CN116194791A

CN116194791A - Measurement reporting for side link assisted positioning

Info

Publication number: CN116194791A
Application number: CN202180052257.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 包敬超; S·阿卡拉卡兰; 骆涛; A·马诺拉克斯
Original assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Current assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Priority date: 2020-09-02
Filing date: 2021-09-01
Publication date: 2023-05-30
Also published as: EP4208729A1; US20220070712A1; WO2022051335A1; TW202226859A; BR112023003073A2; KR20230058622A; JP2023538741A; US12108271B2

Abstract

According to embodiments herein, using the SL interface in the positioning of a UE may include additional reports from the UE or anchor UE related to reference signals sent via the SL interface. The information may include information about the received power and/or timing of the reference signal, its received angle, and the orientation of the recipient UE, as well as various other considerations that may not be needed in the Uu interface with the base station.

Description

Measurement reporting for side link assisted positioning

Background

1. Field of the invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of wireless communications, and more particularly to determining a location of a User Equipment (UE) using Radio Frequency (RF) signals.

2. Description of related Art

The use of a Side Link (SL) interface in the positioning of a UE (or "target UE") whose positioning is to be determined may be similar in manner to the use of a base station. However, specific details information, assistance data, and measurement reports for positioning using the SL interface provided via the SL interface have not been determined. There is no definition for SL-based assisted measurement in Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) reporting.

Brief summary of the invention

According to embodiments herein, using the SL interface in the positioning of a target UE may include additional reports from the target UE or anchor UE related to reference signals sent via the SL interface. The information may include information about the received power and/or timing of the reference signal, its received angle, and the orientation of the recipient UE, as well as various other considerations that may not be needed in the Uu interface with the base station.

An example method of providing a positioning measurement report for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE) according to the present disclosure may include obtaining, with the first UE, a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between the first UE and a second UE. The method may also include obtaining, with the first UE, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by the base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window. The method may also include transmitting, with the first UE, information indicating the first measurement and information indicating the second measurement.

An example first UE according to the present disclosure that provides a positioning measurement report for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE), the first UE may include: a transceiver; a memory; one or more processors communicatively coupled with the transceiver and the memory, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: the transceiver is used to obtain a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between a first UE and a second UE. The one or more processors may be further configured to obtain, using the transceiver, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by the base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window. The one or more processors may be further configured to transmit, using the transceiver, information indicative of the first measurement and information indicative of the second measurement.

An example apparatus for providing positioning measurement reports for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE) in accordance with the present disclosure may include means for obtaining, at the first UE, a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between the first UE and a second UE. The apparatus may further include means for obtaining, at the first UE, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by the base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window. The apparatus may further include means for transmitting information indicative of the first measurement and information indicative of the second measurement.

In accordance with the present disclosure, an example non-transitory computer-readable medium stores instructions for providing a positioning measurement report for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE), the instructions comprising code for: a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between a first UE and a second UE is obtained with the first UE. The instructions may further include code for: a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by the base station is obtained with the first UE, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window. The instructions may further include code for: information indicating the first measurement and information indicating the second measurement are transmitted with the first UE.

This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood with reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this disclosure, any or all drawings, and each claim. The foregoing and other features and examples will be described in more detail in the following specification, claims and accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of Drawings

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a positioning system according to an embodiment.

Fig. 2 is a diagram of a fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) positioning system illustrating an embodiment of a positioning system (e.g., the positioning system of fig. 1) implemented within a 5G NR communication system.

Fig. 3-5 are illustrations of different types of positioning methods for determining the location of a UE.

Fig. 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating how an anchor UE may be used for positioning of a target UE in a 5G NR network according to an embodiment.

Fig. 7A and 7B are flowcharts of methods of providing SL interface-related measurement reports for determining a location of a target UE, according to some embodiments.

Fig. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a UE that may be utilized in embodiments as described herein.

Fig. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a base station that can be utilized in embodiments as described herein.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a computer system that can be utilized in embodiments as described herein.

Like reference numbers in the various drawings indicate like elements according to certain example implementations. Additionally, multiple instances of an element may be indicated by adding letters or hyphens followed by a second number to the first number of the element. For example, multiple instances of element 110 may be indicated as 110-1, 110-2, 110-3, etc., or as 110a, 110b, 110c, etc. When only the first digit is used to refer to such an element, it will be understood as any instance of that element (e.g., element 110 in the previous example will refer to elements 110-1, 110-2, and 110-3 or elements 110a, 110b, and 110 c).

Detailed Description

A number of illustrative embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. While some embodiments are described below in which one or more aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented, other embodiments may be used and various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The following description is directed to certain implementations to aim at describing innovative aspects of the embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the teachings herein could be applied in a multitude of different ways. The described implementations may be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of transmitting and receiving Radio Frequency (RF) signals in accordance with any communication standard, such as: any of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE802.11 standards (including those identified as

Those standards of technology), ->

Standard, code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), global system for mobile communications (GSM), GSM/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA), wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), evolution data optimized (EV-DO), 1xEV-DO, EV-DO revision A, EV-DO revision B, high Rate Packet Data (HRPD), high Speed Packet Access (HSPA), high Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), high speed uplink packet access (HSPA), evolved high speed packet access (hspa+), long Term Evolution (LTE), advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), or other known signals for communication within a wireless, cellular, or internet of things (IoT) network such as systems utilizing 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, or further implemented technologies thereof.

As used herein, an "RF signal" includes an electromagnetic wave that transmits information through a space between a transmitter (or transmitter device) and a receiver (or receiver device). As used herein, a transmitting party may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiving party. However, due to the propagation characteristics of the individual RF signals through the multipath channel, the receiver may receive a plurality of "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same RF signal transmitted on different paths between the transmitting and receiving sides may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. Additionally, references to "reference signals," "positioning reference signals," "reference signals for positioning," and the like may be used to refer to signals used to position a User Equipment (UE). As described in more detail herein, such signals may include any of a wide variety of signal types, but are not necessarily limited to Positioning Reference Signals (PRSs) defined in the relevant wireless standards.

Fig. 1 is a simplified illustration of a positioning system 100 in which a UE 105, a location server 160, and/or other components of the positioning system 100 may use the techniques provided herein for determining an estimated location of the UE 105, in accordance with an embodiment. The techniques described herein may be implemented by one or more components of the positioning system 100. The positioning system 100 may include: a UE 105; one or more satellites 110 (also referred to as Space Vehicles (SVs)) for a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), GLONASS, galileo or beidou; a base station 120; an Access Point (AP) 130; a location server 160; a network 170; and an external client 180. In general, the positioning system 100 may estimate the location of the UE 105 based on RF signals received by and/or transmitted from the UE 105 and known locations of other components (e.g., GNSS satellites 110, base stations 120, APs 130) that transmit and/or receive RF signals. Additional details regarding specific location estimation techniques are discussed in more detail with reference to fig. 2.

It should be noted that fig. 1 provides only a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate and each component may be repeated as desired. In particular, although only one UE 105 is illustrated, it will be appreciated that many UEs (e.g., hundreds, thousands, millions, etc.) may utilize the positioning system 100. Similarly, the positioning system 100 may include a greater or lesser number of base stations 120 and/or APs 130 than illustrated in fig. 1. The illustrated connections connecting the various components in the positioning system 100 include data and signaling connections, which may include additional (intermediate) components, direct or indirect physical and/or wireless connections, and/or additional networks. Moreover, components may be rearranged, combined, separated, replaced, and/or omitted depending on the desired functionality. In some embodiments, for example, the external client 180 may be directly connected to the location server 160. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize many modifications to the illustrated components.

The network 170 may include any of a wide variety of wireless and/or wired networks depending on the desired functionality. The network 170 may include, for example, any combination of public and/or private networks, local area networks, and/or wide area networks, among others. Further, network 170 may utilize one or more wired and/or wireless communication techniques. In some embodiments, network 170 may include, for example, a cellular or other mobile network, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), a Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), and/or the internet. Examples of the network 170 include a Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless network, a fifth generation (5G) wireless network (also referred to as a New Radio (NR) wireless network or a 5G NR wireless network), a Wi-Fi WLAN, and the internet. LTE, 5G and NR are wireless technologies defined or being defined by the third generation partnership project (3 GPP). Network 170 may also include more than one network and/or more than one type of network.

Base station 120 and Access Point (AP) 130 may be communicatively coupled to network 170. In some embodiments, the base station 120 may be owned, maintained, and/or operated by a cellular network provider and may employ any of a variety of wireless technologies, as described herein below. Depending on the technology of the network 170, the base stations 120 may include node bs, evolved node bs (enodebs or enbs), base Transceiver Stations (BTSs), radio Base Stations (RBS), NR node bs (gNB), next generation enbs (ng-enbs), and the like. In the case where the network 170 is a 5G network, the base station 120, which is a gNB or NG-eNB, may be part of a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) that may be connected to a 5G core network (5 GC). For example, the AP 130 may comprise a Wi-Fi AP or

An AP or an AP with cellular capabilities (e.g., 4G LTE and/or 5G NR).Thus, the UE 105 may send and receive information with a network connectivity device (such as the location server 160) by accessing the network 170 via the base station 120 using the first communication link 133. Additionally or alternatively, because the AP 130 may also be communicatively coupled with the network 170, the UE 105 may communicate with network connectivity and internet connectivity devices (including the location server 160) using the second communication link 135 or via one or more other UEs 145.

As used herein, the term "base station" may generally refer to a single physical transmission point or multiple co-located physical transmission points that may be located at the base station 120. A Transmission Reception Point (TRP) (also referred to as a transmission/reception point) corresponds to this type of transmission point, and the term "TRP" may be used interchangeably herein with the terms "gNB", "ng-eNB" and "base station". In some cases, the base station 120 may include multiple trps—for example, where each TRP is associated with a different antenna or different antenna array of the base station 120. The physical transmission points may include an antenna array of the base station 120 (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system and/or where the base station employs beamforming). The term "base station" may additionally refer to a plurality of non-co-located physical transmission points, which may be Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) (networks of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) (remote base stations connected to a serving base station).

As used herein, the term "cell" may generally refer to a logical communication entity for communicating with the base station 120 and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., physical Cell Identifier (PCID), virtual Cell Identifier (VCID)) for distinguishing between neighboring cells operating via the same or different carriers. In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine Type Communication (MTC), narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or other protocols) that may provide access for different types of devices. In some cases, the term "cell" may refer to a portion (e.g., sector) of a geographic coverage area over which a logical entity operates.

The location server 160 may include a server and/or other computing device configured to determine an estimated location of the UE 105 and/or to provide data (e.g., assistance data) to the UE 105 to facilitate location measurements and/or location determinations by the UE 105. According to some embodiments, the location server 160 may include a home Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) location platform (H-SLP) that may support a SUPL User Plane (UP) location solution defined by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) and may support location services for the UE 105 based on subscription information stored in the location server 160 with respect to the UE 105. In some embodiments, location server 160 may include a discovery SLP (D-SLP) or an emergency SLP (E-SLP). The location server 160 may also include an enhanced serving mobile location center (E-SMLC) that supports positioning of the UE 105 using a Control Plane (CP) positioning solution for LTE radio access of the UE 105. The location server 160 may further include a Location Management Function (LMF) that uses a Control Plane (CP) positioning solution to support positioning of the UE 105 for NR or LTE radio access by the UE 105.

In the CP location solution, signaling for controlling and managing the location of the UE 105 from the perspective of the network 170 may be exchanged between elements of the network 170 and with the UE 105 using existing network interfaces and protocols and as signaling. In an UP positioning solution, signaling for controlling and managing the positioning of UE 105 may be exchanged between location server 160 and UE 105 as data (e.g., data transmitted using Internet Protocol (IP) and/or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)) from the perspective of network 170.

As previously mentioned (and discussed in more detail below), the estimated location of the UE 105 may be based on measurements of RF signals transmitted from the UE 105 and/or received by the UE 105. In particular, these measurements may provide information regarding the relative distance and/or angle of the UE 105 from one or more components (e.g., GNSS satellites 110, APs 130, base stations 120) in the positioning system 100. The estimated location of the UE 105 may be estimated geometrically (e.g., using multi-angle measurements and/or multi-edge positioning) based on distance and/or angle measurements along with the known locations of the one or more components.

Although the ground components (such as the AP 130 and the base station 120) may be fixed, embodiments are not limited thereto. A moving assembly may be used. For example, in some embodiments, the location of UE 105 may be estimated based at least in part on measurements of RF signals 140 communicated between UE 105 and one or more other UEs 145 (the one or more other UEs 145 may be mobile or stationary). When one or more other UEs 145 are used in the location determination of a particular UE 105, the UE 105 whose location is to be determined may be referred to as a "target UE" and each of the one or more other UEs 145 may be referred to as an "anchor UE". For positioning determination of the target UE, the respective locations of the one or more anchor UEs may be known and/or determined jointly with the target UE. Direct communication between the one or more other UEs 145 and the UE 105 may include side-link and/or similar device-to-device (D2D) communication technologies. The side link defined by 3GPP is a form of D2D communication under cellular-based LTE and NR standards.

The estimated location of the UE 105 may be used in various applications, such as to assist a user of the UE 105 in direction finding or navigation or to assist another user (e.g., associated with the external client 180) in locating the UE 105. "position" is also referred to herein as "position estimate", "estimated position", "location estimate", "location fix", "estimated location", "location fix" or "fix". The process of determining a location may be referred to as "locating," "locating determination," "location determination," and the like. The location of the UE 105 may include the absolute location (e.g., latitude and longitude and possibly altitude) of the UE 105 or the relative location of the UE 105 (e.g., expressed as a location at some other known fixed location (including, for example, the location of the base station 120 or AP 130) or some other location (such as the location of the UE 105 at some known prior time, or the location of another UE 145 at some known prior time), north or south, east or west, and possibly a distance above or below). The location may be designated as a geodetic location that includes coordinates, which may be absolute (e.g., latitude, longitude, and optionally altitude), relative (e.g., relative to some known absolute location), or local (e.g., according to X, Y and optionally Z coordinates of a coordinate system defined relative to a local area (such as a factory, warehouse, university campus, shopping mall, gym, or convention center). The location may alternatively be a municipal location and then may include one or more of the following: street addresses (e.g., including names or tags of countries, states, counties, cities, roads and/or streets and/or road or street numbers) and/or locations, buildings, portions of buildings, floors of buildings and/or rooms within buildings, etc. The location may further include uncertainty or error indications such as horizontal distances and possibly vertical distances where the location is expected to be in error or indications of areas or volumes (e.g., circles or ellipses) within which the UE 105 is expected to be located with some level of confidence (e.g., 95% confidence).

The external client 180 may be a web server or remote application that may have some association with the UE 105 (e.g., accessible by a user of the UE 105), or may be a server, application, or computer system that provides location services to some or some other user, which may include obtaining and providing the location of the UE 105 (e.g., to enable services such as friend or relative interview, or child or pet location). Additionally or alternatively, the external client 180 may obtain the location of the UE 105 and provide it to an emergency service provider, government agency, or the like.

As previously mentioned, the example positioning system 100 may be implemented using a wireless communication network (such as an LTE-based or 5G NR-based network). Fig. 2 shows a diagram of a 5G NR positioning system 200 illustrating an embodiment of a positioning system implementing 5G NR (e.g., positioning system 100). The 5G NR positioning system 200 may be configured to determine the location of the UE 105 by implementing one or more positioning methods using access nodes 210, 214, 216 (which may correspond to the base station 120 and the access point 130 of fig. 1) and (optionally) an LMF 220 (which may correspond to the location server 160). Here, 5G NR positioning system 200 includes UE 105, and components of a 5G NR network, including a Next Generation (NG) Radio Access Network (RAN) (NG-RAN) 235 and a 5G core network (5G CN) 240. The 5G network may also be referred to as an NR network; NG-RAN 235 may be referred to as a 5G RAN or an NR RAN; and 5g CN 240 may be referred to as NG core network. The 5G NR positioning system 200 may further utilize information from GNSS satellites 110 of a GNSS system, such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) or similar system (e.g., GLONASS, galileo, beidou, indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)).

It should be noted that fig. 2 provides only a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate and each component may be repeated or omitted as desired. In particular, although only one UE 105 is illustrated, it will be appreciated that many UEs (e.g., hundreds, thousands, millions, etc.) may utilize the 5G NR positioning system 200. Similarly, the 5G NR positioning system 200 may include a greater (or lesser) number of GNSS satellites 110, gnbs 210, ng-enbs 214, wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 216, access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 215, external clients 230, and/or other components. The illustrated connections connecting the various components in 5G NR positioning system 200 include data and signaling connections, which may include additional (intermediate) components, direct or indirect physical and/or wireless connections, and/or additional networks. Moreover, components may be rearranged, combined, separated, replaced, and/or omitted depending on the desired functionality.

The UE 105 may include and/or be referred to as a device, mobile device, wireless device, mobile terminal, mobile Station (MS), secure User Plane Location (SUPL) enabled terminal (SET), or some other name. Further, the UE 105 may correspond to a cellular phone, a smart phone, a laptop computer, a tablet device, a Personal Data Assistant (PDA), a navigation device, an internet of things (IoT) device, or some other portable or mobile device. In general, although not required, the UE 105 may employ one or more Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (such as GSM, CDMA, W-CDMA, LTE, high Rate Packet Data (HRPD), IEEE 802.11

Bluetooth, microwave access Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) ^TM ) 5G NR (e.g., using NG-

RAN

235 and 5G CN 240), etc.). The UE 105 may also support wireless communications using a WLAN 216 (similar to one or more RATs and as previously mentioned with reference to fig. 1) that may be connected to other networks, such as the internet. Using one or more of these RATs may allow the UE 105 to communicate with the external client 230 (e.g., via elements of the 5g CN 240 not shown in fig. 2, or possibly via the Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 225) and/or allow the external client 230 to receive location information about the UE 105 (e.g., via the GMLC 225). When implemented in or communicatively coupled with a 5G NR network, the external client 230 of fig. 2 may correspond to the external client 180 of fig. 1.

The UE 105 may comprise a single entity or may comprise multiple entities, such as in a personal area network in which a user may employ audio, video, and/or data I/O devices, and/or body sensors, as well as separate wired or wireless modems. The estimation of the location of the UE 105 may be referred to as a location, a location estimate, a position fix, a position estimate, or a position fix, and may be geodetic, providing location coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude) with respect to the UE 105, which may or may not include an elevation component (e.g., altitude; a depth above or below a ground plane, floor plane, or basement plane). Alternatively, the location of the UE 105 may be expressed as a municipal location (e.g., expressed as a postal address or designation of a point or smaller area in a building, such as a particular room or floor). The location of the UE 105 may also be expressed as a region or volume (defined geodetically or in municipal form) within which the UE 105 is expected to be located with some probability or confidence (e.g., 67%, 95%, etc.). The location of the UE 105 may further be a relative location including, for example, a distance and direction defined relative to an origin at a known location, which may be geodetically, in municipal form, or with reference to points, areas, or volumes indicated on a map, floor plan, or building plan, or relative X, Y (and Z) coordinates. In the description contained herein, the use of the term location may include any of these variations unless otherwise indicated. In calculating the location of the UE, the local X, Y and possibly also the Z-coordinate is typically solved and then, if needed, the local coordinates are converted to absolute coordinates (e.g. with respect to latitude, longitude and altitude above or below the mean sea level).

The base stations in NG-RAN 235 shown in fig. 2 may correspond to base station 120 in fig. 1 and may include NR node bs (gnbs) 210-1 and 210-2 (collectively and generically referred to herein as gnbs 210). The paired gnbs 210 in NG-RAN 235 may be connected to each other (e.g., directly as shown in fig. 2 or indirectly via other gnbs 210). The communication interface between base stations (gNB 210 and/or ng-eNB 214) may be referred to as an Xn interface 237. Access to the 5G network is provided to the UE 105 via wireless communication between the UE 105 and one or more gnbs 210, which one or more gnbs 210 may provide wireless communication access to the 5G CN 240 on behalf of the UE 105 using the 5G NR. The wireless interface between the base station (gNB 210 and/or ng-eNB 214) and the UE 105 may be referred to as a Uu interface 239. The 5G NR radio access may also be referred to as NR radio access or 5G radio access. In fig. 2, it is assumed that the serving gNB of the UE 105 is the gNB 210-1, but other gnbs (e.g., the gNB 210-2) may act as serving gnbs if the UE 105 moves to another location, or may act as secondary gnbs to provide additional throughput and bandwidth to the UE 105.

The base stations in NG-RAN 235 shown in fig. 2 may additionally or alternatively include next generation evolved node bs (also referred to as NG-enbs) 214. The Ng-eNB 214 may be connected to one or more gnbs 210 in the Ng-RAN 235-e.g., directly or indirectly via other gnbs 210 and/or other Ng-enbs. The ng-eNB 214 may provide LTE radio access and/or evolved LTE (ehte) radio access to the UE 105. Some of the gnbs 210 (e.g., the gnbs 210-2) and/or the ng-enbs 214 in fig. 2 may be configured to function as positioning-only beacons that may transmit signals (e.g., positioning Reference Signals (PRSs)) and/or may broadcast assistance data to assist in positioning the UE 105, but may not receive signals from the UE 105 or from other UEs. Some of the gnbs 210 (e.g., the gNB 210-2 and/or another not shown gNB) and/or the ng-enbs 214 may be configured to operate as detection-only nodes, may scan for signals containing, for example, PRS data, assistance data, or other location data. Such detection-only nodes may not transmit signals or data to UEs, but may transmit signals or data (related to, for example, PRS, assistance data, or other location data) to other network entities (e.g., one or more components of 5g CN 240, external client 230, or controller) that may receive and store the data or use the data to locate at least UE 105. Note that although only one ng-eNB 214 is shown in fig. 2, some embodiments may include multiple ng-enbs 214. The base stations 210, 214 may communicate directly with each other via an Xn communication interface. Additionally or alternatively, the base stations 210, 214 may communicate directly or indirectly with other components of the 5G NR positioning system 200 (such as the LMF 220 and the AMF 215).

The 5G NR positioning system 200 may also include one or more WLANs 216 that may be connected to a non-3 GPP interworking function (N3 IWF) 250 in the 5G CN 240 (e.g., in the case of an untrusted WLAN 216). For example, WLAN 216 may support IEEE 802.11Wi-Fi access for UE 105 and may include one or more Wi-Fi APs (e.g., AP 130 of fig. 1). Here, the N3IWF 250 may be connected to other elements in the 5g CN 240, such as the AMF 215. In some embodiments, WLAN 216 may support another RAT, such as bluetooth. The N3IWF 250 may provide support for secure access by the UE 105 to other elements in the 5g CN 240 and/or may support interworking of one or more protocols used by the WLAN 216 and the UE 105 with one or more protocols used by other elements of the 5g CN 240, such as the AMF 215. For example, the N3IWF 250 may support: establishing an IPSec tunnel with UE 105, terminating an IKEv2/IPSec protocol with UE 105, terminating N2 and N3 interfaces to 5g CN 240 for control plane and user plane, respectively, relaying Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) control plane non-access stratum (NAS) signaling between UE 105 and AMF 215 across the N1 interface. In some other embodiments, WLAN 216 may be directly connected to an element in 5g CN 240 (e.g., AMF 215 as shown in dashed lines in fig. 2) and not pass through N3IWF 250. For example, the direct connection of WLAN 216 to 5gcn 240 may occur where WLAN 216 is a trusted WLAN to 5gcn 240 and may be implemented using a Trusted WLAN Interworking Function (TWIF) (not shown in fig. 2) that may be an element within WLAN 216. Note that although only one WLAN 216 is shown in fig. 2, some embodiments may include multiple WLANs 216.

An access node may comprise any of a wide variety of network entities that enable communication between the UE 105 and the AMF 215. This may include the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, the WLAN 216, and/or other types of cellular base stations. However, an access node providing the functionality described herein may additionally or alternatively include an entity that enables communication with any of a wide variety of RATs (which may include non-cellular technology) not illustrated in fig. 2. Thus, as used in the embodiments described herein below, the term "access node" may include, but is not necessarily limited to, the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, or the WLAN 216.

In some embodiments, an access node (such as the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, or the WLAN 216) (alone or in combination with other components of the 5G NR location system 200) may be configured to: in response to receiving a request for location information from LMF 220, location measurements are obtained for Uplink (UL) signals received from UE 105 and/or DL location measurements are obtained from UE 105 for Downlink (DL) signals received by UE 105 from one or more access nodes. As mentioned, although fig. 2 depicts

access nodes

210, 214, and 216 configured to communicate according to 5G NR, LTE, and Wi-Fi communication protocols, respectively, access nodes configured to communicate according to other communication protocols may be used, such as, for example, a node B using Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) protocols for Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN), an eNB using LTE protocols for evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), or an eNB using LTE for WLAN

Bluetooth beacon of protocol. For example, in a 4G Evolved Packet System (EPS) providing LTE radio access to UE 105, the RAN may comprise an E-UTRAN, which may include base stations including enbs supporting LTE radio access. The core network for EPS may include an Evolved Packet Core (EPC). EPS may then include E-UTRAN plusUpper EPC, where in fig. 2E-UTRAN corresponds to NG-RAN 235 and EPC corresponds to 5gcn 240. The methods and techniques described herein for obtaining a municipal location of a UE 105 may be applicable to such other networks.

The gNB 210 and the ng-eNB 214 may communicate with the AMF 215, the AMF 215 communicating with the LMF 220 for positioning functionality. The AMF 215 may support mobility of the UE 105, including cell change and handover of the UE 105 from an

access node

210, 214, or 216 of a first RAT to an

access node

210, 214, or 216 of a second RAT. The AMF 215 may also participate in supporting signaling connections to the UE 105 and possibly supporting data and voice bearers for the UE 105. LMF 220 may support positioning UE 105 using CP positioning solutions when UE 105 accesses NG-RAN 235 or WLAN 216, and may support various positioning procedures and methods, including UE-assisted/UE-based and/or network-based procedures/methods, such as assisted GNSS (a-GNSS), observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA), which may be referred to as time difference of arrival (TDOA) in NR, real-time kinematic (RTK), precision Point Positioning (PPP), differential GNSS (DGNSS), enhanced Cell ID (ECID), angle of arrival (AoA), angle of departure (AoD), WLAN positioning, round trip signal propagation delay (RTT), multi-cell RTT, and/or other positioning procedures and methods. The LMF 220 may also process location service requests for the UE 105 received, for example, from the AMF 215 or from the GMLC 225. The LMF 220 may be connected to the AMF 215 and/or the GMLC 225. In some embodiments, the network (such as 5gcn 240) may additionally or alternatively implement other types of location support modules, such as an evolved serving mobile location center (E-SMLC) or SUPL Location Platform (SLP). Note that in some embodiments, at least a portion of the positioning functionality (including determining the location of the UE 105) may be performed at the UE 105 (e.g., by measuring downlink PRS (DL-PRS) signals transmitted by wireless nodes such as the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, and/or the WLAN 216) and/or using assistance data provided to the UE 105 by, for example, the LMF 220.

The Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 225 may support location requests for the UE 105 received from external clients 230 and may forward such location requests to the AMF 215 for forwarding by the AMF 215 to the LMF 220. The location response from the LMF 220 (e.g., containing the location estimate of the UE 105) may similarly be returned to the GMLC 225 directly or via the AMF 215, and the GMLC 225 may then return the location response (e.g., containing the location estimate) to the external client 230.

A network open function (NEF) 245 may be included in the 5gcn 240. The NEF 245 may support secure opening of external clients 230 with respect to the capabilities and events of the 5gcn 240 and UE 105, which may thus be referred to as an Access Function (AF) and may enable secure provisioning of information from the external clients 230 to the 5gcn 240. The NEF 245 may be connected to the AMF 215 and/or the GMLC 225 for the purpose of obtaining the location (e.g., municipal location) of the UE 105 and providing the location to the external client 230.

As further illustrated in fig. 2, LMF 220 may communicate with the gNB 210 and/or with the ng-eNB 214 using NR positioning protocol attachment (NRPPa) as defined in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.445. NRPPa messages may be communicated between the gNB 210 and the LMF 220 and/or between the ng-eNB 214 and the LMF 220 via the AMF 215. As further illustrated in fig. 2, LMF 220 and UE 105 may communicate using an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) as defined in 3gpp TS 37.355. Here, LPP messages may be communicated between the UE 105 and the LMF 220 via the AMF 215 and the serving gNB 210-1 or serving ng-eNB 214 of the UE 105. For example, LPP messages may be communicated between LMF 220 and AMF 215 using messages for service-based operations (e.g., hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) -based), and may be communicated between AMF 215 and UE 105 using 5G NAS protocols. The LPP protocol may be used to support locating the UE 105 using UE-assisted and/or UE-based location methods, such as a-GNSS, RTK, TDOA, multi-cell RTT, aoD, and/or ECID. The NRPPa protocol may be used to support locating the UE 105 using network-based location methods such as ECID, aoA, uplink TDOA (UL-TDOA) and/or may be used by the LMF 220 to obtain location-related information from the gNB 210 and/or ng-eNB 214, such as parameters defining DL-PRS transmissions from the gNB 210 and/or ng-eNB 214.

In the case of UE 105 accessing WLAN 216, LMF 220 may use NRPPa and/or LPP to obtain the location of UE 105 in a manner similar to that just described for UE 105 accessing gNB 210 or ng-eNB 214. Thus, NRPPa messages may be communicated between WLAN 216 and LMF 220 via AMF 215 and N3IWF 250 to support network-based positioning of UE 105 and/or to communicate other location information from WLAN 216 to LMF 220. Alternatively, NRPPa messages may be communicated between the N3IWF 250 and the LMF 220 via the AMF 215 to support network-based positioning of the UE 105 based on location-related information and/or location measurements known or accessible to the N3IWF 250 and communicated from the N3IWF 250 to the LMF 220 using NRPPa. Similarly, LPP and/or LPP messages may be communicated between the UE 105 and the LMF 220 via the AMF 215, the N3IWF 250, and the serving WLAN 216 of the UE 105 to support UE-assisted or UE-based positioning of the UE 105 by the LMF 220.

In the 5G NR positioning system 200, the positioning methods may be classified as "UE-assisted" or "UE-based". This may depend on where the request to determine the location of the UE 105 originates. For example, if the request originates from a UE (e.g., from an application or "app" executed by the UE), the positioning method may be classified as UE-based. On the other hand, if the request originates from an external client or other device or service within the AF 230,

LMF

220, or 5G network, the positioning method may be classified as UE-assisted (or "network-based").

With the UE-assisted positioning method, the UE 105 may obtain location measurements and send these measurements to a location server (e.g., LMF 220) for use in computing a location estimate for the UE 105. For RAT-dependent positioning methods, the location measurements may include one or more of the following for one or more access points of the gNB 210, the ng-eNB 214, and/or the WLAN 216: a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), a round trip signal propagation time (RTT), a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), a Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD), a time of arrival (TOA), an AoA, a receive time-transmit time difference (Rx-Tx), a differential AoA (DAoA), an AoD, or a Timing Advance (TA). Additionally or alternatively, similar measurements may be made on side link signals transmitted by other UEs that may act as anchor points for locating UE 105 if their locations are known. The position measurements may additionally or alternatively include measurements for RAT-independent positioning methods, such as GNSS (e.g., GNSS pseudoranges, GNSS code phases, and/or GNSS carrier phases with respect to GNSS satellites 110), WLAN, and the like.

With the UE-based positioning method, the UE 105 may obtain location measurements (e.g., which may be the same or similar to the location measurements of the UE-assisted positioning method), and may further calculate the location of the UE 105 (e.g., with assistance data received from a location server (such as LMF 220, SLP) or broadcast by the gNB 210, ng-eNB 214, or WLAN 216).

Using network-based positioning methods, one or more base stations (e.g., the gNB 210 and/or the ng-eNB 214), one or more APs (e.g., APs in the WLAN 216), or the N3IWF 250 may obtain location measurements (e.g., measurements of RSSI, RTT, RSRP, RSRQ, AOA or TOA) of signals transmitted by the UE 105, and/or may receive measurements obtained by the UE 105 or, in the case of the N3IWF 250, by APs in the WLAN 216, and may send these measurements to a location server (e.g., the LMF 220) for use in computing a location estimate for the UE 105.

The positioning of the UE 105 may also be classified as UL-based, DL-based or DL-UL-based depending on the type of signal used for positioning. For example, if a location is based only on signals received at the UE 105 (e.g., from a base station or other UE), the location may be classified as DL-based. On the other hand, if a location is based solely on signals transmitted by the UE 105 (which may be received by, for example, a base station or other UE), the location may be classified as UL-based. DL-UL based positioning includes positioning based on signals transmitted and received by the UE 105, such as RTT-based positioning. A Side Link (SL) assisted positioning includes signals communicated between UE 105 and one or more other UEs. According to some embodiments, UL, DL, or DL-UL positioning described herein may be capable of using SL signaling in addition to or in place of SL, DL, or DL-UL signaling.

The reference signal type used may vary depending on the type of positioning (e.g., UL-based, DL-based, or DL-UL-based). For example, for DL-based positioning, these signals may include PRSs (e.g., DL-PRSs transmitted by a base station or SL-PRSs transmitted by other UEs), which may be used for TDOA, aoD, and RTT measurements. Other reference signals that may be used for positioning (UL, DL, or DL-UL) may include: sounding Reference Signals (SRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), synchronization signals (e.g., synchronization Signal Block (SSB) Synchronization Signals (SS)), physical Uplink Control Channels (PUCCH), physical Uplink Shared Channels (PUSCH), physical side link shared channels (PSSCH), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), and the like. Furthermore, reference signals may be transmitted in Tx beams and/or received in Rx beams (e.g., using beamforming techniques), which may affect angle measurements, such as AoD. Examples of how PRS (and/or other RF signals) may be used for OTDOA, aoD, and RTT-based positioning are described below with respect to fig. 3-5. It may be noted that although the examples shown in fig. 3-5 illustrate and discuss base stations (which may correspond to the gNB 210 and/or the ng-eNB 214 of fig. 2 and/or the base station 120 of fig. 1), the positioning technique may use specific TRPs of the base stations to provide accurate positioning.

Fig. 3 is an illustration of how OTDOA-based positioning, also referred to as downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), may be made in accordance with some embodiments. Briefly, the OTDOA-based positioning is a positioning made based on known positioning of base stations (e.g., base stations 310-1, 310-2, and 310-3, collectively referred to herein as base stations 310), known times at which the base stations transmit respective reference signals (e.g., PRSs), and time differences at which the UE 105 receives the reference signals from each base station.

In OTDOA-based positioning, the location server may provide OTDOA assistance data to the UE P105 regarding a reference base station (which may be referred to as a "reference cell" or "reference resource") and one or more neighboring base stations (which may be referred to as "neighbor cells" or "neighboring cells" with respect to the reference base station, and which may be referred to as "target cells" or "target resources" alone). For example, the assistance data may provide a center channel frequency for each base station, various PRS configuration parameters (e.g., N _PRS 、T _PRS A muting sequence, a frequency hopping sequence, a PRS ID, a PRS bandwidth), a base station (cell) global ID, PRS signal characteristics associated with a directed PRS, and/or other base station related parameters applicable to OTDOA or some other positioning method. By assisting data in OTDOA The serving base station for the UE 105 (e.g., where the reference base station is indicated as the serving base station) may facilitate OTDOA-based positioning by the UE 105. In some aspects, the OTDOA assistance data may also include "expected Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD)" parameters along with the uncertainty of the expected RSTD parameters that provide the UE 105 with information about the RSTD values that the UE 105 expects to measure between the reference base station and each neighbor base station at its current location. The expected RSTD along with the associated uncertainty may define a search window for the UE 105 within which the UE 105 is expected to measure the RSTD value. The OTDOA assistance information may also include PRS configuration information parameters that allow the UE 105 to determine when PRS positioning occasions occur on signals received from respective neighbor base stations relative to PRS positioning occasions for reference base stations and to determine PRS sequences transmitted from respective base stations in order to measure TOA or RSTD. The TOA measurement may be an RSRP (reference signal received power) measurement of the average power of Resource Elements (REs) carrying PRS (or other reference signals).

Using RSTD measurements, known absolute or relative transmission timing of each base station, and known positioning(s) of the wireless node physical transmit antennas of the reference base station and the neighboring base stations, UE positioning may be calculated (e.g., by UE 105 or a location server). More specifically, the RSTD of the neighbor base station "k" relative to the reference base station "Ref" may be given as the difference in TOA measurements of signals from each base station (i.e., TOA _k –TOA _Ref ) Wherein the TOA value may be measured by modulo one subframe duration (1 ms) to remove the effect of measuring different subframes at different times. In fig. 3, for example, a first base station 310-1 may be designated as a reference base station, and second and third base stations (P110-2 and 310-3) are neighbor base stations. If UE 105 receives reference signals from first base station 310-1, second base station 310-2, and third base station 310-3 at times T1, T2, and T2, respectively, the RSTD measurement for second base station 310-2 will be determined to be T2-T1 and the RSTD measurement for third base station 310-3 will be determined to be T3-T1. The RSTD measurements may be used by the UE 105 and/or sent to a location server to use (i) the RSTD measurements, (ii) known absolute or relative transmission timing of each base station,(iii) The base station 310 determines the location of the UE 105 for known positioning(s) of the reference base station and neighboring base stations, and/or (iv) directed PRS characteristics (such as a transmission direction). Geometrically, information (i) - (iv) allows determining a possible location of the UE 105 for each RSTD (where each RSTD results in a hyperbola, as shown in fig. 3), and the location of the UE 105 is determined from the intersection of the possible locations for all RSTDs.

Fig. 4 is an illustration of how RTT-based positioning (or multi-RTT-based positioning) may be made, according to some embodiments. Briefly, RTT-based positioning includes positioning methods in which the positioning of the UE 105 is determined based on the known location of the base station (e.g., base station 410, which again may correspond to the gNB 210 and/or ng-eNB 214 of fig. 2), as well as the known distance between the UE 105 and the base station. RTT measurements between the UE 105 and each base station are used to determine the distance between the UE 105 and the corresponding base station, and multilateration may be used to determine the location of the UE 105.

In RTT-based positioning, a location server may coordinate RTT measurements between the UE 105 and each base station. Information provided to the UE 105 may be included in RTT assistance data. This may include, for example, reference signal (e.g., PRS) timing and other signal characteristics, base station (cell) ID, and/or other cell related parameters applicable to multiple RTTs or some other positioning method. RTT measurements may be made (and initiated) by the UE 105 or the base station 410, depending on the desired functionality.

RTT measurements use Over The Air (OTA) delays to measure distance. An initiator device (e.g., UE 105 or base station 410) transmits a first reference signal at a first time T1, the first reference signal propagating to a responder device. At a second time T2, the first reference signal arrives at the responder device. The OTA delay (i.e., the propagation time it takes for the first reference signal to travel from the initiator device to the responder device) is the difference between T1 and T2. The responder device then transmits a second reference signal at a third time T3, and the second reference signal is received and measured by the initiator device at a fourth time T4. RSRP measurements may be used to determine TOA for times T2 and T4. The distance d between the initiator device and the responder device may thus be determined using the following equation:

(as will be appreciated, the distance d divided by the RF propagation speed c equals the OTA delay). Thus, an accurate determination of the distance between the initiator device and the responder device may be made.

RTT measurements between the UE 105 and the base station 410 may thus allow for the use of multilateration to determine the location of the UE 105. That is, RTT measurements (RTT measurements RTT1, RTT2, and RTT3, respectively) between the UE 105 and the first base station 410-1, the second base station 210-2, and the third base station 410-3 result in a determination of the distance of the UE 105 from each of the base stations 410. These distances may be used to depict circles around the known locations of base station 410 (where circle 1 corresponds to base station 410-1, circle 2 corresponds to base station 410-2, and circle 3 corresponds to base station 410-3). The location of the UE 105 may be determined as the intersection between these circles.

Fig. 5 is an illustration of how an AoD-based positioning (or DL-AoD) may be made, according to some embodiments. Briefly, aoD-based positioning is based on reference signals (e.g., PRSs) received by the UE 505 that are transmitted by certain beams of the base station 510 and positioning made by corresponding coverage areas covered by those beams.

In an AoD-based positioning, a location server may provide AoD assistance data to the UE 505. The assistance data (which may be based on the approximate location of the UE 505) may provide information about reference signals of nearby base stations 510, including the center channel frequency of each base station, various PRS configuration parameters (e.g., N _PRS 、T _PRS A muting sequence, a frequency hopping sequence, a PRS ID, a PRS bandwidth, a beam ID), a base station (cell) global ID, PRS signal characteristics associated with a directed PRS, and/or other base station related parameters applicable to an AoD or some other positioning method.

Using this information, the UE 505 and/or a location server may determine the location of the UE by the beam(s) that the UE 505 uses to detect PRS from each base station 510. More specifically, PRSs from base stations 510 are transmitted via beams centered along an angular region or slot 530. Thus, each slot may correspond to PRS from a different respective beam. Slots 530 from different base stations 510 may form an angular grid that may be used to determine the location of UE 505. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, slot 530-1 of base station 510-1 intersects slot 530-2 of base station 510-2 to form an angular grid. The UE 505 may measure (e.g., using RSRP measurements) PRSs for different beams of each base station 510. These measurements may be used by the UE 505 or sent to a location server to determine the location of the UE 505 from the corresponding slot intersection 550, where the slot 530-1 corresponding to the PRS of the first base station 510-1 intersects the slot 530-2 corresponding to the PRS of the second base station 510-2. Similar measurements may be made from additional base stations (not shown) to provide additional accuracy. Additionally or alternatively, measurements of multiple beams from a single base station 510 may enable interpolation for higher resolution positioning.

Although the positioning methods in fig. 3-5 have traditionally used a base station (as shown) as an anchor point to determine the location of the target UE 603, 5G NR is exploiting the possibility of using other UEs as anchor points in addition to or instead of the base station, as indicated previously with respect to UE 145 of fig. 1. Fig. 6 provides a more detailed example.

Fig. 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating how an anchor UE 605 may be used for positioning of a target UE 603 in a 5G NR network, according to an embodiment. Here, arrows between the various components illustrate communication links. As illustrated in fig. 2, this may involve wireless and/or wired communication techniques, and may include one or more intermediary components. For simplicity, the gnbs (e.g., corresponding to the gnbs 210 of fig. 2) are simply labeled as gnbs 1-gNB4, and a single anchor UE 605 is illustrated. While only one anchor UE 605 may be used in some instances, other instances may use two or more anchor UEs 605. Further, in some examples, anchor UE 605 may include a unique type of anchor point for positioning and/or a gNB that does not serve as an anchor point. (again, as used herein, the term "anchor point" refers to a device having a known location for determining the location of the target UE 603.)

To determine the location of the target UE 603 (e.g., using any of the previously described positioning techniques), the target UE 603 may measure from different anchor points: gNB1-gNB3 and the anchor UE 605. As indicated in fig. 4, target UE 603 may communicate with gnbs 1-gNB3 and/or obtain measurements from gnbs 1-gNB3 using Uu (network) interface 630. The measurements may be made from a reference signal from the gNB, such as PRS (e.g., DL-PRS). With respect to anchor UE 605, target UE 603 may communicate using SL interface 650. As mentioned previously, and SL interface 650 allows direct (D2D) communication between target UE 603 and anchor UE 605, and may be used in a manner similar to Uu interface 630, allowing target UE 603 to obtain location-related measurements with respect to determining the location of target UE 603. As such, the anchor UE 605 may be configured to provide PRS (e.g., SL-PRS) and/or similar reference signals, which may be transmitted in a similar manner as the gNB. In this regard, the anchor UE 605 may also communicate with the LMF 220 via the gNB4 using the Uu interface 630. In this example, the gNB4 may include a serving gNB for the anchor UE 605.

The use of anchor UE 605 in the positioning of target UE 603 is similar to the use of base stations for OTDOA-based, RTT-based and AoD-based positioning in fig. 3-5. However, specific details regarding the use of anchor UE 605 have not been determined. There is no definition in the LPP report for SL-based or SL-assisted measurements. And it is unclear what type of report the target UE 603 will provide.

According to embodiments herein, target UE 603 and anchor UE 605 may be configured to provide measurements specific to SL-assisted positioning (e.g., positioning using SL-based or SL-assisted measurements). That is, for positioning in which at least one anchor UE 605 is used as an anchor point, the target UE 603 and/or at least one anchor UE 605 may be configured by the LMF 220 and/or the gNB to make certain SL-based and/or SL-assisted measurements to facilitate SL positioning. When configured by a gNB, target UE 603 is configured by its serving gNB (gNB 1), and anchor UE 605 may be configured by its serving gNB (gNB 4).

According to some embodiments, examples of SL-assisted positioning-specific measurements are RSTD measurements involving one or more anchor UEs 605. As previously described, and RSTD measurements can be made by determining differences in PRS TOAs from two different network nodes (reference node and neighbor node). Because the reference node is used in multiple RSTD measurements for OTDOA positioning, reference annotation accuracy may be particularly important for the final accuracy of the OTDOA positioning determination. As such, if the gNB is available for SL-assisted OTDOA positioning determination, the gNB may be used as a reference node for RSTD measurements and one or more anchor UEs 605 may be used as neighbor nodes, according to some embodiments. This is because aspects of the gNB that are related to accuracy (e.g., known location, drift rate, etc.) tend to be more accurate than those of the UE. As such, using the gNB as a reference node for RSTD measurements in SL-assisted OTDOA positioning determination of target UE 603 may result in higher accuracy than if anchor UE 605 were used as the reference node. According to some embodiments, LMF 220 may indicate to target UE 603 which gNB to use as a reference node and/or to target UE 603 not to use anchor UE 605 as a reference node for RSTD measurements.

That is, embodiments may still use the anchor UE 605 as a reference node. For example, in instances where the gNB is not available for OTDOA positioning, the anchor UE 605 may be used as a reference node. Additionally or alternatively, the anchor UE 605 may be used as a reference node in case it meets certain accuracy requirements. For example, where the anchor UE 605 has an accurate synchronization source that can reduce drift rate effects, has a positioning with an uncertainty value below a certain threshold, and/or satisfies a similar accuracy-related condition or overall accuracy threshold, it may be used as a reference node.

Another SL-assisted positioning-specific measurement is RTT using the SL interface 650 between the target UE 603 and the reference node 605. In RTT measurement using the SL interface 650, both the target UE 603 and the anchor UE 605 make Rx-Tx measurement. (as referred to herein, the term "Rx-Tx measurement" refers to a time difference measurement obtained by the initiator device and the receiver device for RTT measurements.) the RTT measurement in this case may be a SL assisted measurement in which the target UE 603 initiates RTT measurement, or a SL-based measurement in which the anchor UE 605 initiates RTT measurement.

According to some embodiments, anchor UE 605 may perform RTT in a "transparent mode" or "advanced mode," which may be based on the capabilities of target UE 603 and/or anchor UE 605. In transparent mode, the anchor UE 605 may provide Uu-like functionality on the SL interface 650, emulating the functionality of the gNB on the Uu interface 630 (e.g., providing Uu-like PRS) to perform or obtain RTT measurements. In the transparent mode, the LMF 220 may communicate with the target UE 603 and the anchor UE 605 to coordinate RTT measurements, and both the target UE 603 and the anchor UE 605 may report their respective Rx-Tx measurements to the LMF 220 to determine RTT. Because anchor UE 605 behaves like a gNB in transparent mode, it may allow older target UEs 603 that may otherwise be unable to perform RTT on SL interface 650 to do so.

In advanced mode, one UE may report its corresponding Rx-Tx measurements to another UE. That is, for SL-based RTT measurements initiated by anchor UE 605, target UE 603 may provide anchor UE 605 with its respective Rx-Tx measurements (or differences between RTT transmit and receive signals), and anchor UE 605 may then relay the Rx-Tx measurements for both target UE 603 and anchor UE 605 to LMF 220. For SL-assisted RTT measurements initiated by target UE 603, anchor UE 605 may provide its respective Rx-Tx measurements to target UE 603, and target UE 603 may then relay the Rx-Tx measurements for both target UE 603 and anchor UE 605 to LMF 220. In this way, the advanced mode may only require a single LPP session between the LMF 220 and the UE initiating the RTT measurement, rather than a separate LPP session from each UE (which may be the case in the transparent mode). That is, in some examples and/or embodiments of advanced modes, each UE may have a separate LPP session and/or provide a separate report.

Depending on the desired functionality, the determination of whether to use transparent mode or advanced mode may vary. According to some embodiments, this determination may be made by LMF 220 based on the capabilities of anchor UE 605 and target UE 603. For example, LMF 220 may determine (e.g., via the 3GPP release number of target UE 603) that target UE 603 cannot use SL interface 650 to make RTT measurements in advanced mode. Thus, LMF 220 may configure anchor UE 605 to operate in a transparent mode using, for example, direct (e.g., LPP) communication with anchor UE 605 or communication to gNB4 (e.g., via LPPa) (gNB 4 may then configure anchor UE 605). Additionally or alternatively, the anchor UE 605 may make the same determination when establishing the SL interface 650 with the target UE 603. In either case, the anchor UE 605 may operate in a transparent mode when RTT measurements are made using the SL interface 650 based on the determination.

According to some embodiments, angle-based measurements using SL interface 650 may be used in situations where anchor UE 605 is capable of beamforming to provide AoD/AoA measurements. Depending on the desired functionality, an AoD measurement based on PRS RSRP using SL interface 650 (e.g., "SLTx AoD") may be reported in the same manner as a DL AoD measurement of the gNB (based on DL PRS RSRP measurements). That is, UE 150 may report the RSRP of PRSs transmitted on the beam of anchor UE 605 via SL interface 650. Similarly, an AoA measurement (e.g., "SLRx AoA") by the anchor UE 605 based on PRS RSRP using the SL interface 650 may be reported in the same manner as an UL AoA measurement at the gNB (based on UL PRS RSRP measurement). That is, the anchor UE 605 may report the RSRP of the PRS transmitted by the target UE 603.

However, for these SL angle-based measurements, the target UE603 and/or the anchor UE 605 may provide additional information. Traditionally, in view of the fact that the gNB has much more antennas and thus much higher beamforming resolution, the gNB will make AoD and AoA measurements for the target UE 603. The angle measurement by the target UE603 is unlikely to add any additional information in such an instance. However, due to symmetry in the SL interface 650 between the target UE603 and the anchor UE 605, both UEs (105, 605) may make additional measurements. For example, not only may the anchor UE 605 provide SL-PRS on the beam that is measured by the target UE603 to determine AoD, but the target UE603 may further make Rx AoA measurements. When the target UE603 provides a signal to the anchor UE 605, the roles may be reversed: the anchor UE 605 may make RSRP measurements to determine AoD, and AoA measurements. Thus, unlike conventional embodiments, embodiments in which SL angle-based measurements are made may include angle-based measurements made by target UE 603. This information may be determined by the LMF 220 or the target UE603 for the location of the target UE 603.

In order to enable SL angle based positioning determination, the orientation of the anchor UE 605 (and possibly the target UE 603) may be required. As such, the anchor UE 605 (and optionally the target UE 603) may further provide an orientation report indicating its orientation when transmitting signals (e.g., PRSs). Unlike the gnbs with known, fixed orientations (resulting in beams with corresponding known angles/coverage areas), the orientation of the target UE 603 and/or anchor UE 605 may undergo a change. And thus knowledge of the orientation of the respective UE when transmitting the signal may be used in determining the location of the target UE 603 in conjunction with the AoD/AoA measurements. Depending on the desired functionality, the orientation may be reported in a Global Coordinate System (GCS) or a Local Coordinate System (LCS), which may be defined under regulatory standards (e.g., 3 GPP), for example.

Other embodiments may implement a "rich report" measurement that provides additional information beyond traditional measurement reports. For example, the target UE 603 or anchor UE 605 may report doppler, power Delay Profile (PDP), polarization phase, indication of "using the same Rx beam", group delay information, waveforms, and/or the like. According to some embodiments, this information may also be used to determine the location of the target UE 603.

Additionally, measurement reports may be sent to different entities depending on the desired functionality. For network-based positioning, measurement reports from target UE 603 and/or anchor UE605 may be provided to LMF 220. In some embodiments, the measurement report may be sent from a first UE (e.g., target UE 603 or anchor UE 605) to a second UE (e.g., anchor UE605 or target UE 603) via the SL interface, which is then relayed by the second UE to LMF 220. For UE-based positioning (where the location of target UE 603 is determined by target UE 603), measurement reports of anchor UE605 may be provided to the target UE 603 direction via SL interface 650 or indirectly via LMF 220.

It may be noted that measurement reports for SL assisted positioning using the techniques herein may be communicated in a manner similar to measurement reports in conventional LPP sessions. That is, the general procedure for an LPP session may include establishing the LPP session, exchanging location capabilities (e.g., using RequestCapabilities and providescapabilities Information Elements (IEs)), transferring assistance data (e.g., using requestassstata and providesstata IEs), and transferring location information (e.g., location measurement and/or location estimation via requestlocalinformation and provideslocalinformation IEs). As an example of communicating a measurement report, LMF 220 may configure target UE 603 (e.g., in an assistance data exchange or a request location information exchange) as to what to provide in the report (e.g., what to include in the report, which signal to measure, etc.). As another example, in advanced mode, the anchor UE605 or the target UE 603 may provide its Rx-Tx measurements to another UE and/or measurement reports via providelocalization information. And in another example in which angle-based positioning is performed, LMF 220 may provide information to anchor UE605 (via LPP or NRPPa) in response to an information request for angle/beam/orientation information.

Fig. 7A is a flow chart of a method 700-a of providing a measurement report for determining a location of a first UE, in accordance with an embodiment. In some aspects, method 700-a describes a method performed by a first UE corresponding to target UE 603 as previously described with respect to fig. 6 or a second UE corresponding to anchor UE 605 of fig. 6. Alternative embodiments may perform the functions in a different order, in parallel, and/or may otherwise rearrange the functional flows illustrated in fig. 7A. The means for performing the functionality illustrated in the blocks shown in fig. 7A may be performed by hardware and/or software components of the UE. Fig. 8 illustrates example components of a UE, which will be described in more detail below.

At block 710, functionality includes obtaining measurements of reference signals transmitted via a SL interface between a first UE and a second UE. As mentioned, the functionality of fig. 7A may be performed by the target UE 603 or the anchor UE 605 of fig. 6. As such, according to some embodiments, the measurement may be obtained by the first UE or the second UE. The reference signal may comprise SL-PRS and the measurements may comprise RSRP and/or TOA measurements. The type of measurement made may be based on the type of positioning (e.g., OTDOA-based, RTT-based, aoA-based, or AoD-based positioning). Means for performing the functionality at block 710 may include a wireless communication interface 830, a bus 805, memory 860, processor(s) 810, digital Signal Processor (DSP) 820, and/or other components of a UE, such as UE 105 illustrated in fig. 8 and described in more detail below.

At block 720, the functionality includes sending information indicative of the measurement. As further shown in block 720, according to some embodiments, the information indicative of the measurement may include information indicative of: RSTD based on the measurement of the reference signal and the second measurement of the second signal, RTT based on the measurement of the reference signal, aoD based on the measurement of the reference signal, aoA based on the measurement of the reference signal, or any combination thereof. In the case where the reference signal is measured at the first UE, the information may be sent to a location server. In the case where the reference signal is measured at the second UE, the information may be sent to the first UE or the location server.

As mentioned previously, RSTD may be determined from TOA measurements of reference signals received via the SL interface and Uu interface. In such instances, the second signal is transmitted by the base station and the reference signal is measured at the first UE, which may determine the RSTD at least in part by using the base station as a reference node for RSTD determination. Using the base station as a reference node may be based on a determination by the first UE that the second reference signal is transmitted by the base station. Alternatively, using the base station as a reference node may be based on the first UE receiving an indication of this by the location server.

However, as mentioned, in instances in which the UE is determined to meet the accuracy threshold, the UE may be used as a reference node. Thus, in some embodiments of method 700-a, wherein the reference signal is measured at a first UE and the information indicative of the measurement includes information indicative of RSTD based on the measurement of the reference signal and a second measurement of a second reference signal, the first UE may receive an indication that the second UE meets an accuracy threshold (e.g., received directly from the second UE or via a location server or base station), and in response to the indication that the second UE meets the accuracy threshold, the first UE may use the second UE as a reference node in determining the RSTD.

As mentioned, the reporting of RTT related measurements may vary depending on the desired functionality. The RTT may be initiated by a first UE (e.g., target UE 603 and fig. 6) or a second UE (e.g., anchor UE 605). In either case, and Rx-Tx measurements made by one UE based on a reference signal (e.g., TOA of reference signal) may be sent to another UE for relay by the other UE to a location server. Additionally or alternatively, another UE may determine RTT based on Rx-Tx measurements from both UEs, which are then provided to the location server. As such, an alternative embodiment of method 700-a may further include determining a first Rx-Tx measurement based on the reference signal and receiving a second Rx-Tx measurement via the SL interface. In such cases, transmitting information indicative of RTTs of the reference signal based measurements includes transmitting a first Rx-Tx measurement and a second Rx-Tx measurement, or RTTs determined from the first Rx-Tx measurement and the second Rx-Tx measurement, or any combination thereof.

As mentioned in the previously described embodiments, the angle measurements for the AoD and AoA determinations may be made via the SL interface and reported to the location server or the first UE. The AoD determination may be made based on RSRP measurements from devices measuring one or more reference signals transmitted by the first UE or the second UE, along with an identification of a beam used to transmit the measured reference signals and an orientation of the transmitting UE. Similarly, the AoA determination may be made based on beam and orientation information from the recipient UE. Accordingly, according to some embodiments of method 700-a, the indication of AoD based on the measurement of the reference signal includes an RSRP measurement of the reference signal and a beam ID (or beam index). Additionally or alternatively, according to some embodiments of method 700-a, the indication of the AoA based on the measurement of the reference signal includes an orientation and a receive beam or angle of a device measuring the reference signal, wherein the device includes the first UE or the second UE.

Means for performing the functionality at block 720 may include a wireless communication interface 830, a bus 805, memory 860, processor(s) 810, DSP 820, and/or other components of a UE, such as UE 105 illustrated in fig. 8 and described in more detail below.

Fig. 7B is a flowchart of a method 700-B of providing a measurement report for determining a location of a first UE, according to another embodiment. Similar to method 700-a of fig. 7A, aspects of method 700-B describe a method performed by a first UE (corresponding to target UE 603 as previously described with respect to fig. 6). Here, however, the second UE may correspond to the anchor UE 605 of fig. 6. Alternative embodiments may perform the functions in a different order, in parallel, and/or may otherwise rearrange the functional flows illustrated in fig. 7B. The means for performing the functionality illustrated in the blocks shown in fig. 7B may be performed by hardware and/or software components of the UE. Fig. 8 illustrates example components of a UE, which will be described in more detail below.

At block 730, the functionality includes obtaining, with the first UE, a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via an SL interface between the first UE and the second UE. As mentioned previously, the first UE may correspond to the target UE 603 of fig. 6 and the second UE may correspond to the anchor UE 605 of fig. 6. The reference signals may include, for example, SL-PRS, and the measurements may include RSRP and/or TOA measurements. The type of measurement taken may be based on the type of location (e.g., RSTD, RTT, aoA or AoD based location). Means for performing the functionality at block 730 may include a wireless communication interface 830, a bus 805, memory 860, processor(s) 810, digital Signal Processor (DSP) 820, and/or other components of a UE, such as UE 105 illustrated in fig. 8 and described in more detail below.

At block 720, the functionality includes obtaining, with the first UE, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by the base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window. By measuring reference signals from the base station, some embodiments may utilize increased timing and/or location information of the base station in obtaining measurements and/or ultimately determining the location of the first (target) UE. For example, according to some embodiments, the first UE may determine the RSTD at least in part by using the base station as a reference node for the RSTD determination. That is, in some cases, embodiments may utilize the second UE as a reference node. For example, according to some embodiments of method 700-B, a first UE may receive an indication that a second UE meets an accuracy threshold, and in response to the indication that the second UE meets the accuracy threshold, the first UE may use the second UE as a reference node in determining RSTD. For example, depending on the desired functionality, the accuracy threshold may be based on determining a confidence level, accuracy, and/or other metrics for the determined location of the second UE.

Using a time window in which the first and second reference signals are transmitted and/or the first and second measurements are obtained may help ensure accuracy in determining the location of the first UE. The smaller the time window, the more likely the UE is at or near the same location for both measurements. The time window may be defined, for example, by a number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) slots, a number of OFDM subframes, a number of OFDM frames, a start time and an end time, a time duration, a number of Measurement Gaps (MGs), or a number of processing windows, or a combination thereof.

Depending on the desired functionality, the time window may be determined dynamically. According to some embodiments, the time window may be determined based on characteristics of the first UE (such as speed, timing accuracy, clock drift, etc.). Other characteristics may be based on reference signal timing, such as reference signal periodicity (of the second UE and/or the base station), and the like. In some embodiments, a separate device (such as a location server, a base station, or a second UE) may determine the time window and provide it to the first UE in a configuration. In such instances, the method 700-B may further include, prior to obtaining the first measurement and the second measurement, receiving, with the first UE, information indicative of the predetermined time window. In some embodiments, the first UE may determine a time window.

Means for performing the functionality at block 740 may include a wireless communication interface 830, a bus 805, memory 860, processor(s) 810, digital Signal Processor (DSP) 820, and/or other components of a UE, such as UE 105 illustrated in fig. 8 and described in more detail below.

At block 750, the functionality includes transmitting information indicative of a first measurement and information indicative of a second measurement. The information indicative of the first measurement or the second measurement may be similar to the information previously described with respect to method 700-a of fig. 7A. Here, however, information may be included in a single measurement report, or in different measurement reports, and a positioning session to allow a receiving device (e.g., a location server) to determine the location of the first UE using both the first measurement and the second measurement. As such, according to some embodiments, the information indicative of the first measurement and/or the second measurement may include information enabling the recipient device to associate the first measurement and the second measurement. This may include, for example, a flag or other identifier that identifies the first measurement and/or the second measurement. According to some embodiments, the second measurement may be marked with a TRP ID, a reference signal ID (e.g., PRS resource), and/or other indicia, and the first measurement may be marked with a UE ID, a reference signal ID, etc.

The information indicative of the first measurement and/or the second measurement may comprise various types of information, depending on the type of measurement obtained. For example, according to some embodiments, the information indicative of the first measurement may include information indicative of RTT of the first measurement based on the first reference signal. In such embodiments, obtaining the first measurement may include determining a first Rx-Tx measurement based on the first reference signal, wherein the first UE further receives a second Rx-Tx measurement by the second UE via the SL interface; and transmitting information indicating the measured RTT based on the reference signal may include transmitting the first Rx-Tx measurement and the second Rx-Tx measurement, or an RTT determined according to the first Rx-Tx measurement and the second Rx-Tx measurement, or any combination thereof. According to some embodiments, the information indicative of the first measurement may include information indicative of AoD of the first measurement based on the first reference signal. In such embodiments, the indication of AoD based on the first measurement of the first reference signal may include an RSRP measurement of the first reference signal and a beam ID. According to some embodiments, the information indicative of the first measurement may include information indicative of an AoA of the first measurement based on the first reference signal. In such embodiments, the indication of the AoA based on the first measurement of the first reference signal may include an orientation and a receive beam or angle of the first UE. According to some embodiments, transmitting information indicative of the first measurement and information indicative of the second measurement may include transmitting the information to a location server.

Means for performing the functionality at block 750 may include a wireless communication interface 830, a bus 805, memory 860, processor(s) 810, DSP 820, and/or other components of a UE, such as UE 105 illustrated in fig. 8 and described in more detail below.

Fig. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a UE 105, which may be utilized as described herein above (e.g., in conjunction with fig. 1-7). For example, UE 105 may perform one or more functions of the methods shown in fig. 7A and 7B. It should be noted that fig. 8 is intended merely to provide a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate. It may be noted that in some examples, the components illustrated by fig. 8 may be localized to a single physical device and/or distributed among various networked devices that may be disposed at different physical locations. Furthermore, as mentioned previously, the functionality of the UE discussed in the previously described embodiments may be performed by one or more of the hardware and/or software components shown in fig. 8.

The UE 105 is shown as including hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via the bus 805 (or may be otherwise in communication as appropriate). The hardware elements may include processor(s) 810, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more general purpose processors (e.g., application processors), one or more special purpose processors (such as Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chips, graphics acceleration processors, application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), etc.), and/or other processing structures or devices. Processor(s) 810 may include one or more processing units, which may be housed in a single Integrated Circuit (IC) or in multiple ICs. As shown in fig. 8, some embodiments may have a separate DSP 820 depending on the desired functionality. Wireless communication based location determination and/or other determinations may be provided in the processor(s) 810 and/or the wireless communication interface 830 (discussed below). The UE 105 may also include one or more input devices 870 and one or more output devices 815, which one or more input devices 870 may include, but are not limited to: one or more keyboards, touch screens, touch pads, microphones, keys, dials, switches, etc.; the one or more output devices 815 may include, but are not limited to, one or more displays (e.g., touch-screens), light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), speakers, and the like.

The UE 105 may also include a wireless communication interface 830, which wireless communication interface 830 may include, but is not limited to, a modem, a network card, an infrared communication device, a wireless communication device, and/or a chipset (such as

Devices, IEEE 802.11 devices, IEEE 802.15.4 devices, wi-Fi devices, wiMAX devices, WAN devices, and/or various cellular devices, etc.), etc., which may enable the UE 105 to communicate with other devices as described in the above embodiments. Wireless communication interface 830 may permit communication of data and signaling with TRP of a network (e.g., via eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, access point, various base stations, and/or other access node types, and/or other network components), a computer system, and/or any other electronic device communicatively coupled with TRP as described herein. Communication may be performed via one or more wireless communication antennas 832 that transmit and/or receive wireless signals 834. According to some embodiments, the wireless communication antenna 832 may include a plurality of discrete antennas, an antenna array, or any combination thereof. The antenna 832 may be capable of transmitting and receiving wireless signals using beams (e.g., tx and Rx beams). Beamforming may be performed using digital and/or analog beamforming techniques with corresponding digital and/or analog circuitry. Wireless communication interface 830 may include such circuitry.

Depending on the desired functionality, wireless communication interface 830 may include separate receivers and transmitters, or any combination of transceivers, transmitters, and/or receivers, to communicate with base stations (e.g., ng-enbs and gnbs) and other terrestrial transceivers, such as wireless devices and access points. The UE 105 may communicate with different data networks, which may include various network types. For example, the Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) may be a CDMA network, a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) network, a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) network, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) network, a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) network, a WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) network, and so forth. A CDMA network may implement one or more RATs, such as CDMA2000, WCDMA, etc. CDMA2000 includes IS-95, IS-2000, and/or IS-856 standards. The TDMA network may implement GSM, digital advanced mobile phone system (D-AMPS), or some other RAT. The OFDMA network may employ LTE, LTE advanced, 5G NR, and so on. 5G NR, LTE-advanced, GSM, and WCDMA are described in documents from 3 GPP. Cdma2000 is described in literature from an organization named "third generation partnership project 2" (3 GPP 2). 3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available. The WLAN may also be an IEEE 802.11x network, while the Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) may be a bluetooth network, IEEE 802.15x, or some other type of network. The techniques described herein may also be used for any combination of WWAN, WLAN, and/or WPAN.

The UE 105 may further include sensor(s) 840. The sensors 840 may include, but are not limited to, one or more inertial sensors and/or other sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes, cameras, magnetometers, altimeters, microphones, proximity sensors, light sensors, barometers, etc.), some of which may be used to obtain positioning-related measurements and/or other information.

Embodiments of UE 105 may also include a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver 880 capable of receiving signals 884 from one or more GNSS satellites using an antenna 882 (which may be the same as antenna 832). Positioning based on GNSS signal measurements may be used to supplement and/or incorporate the techniques described herein. The GNSS receiver 880 may extract the position of the UE 105 from the GNSS satellites 110 of the GNSS system, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), galileo, GLONASS, quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS) over japan, IRNSS over india, beidou navigation satellite system (BDS) over china, etc., using conventional techniques. Further, the GNSS receiver 880 may be used for various augmentation systems (e.g., satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS)) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and/or regional navigation satellite systems, such as, for example, wide Area Augmentation Systems (WAAS), european Geostationary Navigation Overlay Services (EGNOS), multifunctional Satellite Augmentation Systems (MSAS), and geographic augmentation navigation systems (GAGAN), among others.

It may be noted that although GNSS receiver 880 is illustrated in fig. 8 as distinct components, embodiments are not limited thereto. As used herein, the term "GNSS receiver" may include hardware and/or software components configured to obtain GNSS measurements (measurements from GNSS satellites). Thus, in some embodiments, the GNSS receiver may include a measurement engine that is executed by one or more processors (as software), such as processor(s) 810, DSP 820, and/or a processor within wireless communication interface 830 (e.g., in a modem). The GNSS receiver may also optionally include a positioning engine that may use GNSS measurements from the survey engine to determine a position of the GNSS receiver using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), a Weighted Least Squares (WLS), a latch filter, a particle filter, or the like. The positioning engine may also be executed by one or more processors, such as processor(s) 810 or DSP 820.

The UE 105 may further include a memory 860 and/or be in communication with the memory 860. Memory 860 may include, but is not limited to, local and/or network accessible storage, disk drives, arrays of drives, optical storage devices, solid state storage devices such as Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or Read Only Memory (ROM), which may be programmable, flash updateable, and the like. Such storage devices may be configured to enable any suitable data storage, including but not limited to various file systems, database structures, and the like.

The memory 860 of the UE 105 may also include software elements (not shown in fig. 8) including an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and/or other code (such as one or more application programs), which may include computer programs provided by the various embodiments, and/or may be designed to implement methods provided by the other embodiments, and/or configure systems provided by the other embodiments, as described herein. By way of example only, one or more of the procedures described with respect to the methods discussed above may be implemented as code and/or instructions in the memory 860 that may be executed by the UE 105 (and/or the processor(s) 810 or DSP 820 within the UE 105). In some embodiments, such code and/or instructions may be used to configure and/or adapt a general purpose computer (or other device) to perform one or more operations in accordance with the described methods.

Fig. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a base station 120 that may be utilized as described herein above (e.g., in conjunction with fig. 1-8). It should be noted that fig. 9 is intended merely to provide a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate. In some embodiments, the base station 120 may correspond to a gNB, a ng-eNB, and/or (more generally) a TRP.

Base station 120 is shown to include hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via bus 905 (or may be otherwise in communication as appropriate). The hardware elements may include processor(s) 910, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more general purpose processors, one or more special purpose processors (such as DSP chips, graphics acceleration processors, ASICs, etc.), and/or other processing structures or devices. As shown in fig. 9, some embodiments may have a separate DSP 920 depending on the desired functionality. According to some embodiments, wireless communication based location determination and/or other determinations may be provided in the processor(s) 910 and/or the wireless communication interface 930 (discussed below). The base station 120 may also include one or more input devices, which may include, but are not limited to, a keyboard, display, mouse, microphone, keys, dials, switches, etc.; the one or more output devices may include, but are not limited to, a display, a Light Emitting Diode (LED), a speaker, and the like.

The base station 120 may also include a wireless communication interface 930, which wireless communication interface 930 may include, but is not limited to, a modem, a network card, an infrared communication device, a wireless communication device, and/or a chipset (such as

Devices, IEEE 802.11 devices, IEEE 802.15.4 devices, wi-Fi devices, wiMAX devices, cellular communication facilities, etc.), etc., which may enable the base station 120 to communicate as described herein. The wireless communication interface 930 may permit communication (e.g., transmission and reception) of data and signaling to UEs, other base stations/TRPs (e.g., enbs, gnbs, and ng-enbs), and/or other network components, computer systems, and/or any other electronic devices described herein. Communication may be performed via one or more wireless communication antennas 932 that transmit and/or receive wireless signals 934.

The base station 120 may also include a network interface 980, which may include support for wired communication techniques. The network interface 980 may include a modem, network card, chipset, or the like. The network interface 980 may include one or more input and/or output communication interfaces to permit exchange of data with a network, a communication network server, a computer system, and/or any other electronic device described herein.

In many embodiments, the base station 120 may further include a memory 960. Memory 960 may include, but is not limited to, local and/or network accessible storage, disk drives, arrays of drives, optical storage devices, solid state storage devices (such as RAM and/or ROM), which may be programmable, flash updateable, and the like. Such storage devices may be configured to enable any suitable data storage, including but not limited to various file systems, database structures, and the like.

The memory 960 of the base station 120 may also include software elements (not shown in fig. 9) including an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and/or other code (such as one or more application programs), which may include computer programs provided by the various embodiments, and/or may be designed to implement methods provided by the other embodiments, and/or configure systems provided by the other embodiments, as described herein. By way of example only, one or more of the procedures described with respect to the methods discussed above may be implemented as code and/or instructions in memory 960 that may be executed by base station 120 (and/or processor(s) 910 or DSP 920 within base station 120). In some embodiments, such code and/or instructions may be used to configure and/or adapt a general purpose computer (or other device) to perform one or more operations in accordance with the described methods.

Fig. 10 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a computer system 1000 that may be used, in whole or in part, to provide the functionality of one or more network components (e.g., location server 160 of fig. 1 or LMF 220 of fig. 2 and 6) as described in embodiments herein. It should be noted that fig. 10 is intended merely to provide a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate. Thus, fig. 10 broadly illustrates how individual system elements may be implemented in a relatively separate or relatively more integrated manner. In addition, it may be noted that the components illustrated by fig. 10 may be localized to a single device and/or distributed among various networked devices that may be disposed at different geographic locations.

Computer system 1000 is shown to include hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via bus 1005 (or may be otherwise in communication as appropriate). The hardware elements may include processor(s) 1010, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more general purpose processors, one or more special purpose processors (such as digital signal processing chips, graphics acceleration processors, etc.), and/or other processing structures, which may be configured to perform one or more of the methods described herein. The computer system 1000 may further include: one or more input devices 1015, which may include, but are not limited to, a mouse, keyboard, camera, microphone, and the like; and one or more output devices 1020, which can include, but are not limited to, a display device, a printer, and the like.

Computer system 1000 may further include (and/or be in communication with) one or more non-transitory storage devices 1025, which may include, but are not limited to, local and/or network accessible storage, and/or may include, but are not limited to, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid state storage devices (such as RAM and/or ROM), which may be programmable, flash updateable, and the like. Such storage devices may be configured to enable any suitable data storage, including but not limited to various file systems, database structures, and the like. Such data stores may include databases and/or other data structures for storing and managing messages and/or other information to be sent to one or more devices via a hub, as described herein.

Computer system 1000 may also include a communication subsystem 1030 that may include wireless communication technologies managed and controlled by a wireless communication interface 1033, as well as wired technologies such as ethernet, coaxial communications, universal Serial Bus (USB), etc. Wireless communication interface 1033 may include one or more wireless transceivers that may transmit and receive wireless signals 1055 (e.g., signals in accordance with 5G NR or LTE) via wireless antenna 1050. Thus, the communication subsystem 1030 may include a modem, a network card (wireless or wired), an infrared communication device, a wireless communication device, and/or a chipset, etc., which may enable the computer system 1000 to communicate with any device (including User Equipment (UE), base stations and/or other TRPs, and/or any other electronic device described herein) on a corresponding network over any or all of the communication networks described herein. Accordingly, the communication subsystem 1030 may be used to receive and transmit data as described in embodiments herein.

In many embodiments, computer system 1000 will further include a working memory 1035, which may comprise a RAM or ROM device, as described above. Software elements shown as being within working memory 1035 may include operating system 1040, device drivers, executable libraries, and/or other code (such as one or more applications 1045), which may include computer programs provided by the various embodiments, and/or may be designed to implement methods provided by and/or configure systems provided by other embodiments, as described herein. By way of example only, one or more of the procedures described with respect to the methods discussed above may be implemented as code and/or instructions executable by a computer (and/or a processor within a computer); in an aspect, such code and/or instructions may then be used to configure and/or adapt a general purpose computer (or other device) to perform one or more operations in accordance with the described methods.

The set of instructions and/or code may be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as storage device(s) 1025 described above. In some cases, the storage medium may be incorporated into a computer system (such as computer system 1000). In other embodiments, the storage medium may be separate from the computer system (e.g., a removable medium such as an optical disk) and/or may be provided in an installation package such that the storage medium may be used to program, configure, and/or adapt a general purpose computer with the instructions/code stored therein. These instructions may take the form of executable code (which may be executed by computer system 1000) and/or may take the form of source code and/or installable code, which upon compilation and/or installation (e.g., using various general purpose compilers, installers, compression/decompression utilities, etc.) on computer system 1000.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantial modifications may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets, etc.), or both. Further, connections to other computing devices, such as network input/output devices, may be employed.

Referring to the figures, components that may include memory may include a non-transitory machine-readable medium. The terms "machine-readable medium" and "computer-readable medium" as used herein refer to any storage medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operation in a specific fashion. In the embodiments provided above, various machine-readable media may be involved in providing instructions/code to a processor and/or other device(s) for execution. Additionally or alternatively, a machine-readable medium may be used to store and/or carry such instructions/code. In many implementations, the computer-readable medium is a physical and/or tangible storage medium. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example: magnetic and/or optical media, any other physical medium that has a pattern of holes, RAM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read instructions and/or code.

The methods, systems, and devices discussed herein are examples. Various embodiments may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For example, features described with reference to certain embodiments may be combined in various other embodiments. The different aspects and elements of the embodiments may be combined in a similar manner. The various components of the figures provided herein may be embodied in hardware and/or software. Moreover, the technology will evolve and, thus, many of the elements are examples, which do not limit the scope of the disclosure to those particular examples.

It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, information, values, elements, symbols, characters, variables, terms, numbers, numerals, or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "ascertaining," "identifying," "associating," "measuring," "performing," or the like, refer to the action or processes of a particular apparatus (such as a special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device). Thus, in the context of this specification, a special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device is capable of manipulating or transforming signals, typically represented as physical, electrical, or magnetic quantities within the special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device's memories, registers, or other information storage, transmission, or display devices.

The terms "and" or "as used herein may include various meanings that are also expected to depend at least in part on the context in which such terms are used. Generally, or, if used in connection with a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B and C (inclusive meaning as used herein) and A, B or C (exclusive meaning as used herein). Furthermore, the terms "one or more" as used herein may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular or may be used to describe some combination of features, structures, or characteristics. It should be noted, however, that this is merely an illustrative example and claimed subject matter is not limited to this example. Furthermore, the term "at least one of" if used in association with a list, such as A, B or C, may be interpreted to mean any combination of A, B and/or C, such as A, AB, AA, AAB, AABBCCC, etc.

Having described several embodiments, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the above elements may be merely components of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the various embodiments. Furthermore, several steps may be taken before, during or after the above elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description does not limit the scope of the present disclosure.

As with this description, various embodiments may include different combinations of features. Examples of implementations are described in the following numbered clauses.

Clause 1. A method of providing a positioning measurement report for determining a position of a first User Equipment (UE), the method comprising: obtaining, with a first UE, a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between the first UE and a second UE; obtaining, with the first UE, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by the base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window; and transmitting, with the first UE, information indicating the first measurement and information indicating the second measurement.

Clause 2 the method of clause 1, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises information indicative of a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) based on the first measurement of the first reference signal and the second measurement of the second reference signal.

Clause 3 the method of clause 2, wherein the first UE determines the RSTD at least in part by using the base station as a reference node for RSTD determination.

Clause 4 the method of clause 2, wherein the first UE receives an indication that the second UE meets the accuracy threshold, and in response to the indication that the second UE meets the accuracy threshold, the first UE uses the second UE as a reference node in determining the RSTD.

Clause 5 the method of any of clauses 1-4, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises information indicative of a Round Trip Time (RTT) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

Clause 6 the method of clause 5, wherein obtaining the first measurement comprises determining a first Rx-Tx measurement based on the first reference signal, wherein: the first UE further receives second Rx-Tx measurements made by the second UE via the SL interface; and transmitting the information indicative of the RTT based on the first measurement of the first reference signal includes transmitting: the first and second Rx-Tx measurements, or the RTT determined from the first and second Rx-Tx measurements, or any combination thereof.

Clause 7 the method of any of clauses 1-6, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises an indication of an angle of departure (AoD) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

Clause 8 the method of clause 7, wherein the indication of the AoD based on the first measurement of the first reference signal comprises a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement of the first reference signal and a beam ID.

Clause 9 the method of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises an indication of an angle of arrival (AoA) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

Clause 10 the method of clause 9, wherein the indication of the AoA based on the first measurement of the first reference signal comprises an orientation and a receive beam or angle of the first UE.

Clause 11 the method of any of clauses 1-10, wherein transmitting the information indicative of the first measurement and the information indicative of the second measurement comprises transmitting the information to a location server.

The method of any of clauses 1-11, wherein the predetermined time window comprises a time window defined by: a number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) slots, a number of OFDM subframes, a number of OFDM frames, a start time and an end time, a time duration, a number of Measurement Gaps (MGs), or a number of processing windows, or a combination thereof.

Clause 13 the method of any of clauses 1-12, further comprising: information indicative of the predetermined time window is received with the first UE before the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained.

Clause 14. A first User Equipment (UE) providing a positioning measurement report for determining a location of the first UE, the first UE comprising: a transceiver; a memory; and one or more processors communicatively coupled with the transceiver and the memory, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: using the transceiver to obtain a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between a first UE and a second UE; obtaining, using the transceiver, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by the base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window; and transmitting information indicative of the first measurement and information indicative of the second measurement using the transceiver.

Clause 15 the first UE of clause 14, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the first measurement information indicative of a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) based on the first measurement of the first reference signal and the second measurement of the second reference signal.

Clause 16 the first UE of clause 15, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine the RSTD at least in part by using the base station as a reference node for the RSTD determination.

Clause 17 the first UE of clause 15, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receiving an indication that the second UE meets an accuracy threshold; and in response to receiving the indication that the second UE meets the accuracy threshold, using the second UE as a reference node for determining the RSTD.

Clause 18 the first UE of any of clauses 14 to 17, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the first measurement information indicative of a Round Trip Time (RTT) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

Clause 19, the first UE of clause 18, wherein to obtain the first measurement, the one or more processors are configured to determine a first Rx-Tx measurement based on the first reference signal, wherein: the one or more processors are configured to receive, via the SL interface, second Rx-Tx measurements made by a second UE; and the one or more processors are configured to send the information indicative of the RTT based on the first measurement of the first reference signal, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the RTT: the first and second Rx-Tx measurements, or the RTT determined from the first and second Rx-Tx measurements, or any combination thereof.

Clause 20 the first UE of any of clauses 14-19, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the first measurement an indication of an angle of departure (AoD) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

Clause 21 the first UE of clause 20, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement and a beam ID of the first reference signal in the indication of the AoD based on the first measurement of the first reference signal.

Clause 22 the first UE of any of clauses 14-21, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the first measurement an indication of an angle of arrival (AoA) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

Clause 23 the first UE of clause 22, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include the orientation and receive beam or angle of the first UE in the indication of the AoA based on the first measurement of the first reference signal.

Clause 24 the first UE of any of clauses 14-23, wherein to send the information indicative of the first measurement and the information indicative of the second measurement, the one or more processors are configured to send the information to a location server.

Clause 25 the first UE of any of clauses 14-24, wherein the predetermined time window comprises a time window defined by: a number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) slots, a number of OFDM subframes, a number of OFDM frames, a start time and an end time, a time duration, a number of Measurement Gaps (MGs), or a number of processing windows, or a combination thereof.

Clause 26 the first UE of any of clauses 14-25, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive, via the transceiver, information indicative of the predetermined time window prior to obtaining the first measurement and the second measurement.

Clause 27 an apparatus for providing a positioning measurement report for determining a position of a first User Equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising means for obtaining the method of any of clauses 1-14.

Clause 28. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for providing a positioning measurement report for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE), the instructions comprising code for obtaining the method of any of clauses 1-14.

Claims

1. A method of providing a positioning measurement report for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE), the method comprising:

Obtaining, with the first UE, a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between the first UE and a second UE;

obtaining, with the first UE, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by a base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window; and

transmitting, with the first UE, information indicating the first measurement and information indicating the second measurement.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises information indicative of a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) based on the first measurement of the first reference signal and the second measurement of the second reference signal.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first UE determines the RSTD at least in part by using the base station as a reference node for RSTD determination.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first UE receives an indication that the second UE meets an accuracy threshold, and in response to the indication that the second UE meets the accuracy threshold, the first UE uses the second UE as a reference node in determining the RSTD.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises information indicative of a Round Trip Time (RTT) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein obtaining the first measurement comprises determining a first Rx-Tx measurement based on the first reference signal, wherein:

the first UE further receives second Rx-Tx measurements made by the second UE via the SL interface; and is also provided with

Transmitting the information indicative of the RTT based on the first measurement of the first reference signal includes transmitting:

the first and second Rx-Tx measurements, or

The RTT determined from the first Rx-Tx measurement and the second Rx-Tx measurement, or

Any combination thereof.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises an indication of an angle of departure (AoD) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the indication of the AoD based on the first measurement of the first reference signal comprises a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement of the first reference signal and a beam ID.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the information indicative of the first measurement comprises an indication of an angle of arrival (AoA) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the indication of the AoA based on the first measurement of the first reference signal comprises an orientation and a receive beam or angle of the first UE.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the information indicative of the first measurement and the information indicative of the second measurement comprises transmitting the information to a location server.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined time window comprises a time window defined by:

a number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) slots,

a number of OFDM subframes may be used,

a number of OFDM frames,

a start time and an end time,

the duration of the time period is such that,

several Measurement Gaps (MG), or

Several processing windows, or

A combination thereof.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to obtaining the first measurement and the second measurement, receiving, with the first UE, information indicative of the predetermined time window.

14. A first User Equipment (UE) that provides a positioning measurement report for determining a location of the first UE, the first UE comprising:

A transceiver;

a memory; and

one or more processors communicatively coupled with the transceiver and the memory, wherein the one or more processors are configured to:

obtaining, using the transceiver, a first measurement of a first reference signal transmitted via a Side Link (SL) interface between the first UE and a second UE;

obtaining, using the transceiver, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by a base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window; and

the transceiver is used to transmit information indicative of the first measurement and information indicative of the second measurement.

15. The first UE of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include, in the information indicative of the first measurement, information indicative of a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) based on the first measurement of the first reference signal and the second measurement of the second reference signal.

16. The first UE of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine the RSTD at least in part by using the base station as a reference node for RSTD determination.

17. The first UE of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:

receiving an indication that the second UE meets an accuracy threshold; and

in response to receiving the indication that the second UE meets the accuracy threshold, the second UE is used as a reference node for determining the RSTD.

18. The first UE of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include, in the information indicative of the first measurement, information indicative of a Round Trip Time (RTT) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

19. The first UE of claim 18, wherein to obtain the first measurement, the one or more processors are configured to determine a first Rx-Tx measurement based on the first reference signal, wherein:

the one or more processors are configured to receive, via the SL interface, second Rx-Tx measurements made by the second UE; and is also provided with

The one or more processors are configured to send the information indicative of the RTT based on the first measurement of the first reference signal, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the RTT:

The first and second Rx-Tx measurements, or

Any combination thereof.

20. The first UE of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the first measurement an indication of a departure angle (AoD) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

21. The first UE of claim 20, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement and a beam ID of the first reference signal in the indication of the AoD based on the first measurement of the first reference signal.

22. The first UE of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include in the information indicative of the first measurement an indication of an angle of arrival (AoA) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

23. The first UE of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors are configured to include an orientation and a receive beam or angle of the first UE in the indication of the AoA based on the first measurement of the first reference signal.

24. The first UE of claim 14, wherein to transmit the information indicative of the first measurement and information indicative of the second measurement, the one or more processors are configured to transmit the information to a location server.

25. The first UE of claim 14, wherein the predetermined time window comprises a time window defined by:

a number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) slots,

a number of OFDM subframes may be used,

a number of OFDM frames,

a start time and an end time,

the duration of the time period is such that,

several Measurement Gaps (MG), or

Several processing windows, or

A combination thereof.

26. The first UE of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive, via the transceiver, information indicative of the predetermined time window prior to obtaining the first measurement and the second measurement.

27. An apparatus that provides positioning measurement reports for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising:

means for obtaining, at the first UE, a first measurement of a first reference signal sent via a Side Link (SL) interface between the first UE and a second UE;

means for obtaining, at the first UE, a second measurement of a second reference signal transmitted by a base station, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are obtained within a predetermined time window; and

Means for transmitting information indicative of the first measurement and information indicative of the second measurement.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein means for transmitting information indicative of the first measurement comprises means for transmitting information indicative of a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) based on the first measurement of the first reference signal and the second measurement of the second reference signal.

29. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein means for sending information indicative of the first measurement comprises means for sending an indication of a Round Trip Time (RTT) of the first measurement based on the first reference signal.

30. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for providing a positioning measurement report for determining a location of a first User Equipment (UE), the instructions comprising code for: