CN116283730B - Chiral perovskite, preparation method and optical application thereof - Google Patents

Chiral perovskite, preparation method and optical application thereof Download PDF

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CN116283730B
CN116283730B CN202310332794.0A CN202310332794A CN116283730B CN 116283730 B CN116283730 B CN 116283730B CN 202310332794 A CN202310332794 A CN 202310332794A CN 116283730 B CN116283730 B CN 116283730B
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CN116283730A (en
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韩向斌
张闻
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Southeast University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a chiral perovskite, a preparation method and optical application thereof, wherein the molecular formula of the chiral perovskite is (4 HOPD) PbBr 3, wherein 4HOPD is 4-hydroxy piperidine cation, and the chiral perovskite is crystallized in tetragonal system; 4HOPD coordinates with lead through hydroxyl groups to form [ PbBr 5 O ] octahedral units which are respectively arranged along the c-axis by clockwise and anticlockwise helices to give enantiomers which crystallize in the chiral space group of P4 121 and P4 321. The chiral perovskite has the optical rotation rate of 16.84 degrees/mm at the wavelength of 404nm, and the birefringence delay delta n value of 0.005, so that the chiral perovskite can replace the optical rotation and the birefringence application of an optical quartz crystal.

Description

Chiral perovskite, preparation method and optical application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to a chiral perovskite, a preparation method and optical application thereof, belonging to the field of perovskite chiral optical materials.
Background
The organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite has great application potential in the fields of solar cells, photoelectric detection, light-emitting diodes and the like. In recent years, low-dimensional wide-bandgap perovskite have been receiving attention due to its diverse structures and properties, particularly those based on structural chirality, such as circularly polarized luminescence and circularly polarized light detection. However, optical properties such as optical rotation properties based on chiral structures and birefringence based on structural anisotropy are rarely studied due to poor crystal quality and limited crystal size, even though wide band gap perovskite has excellent light transmittance, which is a prerequisite for optical devices.
However, the inherent structural instability of perovskite has also limited its commercial application under practical operating conditions (such as air, water, oxygen and light at ambient temperature and pressure), which has been demonstrated in many studies. Although surface passivation, doping and mixing of 2D and 3D perovskites and the like can improve stability to some extent, there is still a need for an intrinsic approach to address potential structural instability issues to achieve long-term reliability. The fundamental problem of perovskite stability is its ionic nature, which leads to structural degradation and formation of PbX 2 and cationic halide salt (x=halogen) components. For example, cations are volatile or hydrophilic, resulting in degradation of the overall structure due to weak interactions between the cations and inorganic anions.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: a first object of the present invention is to provide a chiral perovskite; a second object of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of the chiral perovskite; a third object of the present invention is to provide the use of the chiral perovskite in chiral optical and birefringent crystals. The fourth object of the invention is to provide the application of the chiral perovskite as a stabilizer and a surface passivation agent of a perovskite solar cell.
The technical scheme is as follows: the molecular general formula of the chiral perovskite is (4 HOPD) PbBr 3, wherein 4HOPD is 4-hydroxy piperidine cation, and the chiral perovskite is crystallized in tetragonal crystal P4 121 2 and P4 321 2 enantiomer chiral space groups, namely L- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 and D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3, wherein L is L-handed and D is D-handed.
According to the invention, 4HOPD in the (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 monocrystal is coordinated with lead through hydroxyl groups to form [ PbBr 5 O ] octahedral units, and [ PbBr 5 O ] octahedral units are respectively arranged along a c-axis in a clockwise and anticlockwise spiral manner to obtain enantiomers crystallized in the chiral space groups of P4 121 2 and P4 321.
Wherein the crystallographic data of the chiral perovskite comprises:
wherein the chiral perovskite has chiral optical activity, and the optical rotation rate at 404nm is 16.84 degrees/mm.
Wherein the birefringence retardation deltan of the chiral perovskite has a value of 0.005.
The cleavage plane of the chiral perovskite is an ab plane perpendicular to a c-axis.
Wherein the chiral perovskite has photoelectric response under 265nm light, and the switching ratio is 3.
Wherein, the chiral perovskite has stable structure under the condition of 85 ℃ and 85% relative humidity.
The preparation method of the chiral perovskite comprises the following steps:
(1) Dissolving 4-hydroxy piperidine in excessive HBr solution to obtain HBr solution containing 4-hydroxy piperidine cation, and then adding PbBr 2 with equal stoichiometric ratio to obtain HBr solution containing PbBr 2 and 4-hydroxy piperidine cation;
(2) And volatilizing the HBr solution containing PbBr 2 and 4-hydroxy piperidine cations at room temperature to obtain the colorless transparent crystal with the octahedral shape.
The chiral perovskite of the present invention can be used as an optically active device or a birefringent device.
The invention also comprises the application of the chiral perovskite as a stabilizer and a surface passivating agent of a perovskite solar cell and the application of a light-emitting diode.
The present invention combines organic cations with inorganic frameworks rather than employing weak intermolecular interactions. In conventional hybrid perovskites, the cationic and anionic interactions are mainly weak hydrogen bonds and van der waals forces. In contrast, coordination bond energies are as high as several hundred kilojoules per mole, making the structure more stable. The present invention has found that oxygen-containing cations, such as ether and hydroxyl type cations, can form Pb-O coordination bonds between the cation and the anion framework.
The beneficial effects are that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages:
(1) The chiral perovskite (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 has good stability, and meanwhile, the chiral perovskite is stable under the condition of 85 ℃ and 85% relative humidity.
(2) The chiral perovskite (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 has a (110) cleavage plane, and the cleavage plane has great processing advantages in preparing optical crystals.
(3) The chiral perovskite (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 optical axis is coincident with the crystallographic c-axis, and has processing advantages when preparing a cone optical interference device.
(4) The chiral perovskite (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 of the invention has a birefringence delay delta n value of 0.005 which is close to that of quartz 0.009, and can replace quartz in the application of supplementing a birefringent optical path.
(5) The chiral perovskite (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 has chiral optical activity, the optical rotation rate at 404nm is 16.84 degrees/mm, is about 34.5 percent of quartz at 48.84 degrees/mm, and can replace quartz in optical device application.
(6) The chiral perovskite (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 provided by the invention shows a certain semiconductor photoelectric corresponding property, and has application value in preparing an electro-optic modulation device.
(7) The crystal growth method provided by the invention is simple and feasible, good in repeatability, low in requirements on external environment, simple in crystal cutting processing method, definite in optical axis direction and easy to popularize in the use of chiral optical and birefringent devices.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of ionic perovskite and cationic coordination perovskite;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal thermogravimetric and double 85 test prepared in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the photoelectric response and optical band gap of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1, and the band gap and DOS calculated by DFT;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the cleavage plane, the cone-beam interference, and the birefringence optical path compensation interference of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an optical rotation testing system of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal wafer prepared in example 2, showing the relationship between optical rotation rate and wavelength.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Instrument and model that test experiment involved:
Crystallographic data was collected, refined and simplified using CrysAlisPro.171.40.84 a (Rigaku OD, 2020) at XtaL AB Synergy R, DW system, rigaku (Mo) X-ray source; the structure was parsed by a direct method using the SHELXL-2018 software package.
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was measured on a Rigaku SmartLab X ray diffraction instrument.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was run using a Netzsch TG 2099f3 Libra thermal microbalance at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min in an air atmosphere from room temperature to 600 ℃.
Double 85 experiments were performed in a high temperature and humidity cabinet with controlled humidity (20-98% RH) and temperature (-70-150 ℃).
Photocurrent was measured by FS-Pro 380 (Primarius); the LED light source is a light emitting diode of Thorlabs 265 nm.
Band gap calculations are performed within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the first principles and run in Vienna ab initio Simulation Package (VASP).
Optical rotation measurements were performed using a Thorolabs company PAX1000VIS/M and birefringence-related tests were performed using an Olympus BX51-P microscope.
Example 1
(1) Preparation of (4 HOPD) PbBr 3
10Mmol of 4-hydroxy piperidine is dissolved in 30mL of HBr solution to obtain HBr solution containing 4-hydroxy piperidine; then 10mmol of PbBr 2 was added, the HBr solution containing PbBr 2 and the HBr solution containing 4-hydroxypiperidine were stirred for 10min and evaporated at room temperature to obtain colorless transparent bulk crystals (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 after five days.
(2) The colorless transparent block (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal obtained in this example was subjected to structural measurement, and the crystallographic data of (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Crystal data of colorless transparent bulk Crystal (4 HOPD) PbBr 3
[a]R1＝Σ||Fo|–|Fc||/Σ|Fo|.
[b]wR2＝[Σw(Fo 2–Fc 2)2/Σw(Fo 2)2]1/2.
[c]Maximum and minimum residual electron density。
The chiral perovskite of the present invention is a novel structure in which the coordinating atom in the cation replaces one halogen position in a lead-halogen octahedron, as shown in fig. 1. Thus, higher stability than conventional ionic perovskite may be exhibited while still maintaining similar semiconductor properties.
The crystal structure of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in this example is shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the structure of L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1, wherein a is an asymmetric unit diagram, b is a stacking diagram, and c is a spiral axis diagram. As can be seen from fig. 2a-b, the cations are coordinated by the oxygen and lead of the hydroxyl groups and then connected by edge sharing, and L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 presents a one-dimensional chain structure and has a mirror symmetry relationship. At the same time, a spiral arrangement of counterclockwise and clockwise is presented in the c-axis direction.
The thermogravimetric analysis and the stability test under double 85 conditions were performed on the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in this example, the results are shown in FIG. 3, and FIG. 3 is the thermogravimetric analysis result of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1 and the powder X-ray diffraction pattern after double 85 tests; wherein a is a thermogravimetric analysis result graph of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal, and b is a powder X-ray diffraction graph of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal after double 85 testing. As can be seen from fig. 3, the temperature at which the sample starts to decompose in the thermogravimetric test is 562K, and the single crystal structure is still available at 423K (table 1). XRD testing showed that the compound was structurally stable at a temperature of 85℃and a relative humidity of 85% for 500 hours in a continuous test. Indicating that the coordination bond between the cation and the anion stabilizes it under the double 85 test.
The results of the photocurrent test and bandgap calculation of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in this example are shown in fig. 4, and fig. 4 is a graph of the photoelectric response and optical bandgap of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1, and the bandgap and DOS calculated by DFT. Wherein a is a current time diagram of photoelectric response, b is an absorption spectrum diagram, an inserting diagram is an optical band gap diagram, c is a theoretical calculation band gap diagram, and d is a DOS (density of state) diagram. As can be seen from fig. 4, (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal has a photoelectric response of about 3 in switching ratio under 265nm illumination; the optical bandgap was 3.43eV and the bandgap calculated from DFT was 3.62eV.
Example 2
The wafer was obtained by cutting the (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1 along the cleavage plane, and a black cross-shaped concentric interference circle was obtained by performing cone light interferometry with a polarization microscope, and the result is shown in fig. 5, wherein fig. 5 is a cleavage plane of the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal prepared in example 1, cone light interferometry, and birefringence optical path compensation interference pattern, a is a crystal morphology pattern, b is a schematic diagram of the crystal shown in a graph after cutting along the cleavage plane, c is a white light cone light interference pattern, D is an interference pattern of the mica plate inserted in the c graph optical path, e is a green light cone light interference pattern, f is an interference pattern of the mica plate inserted in the e graph optical path, g is a micron-sized crystal optical pattern under orthogonal polarization, and h is a extinction pattern of the crystal in g graph under the quartz compensation condition. From fig. 5a-b, it can be seen that the cleavage plane of (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal is the ab plane, and from fig. 5c-f, it can be seen that the c-axis is the optical axis of (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal. After the mica plate is inserted into the light path, one three-quadrant color of the interference circle deepens, indicating that the crystal is a negative uniaxial birefringent crystal. As can be seen from 5g-h, (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 is a crystal with birefringence property, and the birefringence delay delta n of (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single crystal is 0.005 by using an optical path compensation method.
Example 3
Using the (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single-crystal wafer prepared in example 2, its optical rotation was measured in an optical rotation test optical path, FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an optical rotation test system and a graph of optical rotation and wavelength for the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single-crystal wafer prepared in example 2, wherein a is a schematic diagram of an optical rotation test system for the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single-crystal wafer, and b is a graph of optical rotation and wavelength for the L/D- (4 HOPD) PbBr 3 single-crystal wafer. It can be seen from graph b that in the wavelength range 400-700nm, the optical rotation decreases with increasing wavelength. The fit of the optical rotation and wavelength was y＝482.40933-3.03495×λ+0.00738×λ2-8.08635×10-6×λ3+3.33792×10-9×λ4, with an optical rotation at 404nm of 16.84 DEG/mm.

Claims (9)

1. A chiral perovskite having a molecular formula of (4 HOPD) PbBr 3, wherein 4HOPD is a 4-hydroxypiperidine cation, crystallized from a tetragonal P4 121 2 and P4 321 2 enantiomer chiral space group, and crystallographic data comprising:
。
2. a chiral perovskite according to claim 1, which is structurally stable at a temperature of 85 ℃ and a relative humidity of 85%.
3. A chiral perovskite according to claim 1, characterized in that it has chiral optical activity with an optical rotation at 404nm of 16.84 °/mm.
4. A chiral perovskite according to claim 1, characterized in that the birefringence retardation Δn of the chiral perovskite is 0.005.
5. A chiral perovskite according to claim 1, wherein the cleavage plane of the chiral perovskite is the ab-plane perpendicular to the c-axis.
6. A chiral perovskite according to claim 1, having a photoelectric response under 265nm light with a switching ratio of 3.
7. A process for the preparation of chiral perovskite according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of:
(1) Dissolving 4-hydroxy piperidine in excessive HBr solution to obtain HBr solution containing 4-hydroxy piperidine cation, and then adding PbBr 2 with equal stoichiometric ratio to obtain HBr solution containing PbBr 2 and 4-hydroxy piperidine cation;
(2) And volatilizing the HBr solution containing PbBr 2 and 4-hydroxy piperidine cations at room temperature to obtain the colorless transparent crystal with the octahedral shape.
8. Use of a chiral perovskite according to any one of claims 1-6 in an optically active device or a birefringent device.
9. Use of chiral perovskite according to any one of claims 1-6 as a stabilizer and surface passivating agent for perovskite solar cells.
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