CN116299641A - High-intensity pulse X-ray beam current monitoring device and method - Google Patents
High-intensity pulse X-ray beam current monitoring device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN116299641A CN116299641A CN202310177207.5A CN202310177207A CN116299641A CN 116299641 A CN116299641 A CN 116299641A CN 202310177207 A CN202310177207 A CN 202310177207A CN 116299641 A CN116299641 A CN 116299641A
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- ray beam
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/202—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
Abstract
The invention relates to a high-intensity pulse X-ray beam current monitoring device and a method, which are applied to flash therapy. The high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device adopts a conversion target to convert high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam current into low-intensity electron-electron annihilation gamma rays, and an annular detector array is arranged around the conversion target and used for capturing the electron-electron annihilation gamma rays and calculating and determining the emission position of the electron-electron annihilation gamma rays. Calculating the intensity of X-ray beam to be detected through the intensity of the annihilation gamma rays of the positive and negative electrons and the conversion efficiency of the conversion target; screening effective coincidence events, and reconstructing the coordinates of annihilation positions by using filtered back projection based on signals of multiple coincidence events to obtain the incident shape distribution of the X-ray beam and the intensity distribution of a beam interface.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of gamma monitoring, in particular to a high-intensity pulse X-ray beam monitoring device and method.
Background
Radiation therapy has become one of the primary modes of treating cancer. It has been shown statistically that more than 70% of cancer patients need to be treated with radiation alone or in combination with radiation. The main tumor radiotherapy means at present is flash therapy, which can reduce the damage of normal tissues and simultaneously maintain the killing power of the normal tissues on the tumor. Currently, clinical trials based on electron, X-ray and proton flash therapy have been successfully developed. The ultra-high dose rate of flash therapy presents unique challenges to the dose measurement, beam control and verification, and treatment planning system. In flash therapy, dose measurements often require excellent ultra-high dose rate independence, excellent spatial-temporal resolution, and tissue equivalence.
As flash therapy continues to translate into clinical situations, large field exposures are required at high dose rates, the spatial distribution of which can only be measured by imaging techniques or detector arrays. Thus, to avoid the volume averaging effect, a high resolution, small detector pitch detector array is required to accurately measure the two-dimensional spatial distribution of dose rate. In addition accelerator output dose verification, single pulse dose and real-time dose rate are also urgent requirements for flash therapy dosimetry. For high dose rates and single pulse doses, real-time dose monitoring is very difficult. Not only does the flash dosimeter need to be dose rate independent, but it also needs to have a sufficiently high time resolution and bandwidth to enable readout of dose information. Film and pyroelectric dosimeter (Thermo Luminescent Dosemeter, TLD) isodosimeter responses are independent of dose rate, but only provide passive dose monitoring. Furthermore, while some dosimeters can provide online dose monitoring, they suffer from other problems at ultra-high dose rates, limiting their use in flash therapy. The linear accelerator adopts an ionization chamber at the head of the frame, records the output dose of the machine in real time, and outputs a signal for closing the accelerator after the expected dose is reached. However, most commercial ionization chambers exhibit saturation or reduced ion collection efficiency at the beginning of the high dose rate pulse. The existing dose monitoring device has sensitivity change, response nonlinearity and saturation phenomenon at high dose rate, so that an on-line dose monitoring device for flash therapy dose rate needs to be provided.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the invention aims to solve the technical problems that the sensitivity change, the response nonlinearity and the saturation phenomenon of the dose monitoring device in the prior art can occur at a high dose rate.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device and a method.
A high intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device comprising:
a conversion target which converts an incident X-ray beam to be detected into a low-intensity electron-electron annihilation gamma ray;
the annular detector array is sequentially connected by a plurality of scintillation crystals, and the scintillation crystals are coplanar with the conversion target and are arranged on the circumference taking the conversion target as the center;
the X-ray beam to be detected is incident to the conversion target and then interacts with the conversion target to generate a plurality of pairs of annihilation gamma rays of positive and negative electrons with opposite transmission directions, each pair of annihilation gamma rays of positive and negative electrons is received by two detectors in the annular detector array and energy of the annihilation gamma rays is measured, the intensity of the X-ray beam to be detected can be known according to the measured energy and the conversion efficiency of the conversion target, and the position distribution of the X-ray beam is determined according to a connecting line of the two detectors, the time difference of two signals and the light speed.
Preferably, the scintillation crystal is LYSO: ce crystal.
Preferably, the high intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device further comprises an electronics package coupled to the annular detector array for receiving and processing signals transmitted by the annular detector array.
Preferably, the high intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device further comprises a support structure for securing the conversion target and the annular detector array.
Preferably, the high intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device further comprises a base plate for carrying the conversion target, the annular detector array, the support structure and the electronics package.
Preferably, the conversion target material is aluminum, iron, copper or tungsten.
Preferably, the conversion target material is tungsten.
Preferably, the tungsten switching target has a diameter of 15cm and a thickness of 1mm.
A high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring method adopts the high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device, and comprises the following steps:
s1: the X-ray beam to be measured is incident on the conversion target to generate a plurality of electron pair effects, and each electron pair effect generates a positron and an electron, wherein the positrons have certain kinetic energy;
s2: after a certain distance of positron motion, the positron gradually decelerates due to electromagnetic interaction, and when the positron speed decelerates to be close to 0, annihilation occurs between the positron and an electron to generate gamma rays, and the gamma rays are received by the annular detector array;
s3: determining that the signal energy detected by the two detectors is an effective coincidence event within the interval of 500-515 keV;
s4: determining two gamma flight tracks according to the central coordinate connecting line of the two detectors in a coincidence event, wherein the annihilation position of positrons is on the line;
s5: determining the annihilation position of the positrons on the line according to the time difference and the light speed of the two signals;
s6: and reconstructing the coordinates of the annihilation position by using filtered back projection based on signals of the multiple coincidence events, so as to obtain the incident shape distribution of the X-ray beam to be detected and the intensity distribution of the beam interface.
Preferably, in step S2, a probability of greater than 99% of the positive and negative electrons annihilating generates two oppositely directed gamma rays and are detected by two detectors.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
the high-intensity pulse X-ray beam monitoring device adopts a conversion target to convert high-energy pulse X-ray beam into low-intensity electron-electron annihilation gamma rays, and an annular detector array is arranged around the conversion target and used for capturing the electron-electron annihilation gamma rays and calculating and determining the emission position of the electron-electron annihilation gamma rays. Calculating the intensity of X-ray beam to be detected through the intensity of the annihilation gamma rays of the positive and negative electrons and the conversion efficiency of the conversion target; screening effective coincidence events, and reconstructing the coordinates of annihilation positions by using filtered back projection based on signals of multiple coincidence events to obtain the incident shape distribution of X-ray beam current to be detected and the intensity distribution of a beam interface.
Drawings
In order that the invention may be more readily understood, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the position of a transition target and annular detector array of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a high intensity pulsed X-ray beam flow monitoring device of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the switching target and annular detector array of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the shift of positrons in different materials according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the energy distribution of the X-ray beam to be measured after passing through tungsten conversion targets of different thicknesses.
Description of the specification reference numerals: 1. switching targets; 2. an annular detector array; 3. an electronics package; 4. a support structure; 5. a bottom plate.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific examples, which are not intended to be limiting, so that those skilled in the art will better understand the invention and practice it.
As shown in fig. 1-2, the present invention provides a high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device, for use in flash therapy, comprising:
a conversion target 1, wherein the conversion target 1 converts an incident X-ray beam to be detected into low-intensity positive and negative electron annihilation gamma rays;
the annular detector array 2 is sequentially connected with a plurality of scintillation crystals, and the scintillation crystals are coplanar with the conversion target 1 and are arranged on the circumference taking the conversion target 1 as the center; the crystal can be NaI-Tl crystal, BGO crystal and LYSO-Ce crystal, preferably, the scintillation crystal is LYSO-Ce crystal, the density of LYSO-Ce crystal is 7.1g/cc, the light yield is 32000 photon/MeV, the physical property of the scintillation crystal enables the LYSO-Ce crystal to have better gamma ray detection efficiency and energy resolution than NaI-Tl crystal and BGO crystal, the time resolution performance of the scintillation crystal is more excellent, and the light-emitting decay time is 45ns.
As shown in fig. 3, when the high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device works, the X-ray beam to be detected is incident on the conversion target 1 to generate a plurality of electron pair effects, each electron pair effect generates a positron and an electron, wherein the positron has a certain kinetic energy; after a certain distance of positron motion, the positron gradually decelerates due to electromagnetic interaction, annihilation occurs between the positron and an electron when the velocity of the positron decelerates to be close to 0, one, two or three gamma rays are generated, and preferably, the probability that the number of the generated annihilation gamma rays of the positive and negative electrons is more than 99%; the energy of the annihilation gamma ray of the positive and negative electrons is about 511keV; because the system momentum before annihilation of the positive and negative electrons is close to 0, the momentum directions of the two gamma rays are opposite, and the included angle is 180 degrees; in special cases, the system momentum is not zero, and the included angle is slightly smaller than 180 degrees, and can be generally processed according to 180 degrees. The two annihilation gamma rays move in opposite directions and pass through air to interact with the annular detector array 2, primarily compton scattering. When the positive and negative electron annihilation gamma rays are transmitted in the air, part of energy can be lost through interaction with substances in the air, and when Compton scattering occurs, the annular detector array 2 can not deposit all energy, so that a threshold value of 500keV is set for energy deposit generated by the detector; at the same time, the interference of the incident X-ray beam scattering to be detected needs to be eliminated, and an upper threshold value of 515keV needs to be set. I.e. only if both detectors detect signal energies in the interval 500-515keV, a valid coincidence event is determined. From the above, the high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device provided by the present invention can convert the high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam into low-intensity electron-electron annihilation gamma rays, so that the energy and the position distribution of the high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam can be indirectly measured by using the low-intensity electron-electron annihilation gamma rays.
In a specific embodiment, the high intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device further comprises an electronics package 3. The electronics package 3 is coupled to the annular detector array 2 for receiving and processing signals transmitted by the annular detector array 2 to determine the positron-electron annihilation position. Specifically, the electronics plug-in 3 can determine the flight track of two gammas according to the central coordinate connecting line of the two detectors in one coincidence event, the annihilation position of the positrons is on the line, and meanwhile, the position of the annihilation point on the line can be determined according to the time difference and the light velocity of the two signals. The gamma rays can interact at any position of the detectors, so that the flight distance is not necessarily equal to the center distance of the two detectors, and in addition, the time resolution of the detectors is limited, so that only a probability area with the length of about 100mm can be determined for a single coincidence event, a coordinate point on a connecting line obtained through calculation is taken as the center, and a probability distribution is set to two ends according to the position resolution obtained through calculation. And reconstructing the coordinates of the annihilation position by using filtered back projection based on signals of the multiple coincidence events, so as to obtain the incident shape distribution of the X-ray beam to be detected and the intensity distribution of the beam interface. The intensity value of the X-ray beam to be measured can be obtained according to the intensity of the annihilation gamma rays of the positive and negative electrons and the conversion efficiency of the conversion target 1.
In a specific embodiment, the high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device further comprises a support structure 4 and a base plate 5, the support structure 4 being used for fixing the conversion target 1 and the annular detector array 2; the base plate 5 is used to carry the conversion target 1, the annular detector array 2, the electronics package 3 and the support structure 4.
In an alternative embodiment, the conversion target 1 of the present invention may be made of aluminum, iron, copper, or tungsten. To select the optimal conversion target 1 material, the shift of positrons in the different materials was simulated, and the simulation result is shown in fig. 4. In the figure, the abscissa represents the positron offset distance, the ordinate represents the number of X-ray beams to be measured, and the figure shows that the offset of positrons in an aluminum conversion target is the largest and the offset in a tungsten conversion target is the smallest. In a preferred embodiment, the conversion target material is tungsten.
Tungsten acts as a shielding material for the X-ray beam, and its thickness directly affects the energy attenuation of the X-ray beam after passing through. Therefore, in order to select a proper tungsten conversion target thickness parameter, simulation research is performed on the energy distribution of the X-ray to be detected after 100 ten thousand 6MeV X-ray beams pass through tungsten conversion targets with different thicknesses, and the result is shown in FIG. 5. In the figure, the abscissa represents the energy of the X-ray beam to be measured, and the ordinate represents the number of the X-ray beam to be measured, and it can be seen from the figure that the number of unattenuated energy of the X-ray beam to be measured after passing through the tungsten conversion target is a large part. Wherein, the quantity of X-ray beam current to be measured after 100 ten thousand 6MeV X-ray beam current to be measured passes through a tungsten conversion target with the thickness of 4mm accounts for 80 percent of the quantity before incidence; the quantity of X-ray beam flows to be measured after 100 ten thousand 6MeV X-ray beam flows to be measured pass through a tungsten conversion target with the thickness of 2mm accounts for 90 percent of the quantity before incidence; the quantity of X-ray beam flows to be measured after 100 ten thousand 6MeV X-ray beam flows to be measured pass through a tungsten conversion target with the thickness of 1mm accounts for 95% of the quantity before incidence, and the total current intensity attenuation of the X-ray beam flows to be measured after the X-ray beam flows to be measured enter the tungsten conversion target is controlled within 8% by comprehensively considering the energy attenuation of part of the X-ray beam flows. In a specific embodiment, tungsten with the thickness of 1mm is selected as the tungsten conversion target, so that the arrangement can avoid that the tungsten conversion target has an excessively strong shielding effect on the X-ray beam to be tested, and the attenuation of the X-ray beam to be tested is excessively large, so that the energy of the X-ray beam to be tested for treatment cannot meet the actual treatment requirement. At the same time match 10 x 10cm 2 Selecting a tungsten conversion target with the diameter of 15 cm. It should be noted that the diameter and thickness of the tungsten conversion target are only examples in the embodiments of the present application, and in practice, the diameter and thickness of the tungsten conversion target are set so as to meet the actual operation needs, and in the embodiments of the present application, the diameter and thickness of the tungsten conversion target are not specifically limited.
In a specific embodiment, LYSO: ce crystals are selected as the detectors of the annular detector array 2, the annular detector array 2 is uniformly distributed outside a circular ring with the diameter of 700mm, namely, the end face of the crystals is 350mm away from the center of the circular ring, and a tungsten conversion target is arranged at the center of a circular plane. The crystals are cubes with the edge length of 1inch, the total of 82 crystals are 1inch thick, and the position resolution of the detector is improved while the sufficient full-energy peak detection efficiency for 511keV is ensured.
The invention also provides a high-intensity pulse X-ray beam monitoring method, which adopts the high-intensity pulse X-ray beam monitoring device, and comprises the following steps:
s1: the X-ray beam to be detected is incident on the conversion target 1 to generate an electron pair effect, and a positron and an electron are generated, wherein the positron has a certain kinetic energy;
s2: after a certain distance of positron motion, the positron gradually decelerates due to electromagnetic interaction, and when the positron speed decelerates to be close to 0, annihilation occurs between the positron and an electron to generate gamma rays, and the gamma rays are received by the annular detector array 2; wherein, more than 99% probability generates two gamma rays with opposite directions and is detected by two detectors;
s3: determining that the signal energy detected by the two detectors is an effective coincidence event within the interval of 500-515 keV;
s4: determining two gamma flight tracks according to the central coordinate connecting line of the two detectors in a coincidence event, wherein the annihilation position of positrons is on the line;
s5: determining the annihilation position of the positrons on the line according to the time difference and the light speed of the two signals;
s6: and reconstructing the coordinates of the annihilation position by using filtered back projection based on signals of the multiple coincidence events, so as to obtain the incident shape distribution of the X-ray beam to be detected and the intensity distribution of the beam interface.
It is apparent that the above examples are given by way of illustration only and are not limiting of the embodiments. Other variations and modifications of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description. It is not necessary here nor is it exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications thereof are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A high intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device for use in flash therapy comprising:
a conversion target which converts an incident X-ray beam to be detected into a low-intensity electron-electron annihilation gamma ray;
the annular detector array is sequentially connected by a plurality of scintillation crystals, and the scintillation crystals are coplanar with the conversion target and are arranged on the circumference taking the conversion target as the center;
the X-ray beam to be detected is incident to the conversion target and then interacts with the conversion target to generate a plurality of pairs of annihilation gamma rays of positive and negative electrons with opposite transmission directions, each pair of annihilation gamma rays of positive and negative electrons is received by two detectors in the annular detector array and energy of the annihilation gamma rays is measured, the intensity of the X-ray beam to be detected can be known according to the measured energy and the conversion efficiency of the conversion target, and the position distribution of the X-ray beam is determined according to a connecting line of the two detectors, the time difference of two signals and the light speed.
2. The high intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the scintillation crystal is a LYSO: ce crystal.
3. The high intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device of claim 1, further comprising an electronics package coupled to the annular detector array for receiving and processing signals transmitted by the annular detector array.
4. The high intensity pulsed X-ray beam flow monitoring device of claim 1, further comprising a support structure for securing the conversion target and annular detector array.
5. The high intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device of claim 1, further comprising a base plate for carrying the conversion target, annular detector array, support structure, and electronics package.
6. The high intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the conversion target material is aluminum, iron, copper, tungsten.
7. The high intensity pulsed X-ray beam monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the conversion target material is tungsten.
8. The high intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device of claim 7, wherein the tungsten conversion target has a diameter of 15cm and a thickness of 1mm.
9. A method for monitoring high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam current, characterized in that a high-intensity pulsed X-ray beam current monitoring device as described above is employed, comprising the steps of:
s1: the X-ray beam to be measured is incident on the conversion target to generate a plurality of electron pair effects, and each electron pair effect generates a positron and an electron, wherein the positrons have certain kinetic energy;
s2: after a certain distance of positron motion, the positron gradually decelerates due to electromagnetic interaction, and when the positron speed decelerates to be close to 0, annihilation occurs between the positron and an electron to generate gamma rays, and the gamma rays are received by the annular detector array;
s3: determining that the signal energy detected by the two detectors is an effective coincidence event within the interval of 500-515 keV;
s4: determining two gamma flight tracks according to the central coordinate connecting line of the two detectors in a coincidence event, wherein the annihilation position of positrons is on the line;
s5: determining the annihilation position of the positrons on the line according to the time difference and the light speed of the two signals;
s6: and reconstructing the coordinates of the annihilation position by using filtered back projection based on signals of the multiple coincidence events, so as to obtain the incident shape distribution of the X-ray beam to be detected and the intensity distribution of the beam interface.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein in step S2, more than 99% probability of annihilation of the positive and negative electrons generates two oppositely directed gamma rays and is detected by two detectors.
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