage calculation model comprises an interfacial electrochemical reaction model; the operation parameters are input into a voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process, and the method comprises the following steps:
calculating a third motion state of lithium ions at a reaction interface between solid-phase particles and electrolyte in a charging or discharging process of the electrode material by adopting the interface electrochemical reaction model;
determining an electrode potential based on the third motion state and the equilibrium potential, the electrode potential being taken as a voltage of the electrode material during charging or discharging;
determining the voltage profile as a function of time or as a function of lithium ion concentration based on the voltage;
wherein the lithium ion concentration of the electrode material changes in relation to time during charge or discharge.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein prior to said calculating a first state of motion of lithium ions in solid phase particles of said electrode material during charging or discharging using said solid phase ion motion model, said method further comprises:
Calculating the change rate of the free energy along with the concentration of lithium ions based on the free energy of the electrode material to obtain the diffusion chemical potential of the electrode material; the diffusion chemical potential is used to determine the first state of motion of the lithium ions in the solid phase particles.
8. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the operating parameters further comprise a preset charging current or discharging current, and the inputting the operating parameters into a voltage calculation model for calculation comprises:
inputting the charging current into the voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain the voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging process under the charging current; or alternatively, the process may be performed,
and inputting the discharge current into the voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain the voltage curve of the electrode material in the discharge process under the discharge current.
9. A battery voltage calculation device, characterized by comprising:
the acquisition unit is used for acquiring the operation parameters corresponding to the electrode materials of the battery;
the processing unit is used for inputting the operation parameters into a voltage calculation model to calculate so as to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process; the voltage calculation model is a model established based on a phase field theory
The operating parameter comprises a constant current value; the processing unit is also used for inputting the constant current value into the voltage calculation model for calculation to obtain a voltage curve of the electrode material in the charging or discharging process under the constraint of the constant current value.
10. An electronic device comprising a memory storing a computer program and a processor implementing the steps of the method of any one of claims 1 to 8 when the computer program is executed by the processor.
11. A computer readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, characterized in that the computer program, when being executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method of any of claims 1 to 8.
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