CN116295814A

CN116295814A - Method for renormalizing first law of illuminance based on experimental data

Info

Publication number: CN116295814A
Application number: CN202310272454.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 马龙
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2023-03-17
Filing date: 2023-03-17
Publication date: 2023-06-23

Abstract

A method for renormalizing the first law of illuminance based on experimental data, comprising the steps of: setting a point light source in a darkroom with the ambient temperature of 20+/-3 ℃ to prepare an illuminometer; after the point light source is electrified to emit light, measuring the magnitude of the measured illuminance E at the distance R1 from the point light source by using an illuminometer to obtain the illuminance value E1 at the point; the position of the illuminometer is changed, and the magnitude of the measured illuminance E is measured at a distance R2 from the point light source, so that the value of the illuminance at the point is E2. The purpose is to provide a zero distance constant r in the first law of illuminance under the singular point mechanics _i The illuminance value at the position of the point light source itself can be calculated, and the illuminance value near the point light source can be calculated more accurately, thereby better serving various methods related to the design scheme of the illumination arrangement based on the first law of the renormalized illuminance of experimental data.

Description

Method for renormalizing first law of illuminance based on experimental data

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for renormalizing an illuminance first law based on experimental data.

Background

Illuminance first law: when illuminated with a point source, the illuminance E on an object surface perpendicular to the light is proportional to the intensity I of the light emitted by the source and inversely proportional to the square of the distance R from the illuminated surface to the source. Namely:

The first law of illuminance has a remarkable defect that in the case that the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source tends to be zero, the illuminance E tends to be infinite, and infinite illuminance E means that infinite electric energy is consumed. However, this is clearly different from the fact that the illuminance E cannot be infinite when the illuminated face is at zero distance R from the light source. In fact, even if the illuminated surface-to-light source distance R is zero, the illuminance E tends to be constant and never infinite. Therefore, from the experiment, the existing illuminance first law needs to be renormalized, so that the conclusion that the illuminance E can appear infinite is avoided. The illuminance E existing in the first law of illuminance tends to be infinite, so that when designing the layout of the illumination light source, people can obtain an incorrect calculation result at a position close to the light source, and further, the design of the layout of the light source by the light source people is unreasonable. For this purpose, a constant may be inserted into the denominator term of the first law of illuminance, the basic principle of which is to let the first law of illuminance be such that the illuminance E is not infinite in the case where the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source approaches zero.

The first law of the corrected illuminance is as follows:

when using point light source to illuminate, the illumination E on the object surface perpendicular to the light is proportional to the intensity I of light emitted by the light source, and the zero distance constant R is added to the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source _i Is inversely proportional to the square of (c). Namely:

wherein r is _i Is the zero distance constant of the first law of illuminance under the singular point mechanics.

However, the zero distance constant r of the first law of illuminance under the singular point mechanics _i The specific number of (c) is not known. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the zero distance constant r in the first law of illuminance under the singular point mechanics through experimental measurement _i Specific values of (2).

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for obtaining a zero distance constant r in the first law of illumination under the singular point mechanics _i The illuminance value at the position of the point light source can be calculated, and the illuminance value near the point light source can be calculated more accurately, thereby being betterVarious methods relating to lighting arrangement design schemes are serviced that renormalize the first law of illuminance based on experimental data.

The invention discloses a method for renormalizing an illuminance first law based on experimental data, which comprises the following steps:

A. setting a point light source in a darkroom with the ambient temperature of 20+/-3 ℃ to prepare an illuminometer;

B. After the point light source is electrified to emit light, measuring the magnitude of the measured illuminance E at the distance R1 from the point light source by using an illuminometer to obtain the illuminance value E1 at the point;

C. changing the position of an illuminometer, and measuring the magnitude of the measured illuminance E at a distance R2 from the point light source to obtain the illuminance value E2 at the point;

d, according to the first law of the corrected illumination, the illumination E on the surface of the object perpendicular to the light rays is proportional to the intensity I of the light emitted by the light source when the point light source is used for illumination, and a zero distance constant R is added to the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source _i Is inversely proportional to the square of (c). Namely:

Substituting the data obtained by multiple measurements into a corrected illuminance first law formula respectively to obtain:

the formula (1) and the formula (2) are subjected to mathematical division treatment, and the luminous intensity I of the light source in the formula is eliminated, so that the zero distance constant r of the first law of illuminance under the singular point mechanics can be calculated _i Specific values of (2).

The invention discloses a method for renormalizing an illuminance first law based on experimental data, wherein the illuminometer is a portable illuminometer.

The method for renormalizing the first law of illuminance based on experimental data comprises the steps of measuring the magnitude of the measured illuminance E at a distance R1 from a point light source by using an illuminometer to obtain the value of the illuminance at the point as E1; changing the position of the illuminometer, measuring the magnitude of the measured illuminance E at the distance R2 from the point light source to obtain the illuminance value E2 at the point, and obtaining the zero distance constant R in the first law of illuminance _i . Therefore, the method based on the experimental data renormalized illuminance first law can obtain the zero distance constant r in the illuminance first law under the singular point mechanics _i The illumination value at the position of the point light source can be calculated, the illumination value near the point light source can be calculated more accurately, and when the layout of the illumination light source is designed, an error result is not obtained at the illumination calculation position at the position close to the light source, so that the layout design of the light source is more reasonable, and various design schemes related to illumination arrangement are better served.

The method of the present invention based on the first law of renormalized illuminance of experimental data is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the electric field direction at the field source location for positively charged singular charges;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the electric field direction at the field source location with a negatively charged singular charge;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the energy levels of positively charged singular charges outside the field source location;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the energy levels outside the field source location with a negative charge of a singular point;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of two electrons in the energy level of a quantum entangled state;

fig. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the electric field strength Ei of a charged particle of electric quantity q and its position polar coordinates.

Detailed Description

the formula (1) and the formula (2) are subjected to mathematical division treatment, and the luminous intensity I of the light source in the formula is eliminated, so that the zero distance constant r of the first law of illuminance under the singular point mechanics can be calculated _i Specific values of (2). The illuminometer is a portable illuminometer.

Coulomb's law is a law of static singular charge interactions and is a common expression of coulomb's law:

interaction force between two stationary point charges in vacuum, product of their charge amounts (q ₁ q ₂ ) Proportional to their distance, quadratic r ² In inverse proportion, the direction of the force is on their connection, like charges repel, opposite charges attract, i.e.:

according to coulomb law, at two points charge q ₁ 、q ₂ In the case that the distance between them tends to zero, the electric field force F ₁₂ Would tend to be infinite, but this is clearly not true. That is, at two point charges q ₁ 、q ₂ Zero distance between two point charges q ₁ 、q ₂ Interaction force F between ₁₂ And may not be infinite. In fact, even two point charges q _1、 q ₂ The distance between them tends to zero, the electric field force F ₁₂ But only tends to be constant and never infinite.

Physics is a discipline based on physical experiments in which it was found that in the annihilation reaction of positive and negative electron pairs, i.e., when two point charges q ₁ 、q ₂ Upon coincidence, no infinite energy is released.

Also, when a human being encounters an electron and a proton at an extremely close distance by all means, the electron and the proton do not neutralize each other to become neutrons, i.e., electric field force F ₁₂ There is no trend toward infinity as the distance is reduced, which is one of the important reasons why controlled nuclear fusion reactions are difficult to achieve, i.e., the infinite attraction reacted by coulomb's law does not occur between electrons and protons.

After about 13 minutes of free neutrons, experimental observations show that half of the neutrons decay into electrons, protons and neutrons, and in the process, electrons fly away from the protons at extremely high speeds, if two point charges q ₁ 、q ₂ Upon coincidenceThe attractive force is infinite and the electrons are never able to fly away from the protons.

The above physical phenomena are sufficient to demonstrate that the positive and negative charges are only attracted to each other within a certain distance range, and the positive and negative charges are no longer attracted to each other at a distance of atomic nucleus scale, that is, at a distance of femto-meter scale.

In summary, we can summarize the following facts from physical experiments:

1. charged particles accelerated by an electromagnetic field will be subjected to electromagnetic radiation, and no exception is found in experiments.

2. The annihilation reaction of the positive and negative electron pairs releases only a limited potential energy, not infinite energy.

3. The "neutralization reaction" of electrons with protons requires additional energy to be consumed before neutrons can be generated.

4. Free neutrons decay into electrons, protons and neutropes release energy.

The singular point mechanics described below is achieved by renormalizing the existing coulomb law, i.e. rechecking the distance r term in the denominator term of the existing coulomb law, removing a distance in the center point from the mathematical calculation using the coulomb law in the distance r segment, i.e. breaking off a length from the origin in the outward direction, and specially treating the broken off distance, the breaking off distance being "seen on the other eye", by inserting a constant from a physical experiment, the basic principle of the insertion being to let the coulomb law break off at two point charges q ₁ 、q ₂ In the case where the distance between them approaches zero, two point charges q ₁ 、q ₂ Interaction force F between ₁₂ Not infinity. Needless to say, this modification is to accommodate the experimental fact that the existing coulomb law conforms to the inverse square law to the maximum extent, and cannot violate the experimental result.

Coulomb's law under singular point mechanics after renormalization can be expressed as follows:

Any two singular charges q ₁ 、q ₂ By force F in the direction of the passing connecting line ₁₂ Attraction to each other, the electric field force F ₁₂ Product q of size and their charge ₁ q ₂ Proportional to the distance r between them (distance in non-superimposed state) plus the field strength reversal position constant r _e Is inversely proportional to the square of the same charge is repelled and opposite charges are attracted; the singular point charge means that the volume of the charge cannot be zero, and the size of the scale can be zero distance constant, weighing normalization constant, distance correction constant, field intensity reverse position constant, field intensity minimum position constant r _e Is defined as follows:

wherein r is _e The physical unit of the zero distance constant, the weighing normalization constant, the distance correction constant, the field intensity reverse position constant or the field intensity minimum position constant which is the coulomb law under the singular point mechanics is the length unit of'm'.

The electric field direction of a positively charged singular point charge at the position of a field source is shown as figure 1, and the diameter of a circular ring in figure 1 is the zero distance constant r of the coulomb law under the singular point mechanics _e As can be seen from the direction of the electric field arrow in fig. 1, at a zero distance constant r _e The electric field direction is directed far away, at a zero distance constant r _e Inside the defined circle, the direction of the electric field arrow is directed in the direction of the center of the circle. The spin of the singular charge means that the electric field direction at the field source position of the singular charge is rotated by 360 ° in the outward-pointing electric field direction at the field source position of the singular charge, which represents that the singular charge field source is rotated by half a turn, because the other half, i.e., the inward-pointing electric field direction at the field source position is not rotated, and only when the inward-pointing electric field direction at the field source position is rotated by 360 ° as well, the spin of the singular charge is completed by one full turn.

The direction of the electric field of the negative charge in the field source position is shown in figure 2, and the diameter of the circular ring in figure 2 is the zero distance constant r of the coulomb law under the mechanical of the singular point _e As can be seen from the direction of the electric field arrow in fig. 2, at a zero distance constant r _e The electric field direction points to the center direction of the circle, and the distance constant r is zero _e The direction of the electric field arrow is directed outside the center of the circle, defining the inside of the circle. The spin of the singular charge means that the electric field direction at the field source position of the singular charge is rotated by 360 ° in the inwardly directed electric field direction at the field source position of the singular charge, which represents half a turn of the singular charge field source, since half of the same, i.e. the outwardly directed electric field direction at the field source position is not rotated, the singular charge completes a complete turn of spin only if the outwardly directed electric field direction at the field source position is also rotated by 360 °.

Further derivation can be achieved that for a singular charge of charge q, the zero distance constant r _e Electric field strength E of electrostatic field in outside space _e Under the singular point mechanics can be expressed as:

it will be appreciated that the above formula can be written as:

however, the coulomb law under the singular point mechanics described above faces physical experiments and also suffers from several significant drawbacks:

1. coulomb's law under singular mechanics does not reveal the fact that atoms, molecules have energy levels;

2. coulomb's law under singular point mechanics does not show that electrons have volatility, and cannot explain tunneling effect. Experiments show that two charged particles are indeed in energy level at the distance of atomic and molecular scales, and electrons have fluctuation and tunneling effects.

Therefore, it is necessary to perform a quantization correction process on the coulomb law under the existing singular point mechanics based on the result of the physical experiment, and the electric field action equation after the correction process based on the physical experiment is called as the coulomb law under the singular point theory or the electric field action equation under the singular point theory.

Coulomb's law under the singular theory, or electric field equation under the singular theory, was established to explain the experimental results:

1. For the purposes of explanation, atoms, molecules have energy levels. The ground state of a hydrogen atom is a state when the hydrogen atom has no energy that can be released to the outside; the ground state of a hydrogen molecule is the state when the hydrogen molecule is not available to release energy to the outside.

2. The vacuum is a dielectric that can be polarized by the field source field, thereby creating a polarized electric field around the field source field and a polarized charge around the field source field.

3. Both electrons and protons have a fluctuating nature for purposes of explanation.

4. The charged particles that are accelerated in order to explain this have electromagnetic radiation.

5. To account for tunneling effects of electrons.

6. To explain the quantum entanglement phenomenon existing between electrons.

Experiments have shown that vacuum is a dielectric, which can be polarized by a field source electric field, thereby generating a polarized electric field around the field source electric field and generating polarized charges around the field source electric field.

Referring to FIG. 6, for a singular charge of charge q, the field source electric field E _e The generated polarized electric field E _i Zero distance constant r of charge at singular point _e From inside to outside to attenuate the electric field E from the source _e Is a field of the enhanced field source E _e Electric field of resumption field source electric field E _e Is to strengthen the field source electric field E _e The electric fields of (a) alternate in such a way that the field source electric field E _e The generated polarized electric field E _i There are two kinds, one is with the field source electric field E _e Is arranged in the direction of the electric field of the battery,this reverse polarized electric field E _i Weakening the electric field E from the field source at its location _e The other is the original electric field with the field source electric field E _e In the same direction, the same direction polarized electric field E _i Will strengthen the electric field E from the field source at its location _e For this purpose we can get the coulomb law under the singular field theory, or the electric field strength equation in the singular field theory, as follows:

e in the formula _i For the field strength of the polarised electric field at position r, or for regulating the field source electric field E _e Additional electric field strength of energy level.

If we express the above expression in terms of polarization charge, there can be:

wherein r is _i The physical unit of the zero distance constant, the weighing normalization constant, the weighing correction constant, the field intensity reverse position constant or the field intensity minimum position constant which is the polarization charge is the length unit of'm'.

From this, the coulomb law under the singular field theory, or the electric field strength equation in the singular field theory, can be obtained as follows:

E in the formula _i For the field strength of the polarized electric field at position r, q _i Is the charge quantity of polarized charges at the position r, r _i Zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field strength reversal position constant, or field strength minimum position constant, zero distance constant, or field strength minimum position constant for polarization chargeThe physical unit of the renormalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity inversion position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant is the unit of length "meter".

It is noted that the field strength of the polarized electric field in the coulomb law under the singular field theory, or the electric field strength equation in the singular field theory, is not only based on the coulomb law in which vacuum is the dielectric and inserted in the singular mechanics, but is more mainly based on the coulomb law in which atoms have energy levels, electrons have volatility and inserted in the singular mechanics.

Referring to fig. 6, for a positively charged nucleus of electric quantity q, to describe conveniently the variation law of the direction of its polarized electric field, we use coulomb's law under the singular field theory, or the electric field strength equation in the singular field theory, of the form:

wherein n is a

natural number

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … …, |E _i The i is the absolute value of the field strength of the polarized electric field at position r.

Referring to fig. 6, in order to describe the change rule of the polarized electric field direction for convenience, if the electric quantity is the singular point charge with q, we use the electric field intensity equation in the singular point field theory of the following form:

wherein n is a

natural number

For a stationary, positively charged nucleus of charge q, see fig. 3, in the n=1, 3 energy levels of fig. 3, the direction of the polarizing electric field (the electric field arrow pointing to the center) is opposite to the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarizing electric field attenuates the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=1, 3 energy levels. In the n=2 energy level in fig. 3, the direction of the polarizing electric field (the electric field arrow pointing outwards) is the same as the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarizing electric field intensifies the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=2 energy level. In order to describe the change rule of the polarization electric field direction conveniently, the electric field intensity equation in the singular point field theory can be written as follows:

wherein n is a natural number of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … …, n=r/r _i ，|E _i I is the absolute value of the field strength of the polarized electric field at position r, |q _i I is the absolute value of the charge level of the polarized charge at location r.

For a stationary, negatively charged singular charge of charge q, see fig. 4, in the n=1, 3 energy levels of fig. 4, the direction of the polarizing electric field (the outwardly directed electric field arrow) is opposite to the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarizing electric field attenuates the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=1, 3 energy levels. Whereas in the n=2 energy level in fig. 4 the direction of the polarizing electric field (electric field arrow pointing to the center) is the same as the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarizing electric field intensifies the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=2 energy level. In order to conveniently describe the change rule of the polarization electric field direction, the coulomb law under the singular point theory or the electric field strength equation under the singular point theory can be written as:

It is emphasized that in the singular field theory, the polarization charges must be of a volume that otherwise would not be possible, i.e. the zero distance constant r of the polarization charges _i Must be greater than zero.

Zero distance constant r of polarization charge _i Can be used as a field source electric field E _e Is a critical datum of the energy level along the radial width. Namely atom, The energy level of the molecule is the field source electric field E _e The surrounding space is polarized, and the generated polarized electric field or the product under the influence of polarized charge is in the spherical shell-shaped electric field space weakened by the polarized electric field, and the thickness of the spherical shell is equal to r _i In the next adjacent spherical shell-shaped electric field space, which is reinforced by the polarized electric field, the thickness of the spherical shell is also equal to r _i For this purpose we can set the distance term r decomposition in the above equation to r _i Is to use coulomb's law under the singular field theory, or the electric field strength equation in the singular field theory.

For a stationary positively charged nucleus of charge q, see fig. 3 and 6, in the n=1, 3 energy levels of fig. 3, the direction of the polarizing electric field is opposite to the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarizing electric field attenuates the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=1, 3 energy levels. In the n=2 energy level in fig. 3, the direction of the polarized electric field is the same as the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarized electric field intensifies the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=2 energy level. In order to describe the change rule of the polarization electric field direction conveniently, the coulomb law under the singular point theory or the electric field intensity equation in the singular point theory becomes:

Wherein n is a

natural number

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … …, |E _i I is the absolute value of the field strength of the polarized electric field at position r, |q _i I is the absolute value of the charge level of the polarized charge at location r.

For a stationary, negatively charged singular charge of charge q, see fig. 4 and 6, in the n=1, 3 energy levels of fig. 4, the direction of the polarizing electric field is opposite to the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarizing electric field attenuates the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=1, 3 energy levels. In the n=2 energy level in fig. 4, the direction of the polarized electric field is the same as the direction of the field source electric field, i.e. the polarized electric field intensifies the field strength of the field source electric field in the n=2 energy level. In order to describe the change rule of the polarization electric field direction conveniently, the coulomb law under the singular point theory or the electric field intensity equation in the singular point theory becomes:

wherein n is a

natural number

Referring to fig. 3 and 6, for a stationary, positively charged singular charge, when n=1, 3, 5, 7, … …, i.e., in a spherical shell-shaped electric field space weakened by a polarized electric field, the spherical shell layer thereof is the field source electric field E _e Is positioned in the fixed track space; when n=2, 4, 6, 8, … …, i.e. in the spherical shell-shaped electric field space reinforced by the polarized electric field, the spherical shell layer is the field source electric field E _e Is located in the excited state orbit space.

For steady state orbital spaces, because the electric field therein is weakened by polarized electric fields or polarized charges, electrons in these steady state orbital spaces are not affected by the electric field, and the motion of electrons therein belongs to free motion not affected by the electric field.

The singular point charge is not stressed in the space of the fixed state orbit, so that the singular point charge does not have electromagnetic radiation, the state is called the steady state of an atomic system, and the energy level of the singular point charge and the zero distance constant r of the polarized charge _i Related to the planck constant.

If there are a plurality of positively or negatively charged singular charges, it is also considered that the electric field between the plurality of singular charges weakens or strengthens the steady-state orbital space or the excited-state orbital space generated by the electric field of the other party.

The steady state orbit space is a channel for electrons to tunnel, and through the steady state orbit space, electrons can pass through a so-called potential energy barrier without changing the energy of the electrons, and every instant in the tunneling effect strictly obeys the law of conservation of energy.

The steady state orbital space may constitute a superconducting channel connecting atoms and molecules.

The steady state orbital space in a real atom may be in a point or stripe distribution at a certain instant.

An atom emits a photon when an electron in the atom is forced to transition from a steady or excited state orbital space having a higher energy state to a steady or excited state orbital space of another lower energy state.

Quantum entanglement under the singular site theory is as follows:

for a stationary a electron which is not acted by external force and is in an ideal state, referring to fig. 5, a static steady state orbit space exists in a space around the stationary a electron, if another B electron approaches the stationary a electron and stays in the steady state orbit space of the a electron, the a electron will stay in the steady state orbit space of the B electron based on symmetry, and we will make the electron in such a state symmetrical as an electron pair in an entangled state.

For the electron pair in the entangled state, when the a electrons move under the external action, if the external action cannot change the energy level state of the a electrons in the steady state orbit space of the B electrons, the B electrons also move together with the a electrons. Conversely, when the B electrons move under the external action, if the external action can not change the energy level state of the B electrons in the steady state orbit space of the A electrons, the A electrons also move together with the B electrons; note that the a electrons or the B electrons do not repel each other only in the steady state orbital space, and coulomb repulsion is generated between the a electrons and the B electrons immediately as long as they leave the steady state orbital space.

If the energy level state of the a electron in the steady state orbit space of the B electron is changed by the external effect, for example, the change of the energy level decrease causes the a electron to generate electromagnetic radiation, the B electron is necessarily also changed in the energy level state in the steady state orbit space of the a electron, the B electron is necessarily also generated electromagnetic radiation identical to the a electron, and note that the energy level decrease is represented by the two electrons being far away from each other. On the contrary, if the B electron changes the energy level state of the B electron in the steady state orbit space of the a electron under the external effect, for example, the change of the energy level decrease causes the B electron to generate electromagnetic radiation, the a electron is necessarily changed to the energy level state in the steady state orbit space of the B electron, the a electron is necessarily also generated to generate electromagnetic radiation identical to the B electron, and note that the change of the energy level decrease causes the two electrons to be far away from each other.

The physical process belongs to quantum entanglement phenomenon under the singular point theory.

The following we use coulomb's law under the singular field theory, or the equation of electric field action under the singular field theory, to analyze the stress between two singular charges:

let the electric quantity of a static nucleus be q ₁ The static electron has an electric quantity q ₂ The nucleus and the electrons are formed by the force F in the direction of the connecting line ₁₂ Attraction to each other, the electric field force F ₁₂ The size is as follows:

If the electric quantity of the negative charge is q ₁ Is a singular charge of the stationary electron, the electric quantity is q ₂ The nucleus and the electrons are formed by the force F in the direction of the connecting line ₁₂ Mutual attraction, the electric field force F for conveniently describing the change rule of the polarized electric field direction ₁₂ The size can be expressed as:

wherein r is _e Is a library under the singular point mechanicsZero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reversal position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant of Lun's law, the physical unit of zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reversal position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant is length unit'm ' _i I is the absolute value of the field strength of the polarized electric field at position r, |q _i I is the absolute value of the charge level of the polarized charge at location r.

The singular field theory considers:

1. the positively charged electric field source can continuously flow out positive electricity from the field source at the speed of light, and forms the original electric field of the positively charged electric field source, and the positive electricity flowing out from the positively charged electric field source at the speed of light has no quality and therefore no energy; the electric field source moves at a speed V, and positive electricity flows outwards from the electric field source and still moves at the speed of light.

The negatively charged electric field source can continuously flow out negative electric quantity from the field source to the outside, and forms the original electric field of the negatively charged electric field source, and the negative electric quantity flowing out from the negatively charged electric field source has no quality and therefore no energy; the electric field source moves at a speed V, and negative electric quantity flows outwards from the electric field source and still moves at the speed of light.

2. After the positive electric quantity or the negative electric quantity flows out, the positive electric quantity or the negative electric quantity is diffused at a constant light speed and leaves the field source, and meanwhile, an electric field is formed in the space around the electric field source, so that the electric field has no direct relation with the fluctuation of charged particles.

The polarized electric field or polarized charge generated by the electric field polarization of the electric field source is an accompanying electric field of the electric field attached to the electric field source, and when the electric field source moves at a velocity V, the polarized electric field or polarized charge generated by the electric field polarization of the electric field source also moves in the same direction at the velocity V. The corresponding steady state orbit space or excited state orbit space also moves in the same direction around the electric field source at the speed V. Therefore, the space around the electric field source surrounds the steady state orbit space, the excited state orbit space, the steady state orbit space and the excited state orbit space, and the fluctuation of the excited state orbit space with a periodic rule is the reason that the charged particles have the fluctuation. The fluctuation of the charged particles is related to the moving speed of the electric field source, and the higher the speed is, the higher the frequency of the wave formed by the steady-state orbit space and the excited-state orbit space is seen in observation, and the lower the speed is, the lower the frequency of the wave formed by the steady-state orbit space and the excited-state orbit space is seen in observation.

When the electric field source moves at the speed V, the steady state orbit space and the excited state orbit space around the electric field source move along with the electric field source, and for a static observer, the steady state orbit space and the excited state orbit space around the electric field source are just like waves flowing around the observer, and the frequency V of the waves is in direct proportion to the movement speed V of the electric field source: i.e. v=kv, where K is a scaling factor.

In the singular field theory, the fluctuation frequency V of electrons moving at the speed V is irrelevant to the static mass of the electrons, the fluctuation of the electrons is that the polarized electric field or polarized charge of the electrons changes the surrounding electric field intensity, so that the electric field intensity exists in a standing wave shape, and then the moving electrons integrally push the standing wave speed V to move, thereby forming the fluctuation of the electrons.

3. When the electric field source and the positive and negative charges are not acted by external force, the electric field source and the positive and negative charges will not change the motion state and will not radiate electromagnetic wave.

4. Stationary orbital space around the stationary electric field source, the excited orbital space constitutes a standing wave, the electric field of the electric field source appearing to be non-fluctuating to an observer stationary relative to the electric field source, its electric field E _e Is infinite in wavelength, zero in frequency v, and its electric field E _e Energy W of (2) _e ＝hv＝0。

5. When the electric field E of the electric field source _e When the external force is applied, the electric field source can change the motion state, and electromagnetic waves capable of radiating outwards are generated through polarized charges, and the energy W of the electromagnetic waves _e ＝hv。

The electromagnetic wave is understood to be the vibration caused by the external force of the polarized charges forming the electric bar, and if the electromagnetic wave is not interfered by other electric fields, the motion speed of the electromagnetic wave is the speed of outward diffusion of the electric quantity of the electric field, namely the speed of light.

Electromagnetic waves have energy and at the same time have mass. One of the power strips is stimulated once and emits a photon. The photon has a scale, the photon has a circular zero distance constant r in the direction perpendicular to the photon motion, see FIG. 1 _g The photon has an oscillation surface with electric field intensity, and the zero distance constant r between the oscillation surface of the electric field intensity of the photon and the circular ring shape of the photon _g The surface overlap, accompanied by a vibration plane of electric field strength, the photons have a vibration plane of magnetic field strength perpendicular to the vibration plane of electric field strength.

6. The polarization charge must be of a volume that otherwise would not be possible.

7. The total electric quantity of each layer of polarized charge generated by the polarization of the electrostatic field around the electric field source is not larger than the electric quantity of the electric field source, and the total electric quantity of each layer of polarized charge can only be smaller than or equal to the electric quantity of the electric field source.

8. Under the singular point theory, the zero distance constant r of each polarized charge _i Is a constant physical quantity, assuming that the distance between a certain N layer of polarized charges and an electric field source is N r _i Area S of the layer _N The method comprises the following steps:

S _N ＝π(N*r _i ) ²

and the total number of polarization charges in the layer is N.

9. Assuming the charge of the electric field source is q, N, the charge q of each polarized charge in the layer _i Is q _i ≦q/N。

10. For a nucleus with many protons, the electric quantity of the nucleus is far greater than that of electrons, so that the electric quantity q of positive and negative polarized charges is on the inner energy level of the nucleus _i And an electric quantity e greater than the electron quantity e, in which case, when a photon transfers energy greater than the sum of the electron quantity e to the positive and negative charges in the inner layer energy level of the nucleus, the positive and negative charges areWill be converted into a pair of positive and negative electrons.

Electric potential energy is arranged between the positive and negative polarized charges, and electric field energy is stored between the positive and negative polarized charges.

If the charge q of the positive and negative polarized charges at the inner energy level of the atomic nucleus _i In this case, even if photons transfer energy greater than the sum of positrons and electrons to positive and negative charges in the inner energy level of the nucleus, the positive and negative charges are not converted into a pair of positive and negative electrons.

11. Viewed from the radial direction of the field intensity of the electric field source, the energy level of the atomic nucleus is zero distance constant r of positive and negative polarized charges _i Quantized physical quantity divided into segments for basic length unit, a certain zero distance constant r along radial direction _i Within a range, i.e. centered on the field source charge, with radius r+r _e And radius r, wherein the electric field strength E is in the space formed by two spherical surfaces _e Is a quantized physical quantity.

12. The conventional power line concept has zero distance constant r _e After that, a modification of the applicability needs to be made, and it can be considered to change it into a power bar with a transverse cross-sectional area, the dimension of the transverse cross-section of the power bar is likely to be constant, the power bar is tentatively zero-distance constant, and if the dimension of the transverse cross-section of the power bar is not constant, the power bar needs to be determined by inventing a new physical experiment.

At a radius r+r centered on the field source charge _e And the radius r, wherein the quantity of polarized charges is limited in the energy level space formed by the two spherical surfaces, and the total electric quantity of all the polarized charges is not larger than the electric quantity q of the field source charges. Accordingly, it can be considered that the number of the electric power bars passing through the space defined by the two spherical surfaces is also limited, and the number of the electric power bars passing through the space defined by the two spherical surfaces in the radial direction is equal to the number of polarization charges in the energy level space.

13. Physical experiments have demonstrated that: vacuum is one of the dielectrics that comprise vacuum, which in an electric field around a charged particle is capable of generating a pair of polarized charges by the electric field polarization of the charged particle, where we have defaulted that the electric field around a charged particle refers to an intrinsic, indivisible electrostatic field of the charged particle, which is considered to be part of the charged particle in the singular mechanics. That is, the complete spatial volume of the charged particles includes the entire range of electrostatic fields inherent in their surroundings, without this inherent electrostatic field, and without the precondition of having a vacuum generate a polarization charge.

The positive and negative polarization charges cannot be particles with zero volume, but have a basic volume size, and according to the fact that the energy of electromagnetic waves in nature is related to the Planck constant, we reasonably assume the zero distance constant r of the positive and negative polarization charges _i As a constant, at the same time, we need to assume the charge q of the positive charge _i+ And charge q of negative polarized charge _i- Are all variable quantities, and are deduced by referring to coulomb law under the singular point mechanics disclosed in the prior application, namely, one electric quantity is q ₁ Electric field strength E of singular point charge under singular point mechanics _e Can be expressed as:

it is then possible to obtain:

from the above, it can be seen that the amount of electricity at the distance field source is q ₁ The farther away the singular charge polarizes the charge q of the positive charge from the vacuum surrounding it _i+ Or charge q of negative polarization charge _i- The smaller.

Referring to fig. 3 and 4, note that the positions where the positive and negative polarized charges occur cannot be arbitrary, and must be satisfied by spreading radially outward from the position where the singular charges are located, and for a field source to be a positively charged nucleus, it will first polarize a circle of negative atomsPolarization charge, the radial scale of the circle of polarization charge is zero distance constant r of the polarization charge _i Then polarizing a circle of positive polarized charges outside the circle of negative polarized charges, wherein the energy level scale of the circle of positive polarized charges along the radial direction is larger than or equal to the zero distance constant r of the positive polarized charges _i The energy level scale cannot be smaller than the zero distance constant r of the positive polarization charge _i Then polarizing a circle of negative polarized charges outside the circle of positive polarized charges, wherein the energy level scale of the circle of negative polarized charges along the radial direction is larger than or equal to the zero distance constant r of the negative polarized charges _i The energy level scale cannot be smaller than the zero distance constant r of the negative polarized charge _i The circle number of the positive electrode charge and the circle number of the negative electrode charge can meet the zero distance constant r of the positive electrode charge by the cyclic and reciprocating diffusion _i Or zero distance constant r of negative polarization charge _i Is an integer multiple of this condition.

The positive polarization charge has its own zero distance constant r _i A position section for generating a polarized electric field E _i+ The direction of the electric field is indicated by q ₁ In the radial position of the singular charge, i.e

Negative polarization charge has its own zero distance constant r _i A position section, which also generates a polarized electric field E _i- The direction of the electric field is also pointing to an electric quantity q ₁ In the radial position of the singular charge, i.e

The polarized electric field E _i+ And a polarized electric field E _i- Are all superimposed on the electric quantity q ₁ Above the original electric field of the singular charge, thereby giving an electric quantity q ₁ Electric field strength E of the singular charge of (2) _e The change occurs, assuming that the electric quantity of the singular point charge is positive, when r is an even multiple of the energy level scale formed by the positive and negative polarized charge rings, the mathematical expression can be:

note that E _i+ Here, it serves to strengthen E _e Is effective in (1).

Assuming that the electric quantity of the singular point charge is positive, when r is an odd multiple of the energy level scale formed by the positive and negative polarized charge rings, the mathematical expression can be:

note that E _i- Here, it serves to weaken E _e But at most let E _e And (5) returning to zero.

For an electron in vacuum, the electric field has the following characteristics for the polarized charge generated by the polarization of the surrounding vacuum:

1. each polarization charge is sized, volumetric;

2. the dimensions and volumes of each polarized charge are equal;

3. on a circular sphere at a distance r from the electron, the electric field of the electron polarizes to generate a quantity N of polarized charges _r Is limited and its number can only be a positive integer, its number N _r The method comprises the following steps:

N _r ＝4πr ² /4πr _i ²

4. at a radial distance r from the electron, the electric field of the electron polarizes to produce an amount n of polarized charge _r Is limited and its number can only be a positive integer, its number n _r The method comprises the following steps:

n _r ＝r/r _i

5. when the electron "meets" with the polarized charge generated by the electric field polarization of another charged particle, the two will interact, and the magnitude of the interaction force can be calculated by coulomb law under the singular point mechanics, namely:

wherein e is the electric quantity of electrons, q _i An amount of charge, r, of polarized charge at the electron location generated for electric field polarization of another charged particle _i Field strength reversal position constant of polarization charge generated for electric field polarization of another charged particle, F ₁₂ Is the interaction force between the electron and the polarized charge generated by the electric field polarization of another charged particle.

For a hydrogen atom, the electric field of its proton has the following characteristics for the polarization charge generated by the polarization of the surrounding space:

1. each polarization charge is sized, volumetric;

2. the dimensions and volumes of each polarized charge are equal;

3. on a circular sphere at a distance r from a proton, the electric field of the proton polarizes to generate an amount N of polarized charges _r Is limited and its number can only be a positive integer, its number N _r The method comprises the following steps:

N _r ＝4πr ² /4πr _i ²

4. at a radial distance r from the proton, the electric field polarization of the proton generates an amount n of polarized charge _r Is limited and its number can only be a positive integer, its number n _r The method comprises the following steps:

n _r ＝r/r _i

the number of energy levels of hydrogen atoms is defined by the number n _r And (5) determining.

5. When the polarized charge generated by the proton polarization and electrons meet, the polarized charge and electrons can generate interaction, and the magnitude of the interaction force can be calculated through coulomb law under the singular point mechanics, namely:

wherein e is the electric quantity of proton, q _i Generated for proton polarisation at the electron positionCharge quantity of polarized charge r _i Field intensity inversion position constant of polarized charges generated by protons, F ₁₂ The interaction force between the polarized charge generated for proton polarization and the electrons.

By the electric field strength equation in the singular field theory:

it is apparent that the electric field of strong and weak fluctuation formed by the steady-state orbit space and the excited-state orbit space exists around the electron or around the proton moving at the speed V, the electric field of strong and weak fluctuation formed by the electron or around the proton moving at the speed V starts to pass through the narrow gap before the field source of the electron or proton passes through the narrow gap, the electric field of strong and weak fluctuation formed by the electron or around the electron moving at the speed V is part of the electron, the electric field of the electron is also the electric field at the field source position, and likewise, the electric field of strong and weak fluctuation formed by the steady-state orbit space and the excited-state orbit space around the proton is also part of the proton, and the electric field at the field source position of the proton is also the electric field.

When the electric field in the space around the electron reaches the narrow gap in front of the electron and starts to pass through the narrow gap, a part of the electron starts to pass through the narrow gap, and the narrow gap acts on the electric field in front of the electron, the electric field in back, the electric field in left and the electric field in right, so that the action on the electric field of the electron of all the surrounding different positions is finally reflected on the movement track of the electron at the center.

The electric field intensity around the electrons is in a state of strong and weak fluctuation change formed by a steady state orbit space and an excited state orbit space, which moves at a speed V, so that the electric field intensity around the electrons shows fluctuation.

If the electric field of the electron passes through a plurality of narrow slits which are arranged together, the physical phenomenon that the electron passes through the plurality of narrow slits at the same time is not obvious, and is caused by that the electric field which is formed by the steady state orbit space and the excited state orbit space and is changed in strong and weak and moves at the speed V around the electron is a part of the electron.

Regarding what the four basic interactions present in nature are with the de broglie waves, this problem can be thought from the following point of view:

1. The gravitational force is very weak, and it is considered that the gravitational force is not related to the fluctuation of electrons in the related physical experiment.

2. Electrons do not participate in strong interactions and therefore strong interactions are independent of the volatility of electrons as they appear in physical experiments.

3. We have enough experimental phenomena to demonstrate that weak interactions are independent of the fluctuation of electrons in physical experiments.

4. Only electromagnetic interactions are present, that is to say the electrons exhibit a fluctuation in those well known physical experiments which is only due to electromagnetic interactions.

The coulomb law under the singular field theory, or the electric field strength equation in the singular field theory, is an equation set based on physical experiments that is prioritized to conform to the results of the physical experiments rather than to prioritize the mathematical derivation process.

An electric quantity of q ₁ Potential U of the singular positive charge of (2) _e The method comprises the following steps:

in magnetostatics, the Biot-Savart Law (english: biot-Savart Law) describes the magnetic field excited by an amperometric cell at an arbitrary point P in space. The biot-savart law is expressed as follows:

the magnitude of the magnetic induction dB generated by the current element Idl at a certain point P in space is proportional to the magnitude of the current element Idl, is proportional to the sine of the angle between the position vector of the current element Idl to the point P and the current element Idl, and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance r from the current element Idl to the point P.

μ ₀ Is vacuum magnetic permeability.

The existing pito-savart law has a remarkable defect that the magnetic induction dB tends to infinity in the case that the distance between the current element Idl and the point P tends to be zero, but the conclusion is obviously different from the fact that the point P cannot generate infinite magnetic induction dB even at the origin of the current element Idl. In fact, even if the distance between the current element Idl and the P-point tends to be zero, the magnetic induction dB tends to be constant, never infinite, in other words, even at the origin of the individual electrons constituting the electron flow, the magnetic induction dB at this point tends to be constant, never infinite.

Whereas when r=0, i.e. on the surface of the wire, the magnetic field strength tends to infinity, it is practically impossible to have an infinite magnetic field strength. Since pito-savart law cannot be used when r=0, it is necessary to perform the renormalization process. Therefore, from the experiment, the existing biot-savart law needs to be renormalized, so that the conclusion that the magnetic induction intensity dB can appear infinite is avoided, and the biot-savart law under the modified singular point mechanics can be expressed as follows:

The magnitude of the magnetic induction dB generated by the current element Idl at a certain point P in space is proportional to the magnitude of the current element Idl, is proportional to the sine of the included angle between the position vector from the current element Idl to the point P and the current element Idl, and is proportional to the distance r from the current element Idl to the point P plus the field intensity inverse position constant r _e Inversely proportional to the square of (i), i.e.:

wherein r is _e Zero distance constant, or weight normalization, which is the law of biot-savartThe constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reversal position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant, is equal to the zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reversal position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant in coulomb law.

For a charged particle moving at a velocity v, under the singular mechanics, the excited magnetic field B is:

note that the above magnetic field B can be understood as having one electrical quantity at a certain point P in space:

which generates a magnetic field at a point P in space.

Biot-savart law under singular theory:

under the singular field theory, a magnetic field B excited by a singular charge moving at a velocity v is:

The above is the law of pitaor-savart under the singular point theory.

The magnetic field around the singular charge is also quantized for specific reasons and analysis by reference to the above analysis of the electric field.

The conventional maxwell's equations cannot see the granularity of electromagnetic waves, and further cannot analyze and calculate the granularity of electromagnetic waves. The maxwell equation system regards electromagnetic waves as a wave packet which can be propagated through continuous expansion, and the electromagnetic waves cannot be propagated and diffused without the participation of a medium. Therefore, the electromagnetic wave under Maxwell's equations cannot be without Ethernet-! Thus, we introduce the medium into the vacuum.

With a medium such as ethernet that propagates electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves cannot actually propagate to the surroundings without the intervention of particles. Therefore, the electromagnetic wave is directly considered to have the granularity under the singular point mechanics, and if the electromagnetic wave with the static mass of zero is not blocked, the electromagnetic wave can be spread outwards at the speed of light.

Below we directly give maxwell's equations under the singular mechanics:

r in the formula _e The specific value of the zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reverse position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant of the electric field and the magnetic field is obtained from experiments. Note that r is the field source _e Can be separated from charges and independently exist, namely photons moving at the speed of light can also have r of the photons _e 。

At r _e In order to be distinguished from r _e Is defined at r _e The displacement in the space of (2) is negative, and this is merely to distinguish between the values described in r _e In order to describe this movement, it is necessary to introduce a concept of internal displacement, i.e. to use the imaginary number and then to derive a displacement of negative dimension, of internal nature, by means of mathematical tools, but this description is only intended to distinguish it from the displacement of r _e Outside the space of (2)The displacement motion, we use only the imaginary number as a tool.

Thus, the motion of the electromagnetic field allows both the analytical calculation using real numbers and the analytical calculation using imaginary numbers. At r _e Outside the space, the real number is used for analysis and calculation, and r is _e Inside the space, an imaginary number is used for analysis and calculation.

While the fluctuating movement of the electromagnetic field, also referred to as the field strength reversal position constant r, surrounds the electric and magnetic fields _e Both the fluctuating movement of the electric field strength and the fluctuating movement of the magnetic field strength are reflected by a contraction to the field strength reversal position constant r of the electric field _e The inside of the spherical boundary of (c) expresses the fluctuation to the outside.

From the definition of the current, j=ρv can be known, from which:

the wave region refers to a spatial range of distances from the radiation source that greatly exceed the linearity of the radiation system and its radiation wavelength. In a certain local small area of the wave zone, where the electromagnetic radiation of the radiation system can be determined with a delayed vector a, the electromagnetic wave can be regarded as a plane wave.

If the origin of coordinates is chosen to be within a limited range of the radiation system, i.e. small compared to the radiation wavelength, then the retardation vector a of the field under the singular mechanics in the wave region is:

wherein R+r _e Sagittal diameter to observed point of field; r+r _e ＝∣R+r _e ∣；

r′+r _e Radial to the radial of the radiation system volume element dV' of the field;

to facilitate understanding of zero distance constants, or weighing normalization constants, or distance correction constants, or field strength reversal position constants, or field strength minimum position constants in coulomb's law, we review the knowledge of the correlation in acoustic basis theory. It is well known that in acoustic basis theory, if the potential function

Other physical quantities that characterize the wave characteristics of a medium wave are related only to time and to the distance r of a point in space called the wave center, such longitudinal waves being called longitudinal spherical waves. In a homogeneous medium of homogeneity, the wave excited by the point source is a spherical wave. By point source is meant a point-like vibrator whose linear dimensions can be regarded as very small.

In the singular point mechanics, we use the singular point distance r=r+r ₀ Instead of r, the wave equation for a longitudinal spherical wave is:

when the distance r=0, the wave equation of the longitudinal spherical wave becomes:

in the singular point mechanics, the general solution form of the wave equation of the longitudinal spherical wave is:

where c is the wave velocity of the longitudinal spherical wave, f1 and f2 are arbitrary functions,

is a potential function of a divergent spherical wave, +.>

Is the potential function of spherical waves converging towards the center, r ₀ Is the zero distance constant of the longitudinal spherical wave.

When the distance r=0, that is, at the point source, the general solution form of the wave equation of the longitudinal spherical wave under the singular point mechanics is:

the wave surface of the spherical wave is a group of concentric spherical surfaces, and the equation of the divergent spherical sine wave under the singular point mechanics is as follows:

wherein k is wave vector, alpha is primary phase of vibration of wave source, r is distance from wave source, A ₀ To obtain the amplitude of vibration of each particle at a distance r equal to 1, r ₀ Is the zero distance constant of the sine wave of the divergent sphere, and the zero distance constant r ₀ It is necessary to derive it by experimental measurements.

At the point source, the equation for the diverging spherical sine wave under the singular point mechanics is:

the exponential form of the spherical wave equation under the singular point mechanics is:

wherein A is the complex amplitude of the wave,

wherein the potential function

Wave equations are all satisfied at the inclusion of r=0: />

At the point source, the exponential form of the spherical wave equation under the singular point mechanics is:

by introducing the related knowledge in the acoustic basic theory, we can understand the physical meaning of the field intensity reverse position constant of the longitudinal spherical wave, namely the zero distance constant r of the longitudinal spherical wave ₀ Corresponding to the potential function at the point source

Is a state of (2). Obviously, the potential function at any real point source +.>

It cannot be infinite, which also indirectly demonstrates that in coulomb's law, two singular charges q ₁ 、q ₂ In the case of zero distance between two singular charges q ₁ 、q ₂ Electric field force F between ₁₂ It is impossible to infinity and it is necessary to perform a renormalization process to avoid the occurrence of two singular charges q ₁ 、q ₂ Electric field force F between ₁₂ Infinite unreasonable values.

The following we directly give the expression of the schrodinger equation in the electrostatic field under the singular point mechanics:

r in the formula _e The zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reverse position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant of the electrostatic field.

The following we directly give the expression of the schrodinger equation in the electrostatic field under the singular field theory:

or is:

R in the formula _e Zero distance constant of electrostatic field, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reverse position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant, q _i For the charge of the polarized charge at position r, E _i The field strength of the polarized electric field at position r, r _i The zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reverse position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant of polarized charge.

Since the mass m can be expressed as:

therefore, the expression of the schrodinger equation in the electrostatic field under the singular point mechanics can also be:

in the singular point mechanics, the "particles" of the electric field property are the "field source" of the electric field and also include the "extended electric field source" part outside the field source, so in the singular point mechanics, the "particles" can have the states of positions under different mathematical points at the same time, which is called the superposition state. In other words, the field strength reversal position constant r _e It is possible to have states of different positions (under mathematical points) at the same time, when you find one of them with measurements to define the position of the "particle" of the force field properties, such measurements will let you randomly get one of them, and when you measure it, the wave function of this system in the superimposed state collapses randomly to the field strength inversion position constant r _e Is included in the set of the wave functions.

The wave function in the schrodinger equation is the field strength Ee of the electric field at the coordinate point of the spatial location. I.e. where the charged particles are observed by measuring the electromagnetic field, i.e. the strength of the electromagnetic field can determine the position of the charged particles.

The wave function of a free electron beam under the singular point mechanics is given directly below:

this fluctuation has a real, physical imaginary component, see fig. 1 or fig. 2, which is the part a located inside the field source.

The wave function when the electron in the hydrogen atom is in the ground state under the singular point mechanics is directly given below:

the following we directly give the expression of the hydrogen atom schrodinger equation in the spherical polar coordinate system under the singular point mechanics:

r in the above formula _e The constant is zero distance constant, weighing normalization constant, distance correction constant, field intensity reverse position constant or field intensity minimum position constant under coulomb law.

The mass m in the above formula is:

the expression of the hydrogen atom schrodinger equation in the spherical polar coordinate system under the singular point mechanics is also helpful for deeper understanding of the physical meaning of the field intensity inversion position constant. By solving the hydrogen atom Schrodinger equation in the spherical polar coordinate system under the singular point mechanics, the method can also solve the zero under the coulomb law Distance constant, weighing normalization constant, distance correction constant, field intensity reverse position constant, field intensity minimum position constant r _e Theoretical calculations were performed on specific values of (c).

It should be noted that, in the schrodinger equation expression under the singular point mechanics, there is a special solution in the singular point mechanics, that is, when r=0.

The following we directly give the expression of the de broglie relation in the electric field under the singular mechanics:

in the above de broglie relation, the mass m is:

it is noted that the momentum of a particle of mass m in the singular mechanics is related to the field properties of the effect to which the particle is subjected, whereas the intrinsic meaning of λ in the singular mechanics is what reflects the particle volatility, a reasonable conclusion is that the wavelength λ of a particle should be related to the "negative length" dimension present in the field source that needs to be expressed in imaginary coordinates.

The following we directly give the expression of the measurement inaccuracy relation of hessianburg in electric field under singular point mechanics:

in the above measurement uncertainty relation, the mass m is also:

because the real particle has the premise that the volume of the particle cannot be zero, the measurement inaccuracy relation of the hessian in the singular point mechanics is that the real particle volume cannot be zero based on experimental data is subjected to the correction processing according with reality. That is, traditionally mathematical points have no volume and do not occupy real space, whereas real particles are volumetric and occupy real space. Thus, the position of a real particle must not be unique if the position is not measured with "exact" mathematical points, i.e. the position of this particle can be located with a plurality of mathematical point coordinates, and the position of a real volumetric particle with these coordinate points is correct, which constitutes a so-called "misalignment" because we do not describe its position with only one mathematical point coordinate for a real volumetric particle, and the unique position we have determined cannot be unique.

It should be noted that, if the volume of the "particle" is relatively large, for example, the "particle" is a celestial body such as the earth or the sun, the misdetection is problematic.

Schrodinger equation for arbitrary particles under singular point mechanics

Quantum theory is now considered by most to be included in the statistical interpretation of this equation. The schrodinger equation describes the state of a particle over time if the state of a microscopic particle at time t=0

In principle, the state ++can be determined from this equation at any time t, as is known>

Order the

Can obtain the fixed-state Schrodinger equation under the singular point mechanics

R in the formula ₀ Zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reverse position constant, or field intensity minimum position constant for field action.

For strong interactions between nuclei, the Shang Chuanxiu tree proposes an expression of the nuclear potential (Yukawa):

wherein the method comprises the steps of

Alpha is a coefficient and m is the mass of the meson. Wherein the mass m of the meson can also be determined by the field strength E at the gravitational field source _m Expressed as:

the following we directly give the expression of the Tanghuan potential (Yukawa) under the singular mechanics:

r in the formula _h The physical unit of the magnetic field is length unit'm', which is zero distance constant, weighing normalization constant, distance correction constant, field intensity reverse position constant, field intensity minimum position constant of the nuclear force field under the singular point mechanics.

The expression of the Tangchuan nuclear force potential under the singular point mechanics is a mathematical expression which is more in line with the experimental result, and avoids the infinite unreasonable result of the nuclear force potential of the nuclei by the form of 'cancelling' a section of size coming out from the origin of the nuclei, thereby the Tangchuan nuclear force potential under the singular point mechanics can be used for analyzing and processing the two nuclei which are mutually in the 'coincidence' stateThe magnitude of the nuclear force in between, in other words, the Shang Chuan nuclear force potential under the singular point mechanics is not changed from the existing Shang Chuanhe force potential, but a new limitation and division are made on the application range, namely the field strong reverse position constant r _h Within this, the Shang Chuan nuclear force potential cannot be used anymore to calculate its magnitude. In fact, the interaction between two nuclei is at the field strength reversal position constant r _m The maximum value is reached at the boundary of (a), which has not been greater, which means that if the distance between the centre points of the two nuclei is smaller than the field strength reversal position constant r _h The magnitude of the interaction between the two nuclei does not continue to increase.

The field intensity of the nuclei is reversed by a position constant r _h The interaction of the nuclear forces will be reversed in direction, or the position constant r is reversed at the field strength of the nuclei _m Is free of nuclear forces, so that the nuclei respectively remain in a volume space without collapsing into a mathematical point of no volume.

Experiments show that the nuclear force is short-range force with the action range of 1.5 x 10 ^-15 Within the rice. Nuclear force of greater than 0.8 x 10 ^-15 The attractive force is shown at the time of meter, and the attractive force is reduced with the increase of the distance and exceeds 1.5 x 10 ^-15 When the rice is used, the rapid decline of the nuclear force almost disappears; and at a distance of less than 0.8 x 10 ^-15 At meter, the nuclear force appears as repulsive force, and therefore, the field intensity of the nuclear force potential reverses the position constant r _h ＝0.8*10 ^-15 And (5) rice.

Intuitively, the inverse position constant r of the field intensity in the Tangchuan potential under the singular point mechanics _h The geometry of the field source is a sphere, which brings about a series of problems:

1. first, we can determine the field strong reverse position constant r _h Outside the range, i.e., outside the field source sphere, the closer the distance is to the nuclei, the greater the Shang Chuan potential will be to the field source sphere, i.e., the nuclei will have a constant r at the opposite location of the field strength _h There is a maximum value of the Tanghuan potential, i.e. the most stable physical state.

2. When the two nuclei continue to coincide with each other so as to enter the fieldStrong reverse position constant r _h After the "field source internal" range, it needs to have kinetic energy to overcome this potential energy to do so, since it is out of the most stable physical state.

4. The mathematical formula of the Tangchuan potential under the singular point mechanics cannot give the field intensity inverse position constant r of one nucleus in the other nucleus _h The magnitude of the internal nuclear forces, as the physical model into which our experimental data is substituted, cannot handle this situation.

5. From the experimental results of particle collisions, a more reasonable assumption is that there is likely to be no nuclear force interaction, i.e., the field strength reversal position constant r of one nucleus at another _h The field source interior should be free and free from nuclear forces.

We cannot exclude the field intensity inversion position constant r of a nucleus _h Has a position constant r opposite to the field intensity inside the field source _h Outside nuclei are of opposite field strength. But because we cannot enter the field intensity inversion position constant r of one nucleus _h Physical experiments are performed inside the field source of (c), so this can only be handled by relying on guesses.

6. The wave equation for the nuclei is assumed to satisfy:

Ψ(r+r _h ,t)＝Ψ ₀ exp{ik(r+r _h )-iωt}

the imaginary coordinates in the above equation represent the position function within the field source of the nuclei, i.e. the position function of the "particles" within the geometrical space of the field source. When r=0, the nuclei are reflected in the inverse position constant r of the field intensity _h Location function within a range.

7. Field intensity reverse position constant r _h Representing an important physical property of the real nucleus. The position limit of a so-called nucleus is in fact the position of the maximum of the field strength of the nucleus, the field is a particle, the size and position of which can be described by the field source field strength, and besides, no other physical quantity can be used to describe the position and size of the particle.

The following we directly give the Kohn-Sham equation under the singular mechanics:

the mass m in the above formula is:

the Dirac equation for free particles under the singular mechanics is given directly below:

the following we directly give the Dirac equation for space-time coordinate symmetry under the singular point mechanics:

the following we directly give the positive and negative energy state solutions of Dirac equation of free particles under the singular point mechanics, let:

the plane wave solution sequence of the free particle Dirac equation under the singular point mechanics can be obtained after deduction:

wherein α= ±1.

Mass m in the above ₀ The method comprises the following steps:

and the general solution of the Dirac equation under the singular point mechanics is as follows:

below we directly give the Kraine-Goden equation under the singular mechanics

The mass m in the above formula is:

the field of view of a black hole is created by gravitational attraction, and before discussing this problem, we have to determine if the gravitational field strength of a particle at the origin can be infinite, and regarding this problem, a qualitative physical experiment has been performed multiple times, that is, an annihilation reaction of positive and negative electron pairs, in which no gravitational potential energy between two particles of non-zero mass is found to be infinite, because after the experiment, the systems of the Galaxy, the solar system and the earth are all present, and these celestial bodies are not destroyed by the gravitational field energy released by the annihilation reaction of a human-made positive and negative electron pair. Therefore, we reasonably believe that the attractive field strength of a particle with mass at its bare singularity is not infinite.

The black hole must have a volume greater than zero, which is a precondition for the black hole to be of a quality, without which it is not possible to have a quality, nor is it really present.

The black hole has a volume and an internal structure, and in order to maintain the volume of the black hole, the internal part of the black hole can only have no gravitational field or a repulsive force field. The black hole cannot have an infinite gravitational field strength, and the gravitational field strength at the black hole singularities can only be of limited magnitude.

According to the existing schwarsier gauge, particles with mass will have a schwarsier radius greater than zero, i.e.:

however, it is known that particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons never exhibit the characteristics of black holes, i.e. that objects around us are not constituted by a large number of black holes. Therefore, the method needs to carry out renormalization treatment on the Smith gauge to obtain the Smith gauge under the singular point mechanics, thereby overcoming the singular point difficulty, leading the particles of electrons, protons and neutrons to no longer have the Smith radius larger than zero, and leading the object with the Smith radius larger than zero to be a black hole, thereby leading us to have new knowledge on the black hole. More importantly, the gravitational field strength at the black hole singularities is not infinite, nor is the volume at the black hole singularities infinitesimal, both of which are of limited magnitude.

The following we directly give the expression for Shi Waxi degree gauge (Schwarschild Metric) under singular point mechanics:

and the solution of Shi Waxi degree gauge under the singular point mechanics is as follows:

r in the above formula _m The constant is zero distance constant, or weighing normalization constant, or distance correction constant, or field intensity reverse position constant under the law of universal gravitation, G is universal gravitation constant, and M is the mass of celestial body.

The mass M in the above formula is:

thus, the visual radius r of the black hole of Shi Waxi solution under the singular point mechanics _s The method comprises the following steps:

shi Waxi solution black hole visual radius r under the singular point mechanics _s The mathematical expression of (c) is helpful for better understanding the physical meaning of the zero distance constant, the weighing normalization constant, the distance correction constant, the field intensity reverse position constant, or the field intensity minimum position constant.

Black hole visual radius r solved from Shi Waxi under singular point mechanics _s As can be seen from the mathematical expression of (C), the mass of a particle is only 2GM-c ² r _m Can be a black hole under the condition of more than or equal to 0, namely the mass of the black hole meets the following relation:

or the following conditions are satisfied:

if this condition is not met, r _s The value of (c) will be negative.

The following is a mathematical expression of the generalized relativistic clock slow effect under the singular mechanics:

When r=0, the mathematical expression of the generalized relativity clock slow effect under the singular point mechanics is:

the mathematical expression of the scaling effect of generalized relativity under the singular point mechanics is as follows:

that is to say

When r=0, the mathematical expression of the scaling effect of the generalized relativity under the singular point mechanics is:

the mass M in the above formula is:

/>

the physical meaning exhibited by the smith chart equation under the broad relativity theory above is that the mass M changes the spatial distance ds, rather than the mass causing the spatial bending. A change in mass M by the spatial distance ds is a more suitable explanation. The electric field and the magnetic field do not cause space bending, because the electric field and the magnetic field have no corresponding physical equation.

The singular point theory considers that the field source of the singular point charge can continuously flow out electric quantity, and the space theory is based on the following steps:

the magnifying glass can be used for magnifying the position of the field source of the point charges to infinity, so that a new space is provided for analyzing the field source of the magnified point charges. In the new space generated by 'imagined' amplification, we can build a new three-dimensional space coordinate system, the coordinate axes of the three-dimensional space coordinate system can be represented by imaginary numbers, the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system is completely different from the real three-dimensional space coordinate system familiar to our people, in the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system, the morphology of the substance changes, that is, electrons with static mass observed in the space of the real three-dimensional space coordinate system can become field substances without static mass and moving at the speed of light when observed in the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system, and the change of the morphology of the substance is the observation effect brought by amplifying the point of the electrons to infinity.

We then observe in real three-dimensional space coordinate system space where electrons with a stationary mass are, of course, both in real and imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate systems.

Electrons in the real three-dimensional space coordinate system express the graininess in the real three-dimensional space coordinate system, and electrons in the real three-dimensional space coordinate system express the volatility in the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system.

If we are to amplify the electrons in the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system to infinity, a new space will also appear for us to analyze the amplified particles in the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system. In this "imagined" enlarged generation of new space, we can also build a new three-dimensional space coordinate system whose coordinate axes can be represented by super-imaginary numbers, which are quite different from the real three-dimensional space coordinate system familiar to our human, in which the morphology of the substance will continue to change.

As described above, an electron having a stationary mass, which is observed in real three-dimensional space coordinates, becomes a field substance moving at the speed of light without a stationary mass when observed in imaginary three-dimensional space coordinates, and this change in substance morphology is an observation effect by which we amplify the point where the electron is located to infinity.

Electrons with a stationary mass, which are observed in the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system space, become virtual particles, i.e. are not observed at all, when observed in the real three-dimensional space coordinate system. This change in the morphology of the substance is an observation effect due to the nature of the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system. However, in the super-imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system, an electron with a static mass in the space of the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system is observed, the electron becomes a field substance which does not have the static mass and moves at the speed of light, and the change of the substance form is also an observation effect brought by amplifying the point of the electron to infinity.

The space where we are can be reduced to be infinitesimal by using an imagination reducing mirror, so that a new space can appear, and a new three-dimensional space coordinate system is formed in the new space by supposing that we enter the new three-dimensional space and are generated by imagination reduction, the coordinate axes of the three-dimensional space coordinate system can be represented by a super-real number, the super-real number three-dimensional space coordinate system is completely different from the space of a real number three-dimensional space coordinate system familiar to our people, in the super-real number three-dimensional space coordinate system, the morphology of a substance can be changed, that is, electrons with static quality observed in the space of the real number three-dimensional space coordinate system can be similar to virtual particles when observed in the super-real number three-dimensional space coordinate system, that is, the electrons cannot be observed at all. This change in material morphology is an observation effect brought about by the nature of the super-real three-dimensional spatial coordinate system. When field substances moving in the real three-dimensional space coordinate system space at the speed of light are observed in the super real three-dimensional space coordinate system, the field substances are found to be electrons with static mass, and the change of the substance morphology is also the observation effect brought by reducing the universe to infinity.

It should be noted that the super-real three-dimensional space coordinate system may also be reduced to "infinity" by "imagining" a reducing mirror, and then the super-real three-dimensional space coordinate system is generated, so that there may be an infinite number of new real three-dimensional space coordinate systems in the cycle. The super-imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system can amplify one point inside the super-imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system to infinity through the imagination magnifying lens, and the super-imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system is generated accordingly, so that the super-imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system circularly downwards can have an infinite number of new imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate systems. While a real "particle" in a certain spatial coordinate system may exist in all three-dimensional spatial coordinate systems, but its existing morphology is varied, and in three-dimensional spatial coordinate systems of different nature, the particle has a substance morphology of different nature.

We then observe in real three-dimensional space coordinate system space where electrons with a static mass are, of course, both in the super real three-dimensional space coordinate system and in the imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system.

Electrons are substances that exist in an ultra-real three-dimensional space coordinate system while also existing in an imaginary three-dimensional space coordinate system.

If an electron in the super-real three-dimensional space coordinate system expresses a particle property in the super-real three-dimensional space coordinate system, the electron expresses a wave property in the real three-dimensional space coordinate system.

Physical experiments have shown that no infinite interactions exist between two atoms, no matter how the distance between the two atoms changes. Therefore, the calculation of forces between atoms should not present an infinite problem of singularities. However, in the existing physical theory, the Lannard-Jones potential (Lennard-Jones potential) used to describe the interaction between two atoms does not address this problem.

Lanna-Jones potential, also known as L-J potential, 6-12 potential, or 12-6 potential, is a relatively simple mathematical model used to model the potential for interactions between two electrically neutral molecules or atoms. The first was proposed by the math john lanna-jones in 1924. Are widely used due to their simple analytical form, in particular to describe the intermolecular interactions of inert gases.

Lanna-Jones potential energy takes the two-body distance as the unique variable, comprises two parameters, and the Lanna-Jones potential energy under the singular point mechanics is directly given below:

R in the formula ₀ For the renormalization constant of Lanna-Jones potential, ε is the depth of the potential energy well and σ is the distance between the two volumes where the potential energy of the interaction is exactly zero. In practical applications, the epsilon and sigma parameters are often determined by fitting known experimental data or accurate quantum computation results.

In a physical sense, the first item

It is considered that the second item +.>

The corresponding two bodies act to be attractive to each other (e.g., by van der Waals forces) at a long distance.

The corresponding two-body forces of Lanna-Jones potential are:

according to the Nalan-Qionss potential under the modified singular point mechanics, when the distance between two atoms is zero, the interaction between the two atoms is of a limited magnitude, and the calculated result obviously accords with the actual situation more than the original theoretical calculated result.

According to the singular point mechanics, in the r=0 state, the area S of the electron is:

S＝πr _e ²

according to

It can be seen that at r=0,

then, the area S of the electrons is:

the spin of electrons is the rotation of the field source in the direction of the electric field.

The first law of the existing illuminance is as follows: when illuminated with a point source, the illuminance E on an object surface perpendicular to the light is proportional to the intensity I of the light emitted by the source and inversely proportional to the square of the distance R from the illuminated surface to the source. Namely:

The first law of illuminance has a clear disadvantage that the illuminance E tends to infinity in the case where the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source tends to be zero, but this is clearly inconsistent with the fact that the illuminance E cannot be infinity when the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source is zero. In fact, even if the illuminated surface-to-light source distance R is zero, the illuminance E tends to be constant and never infinite. Therefore, from the experiment, it is necessary to perform renormalization processing on the existing illuminance first law to avoid the conclusion that the illuminance E will appear infinite, and therefore, a constant can be inserted into the denominator term of the illuminance first law, the basic principle of insertion is that the illuminance E is not infinite under the condition that the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source tends to zero, and the corrected illuminance first law, that is, the illuminance first law under the singular point mechanics can be expressed as follows:

The illuminometer is a portable illuminometer.

The characteristics of the field source electric field are analyzed in the prior art, but the physical shape of the electromagnetic wave and the physical shape of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave are not clearly researched at present, and the possible shape of the electromagnetic wave is primarily judged according to the analysis of the characteristics of the field source electric field in the prior art.

Experiments show that the charged particles do accelerated motion and radiate electromagnetic waves outwards under the action of an electric field, and the process can be simply understood that the external force toggles a power strip or positive and negative polarized charge chains of the charged particles, and the electromagnetic waves have polarization, so that the electric quantity is changed in size on a polarization plane. The electric quantity at a certain place on the electric power strip generates vibration (polarization plane), the direction plane (polarization plane) of the vibration is positioned on the direction plane perpendicular to the movement of the light speed, and the vibration can be transmitted away from the electric field source at the light speed because the electric quantity has an inherent movement of flying outwards at the light speed and away from the electric field source and the static mass of the electromagnetic wave is zero. Because the static mass is zero, it can be accelerated to the speed of light in one step. Because the external force stirs the power strip, and the vibration generated by the electric quantity of a certain polarization plane on the power strip needs to absorb energy, the transmitted photons or electromagnetic waves have energy.

The motion of the electric quantity at the electric field source can generate a magnetic field, the motion of the electric quantity of polarized charges can generate a magnetic field, the vibration of the electric quantity of a certain polarization plane on the electric strip can also generate a magnetic field, and the appearance of the magnetic field is always the result of the motion of the electric quantity and is not independent of the magnetic field outside the motion of the electric quantity. There is no movement of the charge and no magnetic field.

In the singular point theory, the electromagnetic wave is also an electric quantity wave, and is an electromagnetic wave which is radiated outwards due to fluctuation and change of electric quantity.

For the first law of illumination, the relation between the luminous intensity I and the number of photons is always a puzzle, and obviously, only a limited number of photons can be in a beam of light, if one photon flies forward in vacuum until reaching the endless depth of universe, the frequency of the photon is unchanged, and the wavelength of the corresponding photon is unchanged, so that the physical form of the photon under the singular point theory can be obtained. This graph is shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, where in the singular field theory, the photons have a scale r ₀ As a core, the fluctuating electric field of the photon takes the zero distance constant r of the sphere shape ₀ The boundary of the photon is an in-situ line, the electric field intensity or the electric quantity of the photon takes the reciprocal of the frequency as the time period, and the photon passes through a zero distance constant r entering the spherical shape ₀ In the space of (2), a zero distance constant r from the spherical shape ₀ Is subject to fluctuations in the alternating motion of the space. During the wave motion, the motion of the electric quantity can also excite the corresponding magnetic field change in the direction perpendicular to the motion of the electric quantity.

In the singular field theory, the zero distance constant r of photons ₀ Is unchanged.

The electric quantity of the photon enters the zero distance constant r of the sphere shape ₀ Is the process of decreasing the electric field intensity of the photon until the photon disappears, and the electric quantity of the photon is equal to the zero distance constant r of the sphere shape ₀ The process of coming out of the space of (2) appears to an outside observer as if the electric field strength of the photon starts to appear again until it reaches a maximum, and the frequency of this change is the frequency of the photon.

The number of photons emitted per unit time is limited for a point source and is limited for a charged particle. After the finite photons are scattered, a large area without any photons is necessarily left on the light wave surface, namely, the photon density on the unit area of the light wave surface is continuously reduced along with the expansion of the light wave surface, and no light subarea on the light wave surface is increased along with the expansion of the light wave surface.

For a light source for illumination, we do not wish to actually emit electromagnetic waves outside the visible frequency range, but wish to illuminate the light source as far as possible to generate electromagnetic waves in the visible portion. When the power line in the luminescent material is electrified and 'knocked', the power is proper, the current and the voltage of the electrified and 'knocked' luminescent material are controlled to be just controlled to vibrate the energy level of the luminescent material which can emit visible light frequency, the energy level of ultraviolet rays in the light source material is not required to vibrate, and the vibration of the energy level of infrared rays in the light source material is reduced as much as possible, so that the energy received by the illumination light source can be converted into visible light with higher efficiency.

Claims

1. The method for renormalizing the first law of illuminance based on experimental data is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

B. after the point light source is electrified and made to emit light, the magnitude of the measured illuminance E is measured at the distance R1 from the point light source by using an illuminometer, so that the illuminance value at the point is E1;

D, according to the first law of the corrected illumination, the illumination E on the surface of the object perpendicular to the light rays is proportional to the intensity I of the light emitted by the light source when the point light source is used for illumination, and a zero distance constant R is added to the distance R from the illuminated surface to the light source _i Inversely proportional to the square of (i), i.e.:

wherein r is _i Is the zero distance constant of the first law of illuminance under the singular point mechanics;

2. The method for renormalizing the first law of illuminance based on experimental data according to claim 1, wherein: the illuminometer is a portable illuminometer.