CN116337691A - Measurement of CO 2 Device system and method for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water - Google Patents
Measurement of CO 2 Device system and method for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
- G01N9/26—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by measuring pressure differences
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N2013/003—Diffusion; diffusivity between liquids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/70—Combining sequestration of CO2 and exploitation of hydrocarbons by injecting CO2 or carbonated water in oil wells
Abstract
The invention provides a method for measuring CO 2 Device system and method for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water, wherein the device system comprises CO connected in turn 2 Supply unit, CO 2 A diffusion unit and a pressure acquisition unit; the CO 2 The diffusion unit comprises an incubator, an intermediate container and a dissolving pipe, wherein the intermediate container and the dissolving pipe are arranged in the incubator and are mutually connected in parallel; the intermediate container is used for temporarily storing CO 2 CO of supply unit 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The dissolution tube is used for simulating CO 2 A dissolution and diffusion process in formation water; the pressure acquisition unit is used for monitoring and recording the pressure in the dissolving pipe in real timeIs a pressure value of (a). CO measurement by using the device system provided by the invention 2 The solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in the formation water are improved, the measurement accuracy is improved, the operation flow is simplified, the measurement efficiency is improved, and the method is favorable for large-scale popularization and application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of petrochemical industry, and relates to a method for measuring CO 2 Device system for measuring physical property parameters in stratum water, in particular to a device system for measuring CO 2 A system and method for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water.
Background
In recent years, with the increasingly strict requirements of countries around the world on greenhouse gas emission reduction, CO 2 The treatment of exhaust gas is becoming one of the technical challenges in today's society that is in need of solution. In the field of oil and gas exploitation, CO is produced in response to the production 2 The geological sequestration of the saline water layer is effective in reducing CO 2 One of the effective means of emission. Salt waterThe layer geological storage has the advantages of large storage quantity, high safety, reduced greenhouse effect and the like, has been widely studied abroad, and is still in a starting stage in China.
In CO 2 In the process of sealing and preserving the salty water layer, CO 2 After contact with formation water, a dissolution-diffusion mass transfer process may exist. Currently, CO is aimed at 2 Diffusion mass transfer studies of (2) have focused mainly on CO 2 Oil phase and oil-water phase in oil displacement utilization process, and CO in stratum water in salty water layer sealing process 2 Diffusion mass transfer studies are relatively few and lack the associated device structural design.
CN 113008739a discloses a method for determining the gas diffusion coefficient under heavy oil thermal recovery conditions, which is used for determining the gas diffusion coefficient in saturated heavy oil core under one-dimensional heat transfer conditions. Obtaining an experimental pressure curve in the diffusion process by a pressure drop method; on the basis of determining a temperature field, the influence of temperature change on crude oil and petrophysical parameters is considered; calculating theoretical pressure in the diffusion process through a PR state equation; fitting the actually measured pressure curve and the calculated theoretical pressure curve through a genetic algorithm, and further obtaining the diffusion coefficient of the gas in the saturated heavy oil core under the one-dimensional heat transfer condition.
CN 104502237a discloses a method for measuring CO 2 The device comprises CO which are sequentially, vertically and side by side connected on a pipeline 2 The device comprises an air source, a distilled water source, a U-shaped high-temperature high-pressure visual diffusion device and a crude oil source, wherein a steel body partition plate is vertically arranged in the U-shaped high-temperature high-pressure visual diffusion device, the steel body partition plate divides the U-shaped high-temperature high-pressure visual diffusion device into a left space and a right space with the bottoms communicated with each other, a temperature measuring point, a pressure measuring point and a lower outlet are arranged at the bottoms of the U-shaped high-temperature high-pressure visual diffusion device, and the device further comprises a pressure acquisition system, a back pressure air tank, a heater and a temperature control system.
CN 104502236a discloses a method for measuring CO 2 The water phase at the bottom of the U-shaped pipe is saturated with CO by the diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium concentration in the diffusion process from the water phase to the oil phase 2 Forming saturated carbonic acidWater and CO is injected into the end a of the U-shaped pipe 2 The b-terminal injects crude oil due to CO in the water phase 2 Diffusion into the oil phase, CO in carbonated water 2 No longer saturated, thereby enabling the gas phase CO 2 Dissolved in carbonated water. By determination of CO 2 The CO can be obtained by combining the pressure change caused by diffusion to saturated carbonated water and a pressure drop formula 2 Diffusion coefficient when diffusing from water phase to oil phase and CO after equilibration 2 Equilibrium concentration in crude oil.
The prior art mentioned above all relate to CO 2 Diffusion mass transfer in oil or oil-water phase, not involving CO 2 And measuring diffusion mass transfer and related physical parameters in formation water.
It follows how a measurement of CO is provided 2 The device system and the method for measuring physical parameters in the stratum water can simplify the operation flow and improve the measurement efficiency while improving the measurement accuracy, and become the problem which needs to be solved by the current technicians in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for measuring CO 2 Device system and method for measuring solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water 2 Physical parameters in stratum water are improved, the operation flow is simplified while the measurement accuracy is improved, the measurement efficiency is improved, and the method is favorable for large-scale popularization and application.
In order to achieve the aim of the invention, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a method of measuring CO 2 A system of devices for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water, said system of devices comprising CO connected in sequence 2 Supply unit, CO 2 A diffusion unit and a pressure acquisition unit.
The CO 2 The diffusion unit comprises an incubator, and an intermediate container and a dissolution pipe which are arranged in the incubator and are mutually connected in parallel.
The intermediate container is used for temporarily storing CO 2 CO of supply unit 2 。
The solvent isDe-piping for simulating CO 2 A dissolution diffusion process in formation water.
The pressure acquisition unit is used for monitoring and recording the pressure value in the dissolution tube in real time.
The invention simulates CO by designing a device system with a simple structure 2 The dissolution and diffusion process in the stratum water realizes accurate measurement of CO 2 The solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in the formation water are improved, the measurement accuracy is improved, the operation flow is simplified, the measurement efficiency is improved, and the method is favorable for large-scale popularization and application.
Preferably, the CO 2 The supply unit comprises CO 2 Gas cylinder and booster pump, and the CO 2 The gas cylinder is connected to the intermediate container through a booster pump.
In the invention, the booster pump is used for introducing CO into a gas cylinder 2 Raising the pressure to a specific pressure and conveying the pressure to an intermediate container for temporary storage, thereby simulating different high-pressure conditions of the formation water.
Preferably, a first valve is arranged between the booster pump and the intermediate container.
Preferably, the pressure acquisition unit comprises a pressure acquisition box and a data processor which are electrically connected with each other, and the pressure acquisition box is connected with the CO 2 And a diffusion unit.
In the present invention, the data processor is a data processor conventionally used in the art, and may be, for example, a computer, so long as the data processor can perform a data processing function.
Preferably, the air inlet of the intermediate container is provided with a second valve.
Preferably, the air inlet of the dissolving tube is provided with a third valve.
Preferably, the dissolution tube is internally filled with a sand layer for simulating the pore conditions of the formation.
Preferably, the maximum working pressure of the dissolution tube is not less than 50MPa, for example, 50MPa, 55MPa, 60MPa, 65MPa, 70MPa, 75MPa, 80MPa, 85MPa or 90MPa, but not limited to the values recited, and other values not recited in the numerical range are equally applicable.
Preferably, the maximum working temperature of the dissolution tube is 150 ℃, for example, 150 ℃, 155 ℃, 160 ℃, 165 ℃, 170 ℃, 175 ℃, 180 ℃, 185 ℃, or 190 ℃, but the maximum working temperature is not limited to the above-mentioned values, and other values not shown in the above-mentioned values are equally applicable.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of CO measurement using a system of devices according to the first aspect 2 A method of solubility in formation water, diffusion coefficient, and formation water density, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) Vacuumizing the dissolving pipe, sucking stratum water with a set volume by utilizing negative pressure, and sealing the dissolving pipe;
(2) By CO 2 The supply unit charges the intermediate container with high-pressure CO 2 ；
(3) Opening the incubator, and heating the intermediate container and the dissolution tube to a set temperature;
(4) Communicating the intermediate container with the dissolution tube, high pressure CO 2 After the dissolution tube is filled rapidly, the dissolution tube is sealed, and the pressure value in the dissolution tube is monitored and recorded in real time by using the pressure acquisition unit until the pressure is in a stable state;
(5) Combining the set temperature of the thermostat and dissolving CO in the pipe 2 Volume and pressure values of (2) to calculate CO 2 Solubility in formation water, diffusion coefficient, and formation water density.
Preferably, the formation water in step (1) is set to a volume smaller than the volume of the dissolution pipe, i.e. the formation water sucked in by negative pressure is not filled with the dissolution pipe, so that the subsequent high-pressure CO 2 Is filled and dissolved and diffused.
Preferably, the high pressure CO of step (2) 2 The pressure of (2) may be 7.5MPa, 8MPa, 8.5MPa, 9MPa, 9.5MPa, 10MPa, 10.5MPa, 11MPa, 11.5MPa or 12MPa, for example, but is not limited to the values recited, and other values not recited in the range are equally applicable.
Preferably, the set temperature in the step (3) is not less than 35 ℃, and may be, for example, 35 ℃,40 ℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃, 70 ℃, 75 ℃, 80 ℃, 85 ℃, 90 ℃, 95 ℃ or 100 ℃, but is not limited to the values listed, and other values not listed in the range are equally applicable.
The invention utilizes high pressure CO 2 The pressure of the constant temperature box is utilized to simulate different high-pressure conditions of the formation water, and simultaneously, the set temperature of the constant temperature box is utilized to simulate different temperature conditions of the formation water, thereby realizing the actual simulation of the pressure and temperature environment of the actual formation water, and improving the CO 2 And measuring the physical property parameters in the stratum water.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention simulates CO by designing a device system with a simple structure 2 The dissolution and diffusion process in the stratum water realizes accurate measurement of CO 2 The solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in the formation water are improved, the measurement accuracy is improved, the operation flow is simplified, the measurement efficiency is improved, and the method is favorable for large-scale popularization and application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a measurement of CO according to the present invention 2 A device system schematic diagram of solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water;
FIG. 2 is a graph of CO in the dissolution diffusion experiment provided in example 3 2 A pressure drop profile;
FIG. 3 is a graph of a constant diffusion coefficient fit in the dissolution diffusion experiment provided in example 3;
fig. 4 is a graph of the diffusion coefficient of the dissolution diffusion experiment provided in example 3.
Wherein: 10-CO 2 A supply unit; 11-CO 2 A gas cylinder; 12-a booster pump; 20-CO 2 A diffusion unit; 21-a constant temperature box; 22-an intermediate container; 23-dissolving tube; 30-a pressure acquisition unit; 31-a pressure collection box; a 32-data processor; 41-a first valve; 42-a second valve; 43-third valve.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further described by the following specific embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the examples are merely to aid in understanding the invention and are not to be construed as a specific limitation thereof.
Example 1
The present embodiment provides a method of measuring CO 2 Device system for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water, as shown in figure 1, comprising CO connected in sequence 2 Supply unit 10, CO 2 A diffusion unit 20 and a pressure acquisition unit 30; the CO 2 The diffusion unit 20 comprises a constant temperature box 21, an intermediate container 22 and a dissolving tube 23 which are arranged inside the constant temperature box 21 and are mutually connected in parallel; the intermediate container 22 is used for temporary storage of CO 2 CO of the supply unit 10 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The dissolving tube 23 is used for simulating CO 2 A dissolution and diffusion process in formation water; the pressure acquisition unit 30 is used for monitoring and recording the pressure value in the dissolving tube 23 in real time.
In particular, the CO 2 The supply unit 10 comprises CO 2 Gas cylinder 11 and booster pump 12, and the CO 2 The gas cylinder 11 is connected to the intermediate tank 22 via a booster pump 12, and a first valve 41 is provided between the booster pump 12 and the intermediate tank 22. The pressure acquisition unit 30 includes a pressure acquisition tank 31 and a data processor 32 electrically connected to each other, and the pressure acquisition tank 31 is connected to CO 2 The diffusion unit 20, the data processor 32 is a computer. The air inlet of the intermediate container 22 is provided with a second valve 42 and the air inlet of the dissolving tube 23 is provided with a third valve 43. The dissolution tube 23 is filled with a sand layer, and the maximum working pressure is 50MPa and the maximum working temperature is 150 ℃.
Example 2
This example provides a method for measuring CO using the system of devices as described in example 1 2 A method of solubility in formation water, diffusion coefficient, and formation water density, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) Let the volume be V 1 Is vacuumized by the dissolution tube 23, and sucked into V by negative pressure 2 Volume of formation water and closing the dissolution tube 23, remaining volume V 3 ＝V 1 -V 2 ；
(2) CO is pumped by the booster pump 12 2 CO in the gas cylinder 11 2 Filling the intermediate container 22 to a pressure of 8MPa or more, and closing the first valve 41 and the second valve 42;
(3) Opening the incubator 21, heating the intermediate container 22 and the dissolution tube 23 to above 40 ℃ and preserving heat;
(4) The second valve 42 and the third valve 43 are opened to communicate the intermediate container 22 with the dissolution pipe 23, high pressure CO 2 After the dissolution tube 23 is rapidly filled, the third valve 43 is closed, and at this time, the pressure in the dissolution tube 23 rapidly rises to P 0 Along with CO 2 Dissolving in stratum water, gradually reducing the pressure value of the dissolving pipe 23, and monitoring and recording the change of the pressure value in the dissolving pipe 23 along with time by using the pressure collecting box 31 until the pressure is in a stable state P eq ；
(5) In combination with the set temperature of the thermostat 21 and the CO in the dissolution tube 23 2 Is calculated by the data processor 32 2 The specific calculation method of the solubility, the diffusion coefficient and the formation water density in the formation water is as follows:
(5.1) calculation of CO 2 Solubility in formation water:
initial dissolution of CO in a tube 2 The amount (mol) is (neglecting the effect of water vapor):
when the pressure of the dissolution tube 23 is reduced and the equilibrium is reached, the residual undissolved CO 2 The amount (mol) is:
CO is then 2 The solubility in formation water (mol/kg) is:
in the above, P 0 、P eq The pressure values after the initial and equilibrium of the dissolution tube 23,Pa；V 3 to dissolve the upper gas phase volume m in the tube 23 3 ；Z 0 、Z eq The gas compression factors at the initial and equilibrium pressures, respectively; t is the set temperature of the thermostat 21, K; r is a gas constant, 8.314J/(mol.K);
to dissolve the formation water mass in the pipe 23 kg.
(5.2) calculation of CO 2 Diffusion coefficient in formation water:
the present embodiment calculates the CO according to the relevant literature 2 Constant and variable diffusion coefficients in formation water. The method for calculating the constant diffusion coefficient refers to the document published in 2009 by Li Dongdong and the like [1] The calculation method of the variable diffusion coefficient refers to the document published in 2016 by Zhao Renbao and the like [2] Specific calculation formulas are not described here in detail.
(5.3) calculation of saturated CO 2 Formation water density:
this example uses the publication by Garcia in 2001 [3] The disclosed consideration of CO 2 The dissolved brine density calculation method only needs to be based on CO 2 Solubility in formation water, undissolved CO 2 The formation water density can calculate the saturated CO 2 Formation water density.
Wherein the undissolved CO 2 The calculation method of the time stratum water density is described in the literature published in 1992 by Batzle and Wang [4] Specific calculation formulas are not described here in detail.
The references in this example are as follows:
[1] li Dongdong, hou Jirui, zhao Fenglan, wang Shaopeng, yue Xiangan. Molecular diffusion coefficient and solubility of carbon dioxide in crude oil research [ J ]. Oilfield chemistry, 2009,26 (04): 405-408.
[2]Zhao Renbao, ao Wenjun, shao, iris, yan Wei, yu Zhihai, xia Xiaoting. CO 2 Diffusion rule and variable diffusion coefficient calculation method [ J ] in crude oil]University of petroleum journal (natural science edition), 2016,40 (03): 136-142.
[3]Garcia J E.Density of aqueous solutions of CO 2 [J].Office of Scientific&Technical Information Technical Reports,2001.
[4]Batzle M L,Wang Z.Seismic properties of pore fluids[J].Geophysics,1992,57(11):1396-1408.
Example 3
In this example, CO was used at 52.4℃and 14.18MPa 2 Dissolution diffusion experiments in YH-A formation Water As an example, the initial pressure P of the dissolution tube 23 was monitored according to the method provided in example 2 0 16.4MPa, pressure P after equilibration eq 14.18MPa (see FIG. 2); in combination with the set temperature of the thermostat 21 and the CO in the dissolution tube 23 2 And then calculate: CO 2 Solubility in formation water is 1.1134mol/kgH 2 O, saturated CO 2 The formation water density was 1.0282g/ml (without CO 2 The formation water density is 1.01928 g/ml), and the CO is obtained by fitting 2 The constant diffusion coefficient in formation water is 3.49×10 -9 m 2 S (see FIG. 3), the peak value of the variable diffusion coefficient is 1.03X10 -6 m 2 S, average value of 3.25X10 -7 m 2 S (see FIG. 4).
In this embodiment, the reason why the peak occurs in the variable diffusion coefficient is: CO 2 The contact with formation water generates brine convection, thereby accelerating CO 2 Dissolution in formation water, followed by stabilization of the diffusion coefficient as the convective strength decreases.
It can be seen that the invention simulates CO by designing a device system with a simple structure 2 The dissolution and diffusion process in the stratum water realizes accurate measurement of CO 2 The solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in the formation water are improved, the measurement accuracy is improved, the operation flow is simplified, the measurement efficiency is improved, and the method is favorable for large-scale popularization and application.
The applicant declares that the above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that any changes or substitutions that are easily conceivable within the technical scope of the present invention disclosed by the present invention fall within the scope of the present invention and the disclosure.
Claims (10)
1. Measurement of CO 2 A system of devices for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water, characterized in that the system of devices comprises CO connected in sequence 2 Supply unit, CO 2 A diffusion unit and a pressure acquisition unit;
the CO 2 The diffusion unit comprises an incubator, an intermediate container and a dissolving pipe, wherein the intermediate container and the dissolving pipe are arranged in the incubator and are mutually connected in parallel;
the intermediate container is used for temporarily storing CO 2 CO of supply unit 2 ；
The dissolution tube is used for simulating CO 2 A dissolution and diffusion process in formation water;
the pressure acquisition unit is used for monitoring and recording the pressure value in the dissolution tube in real time.
2. The plant system according to claim 1, wherein the CO 2 The supply unit comprises CO 2 Gas cylinder and booster pump, and the CO 2 The gas cylinder is connected to the intermediate container through a booster pump.
3. The apparatus system of claim 2, wherein a first valve is disposed between the booster pump and the intermediate container.
4. A device system according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the pressure acquisition unit comprises a pressure acquisition tank and a data processor electrically connected to each other, and the pressure acquisition tank is connected to the CO 2 And a diffusion unit.
5. The system of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the inlet of the intermediate container is provided with a second valve;
preferably, the air inlet of the dissolving tube is provided with a third valve.
6. The apparatus system of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the dissolving tube is internally filled with a layer of sand;
preferably, the maximum working pressure of the dissolution tube is more than or equal to 50MPa;
preferably, the maximum working temperature of the dissolution tube is equal to or higher than 150 ℃.
7. CO measurement using a system of devices according to any of claims 1-6 2 A method of solubility in formation water, diffusion coefficient and formation water density, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) Vacuumizing the dissolving pipe, sucking stratum water with a set volume by utilizing negative pressure, and sealing the dissolving pipe;
(2) By CO 2 The supply unit charges the intermediate container with high-pressure CO 2 ；
(3) Opening the incubator, and heating the intermediate container and the dissolution tube to a set temperature;
(4) Communicating the intermediate container with the dissolution tube, high pressure CO 2 After the dissolution tube is filled rapidly, the dissolution tube is sealed, and the pressure value in the dissolution tube is monitored and recorded in real time by using the pressure acquisition unit until the pressure is in a stable state;
(5) Combining the set temperature of the thermostat and dissolving CO in the pipe 2 Volume and pressure values of (2) to calculate CO 2 Solubility in formation water, diffusion coefficient, and formation water density.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the set volume of formation water of step (1) is less than the volume of the dissolving tube.
9. The method according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the high pressure CO of step (2) 2 The pressure of the catalyst is more than or equal to 7.5MPa.
10. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the set temperature in step (3) is not less than 35 ℃.
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| CN202310469948.0A CN116337691A (en) | 2023-04-27 | 2023-04-27 | Measurement of CO 2 Device system and method for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water |
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| CN202310469948.0A CN116337691A (en) | 2023-04-27 | 2023-04-27 | Measurement of CO 2 Device system and method for solubility, diffusion coefficient and formation water density in formation water |
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