CN116192725B - Distributed SDN controller deployment method, system and equipment based on FPS algorithm - Google Patents
Distributed SDN controller deployment method, system and equipment based on FPS algorithm Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
According to the distributed SDN controller deployment method, system and equipment based on the FPS algorithm, the link transmission delay is used as the distance weight between two nodes through the existing network connection topological graph; according to the weight value between each link, the theoretical distance between each node is used as the logic distance between the calculation nodes in the FPS algorithm; the node positions of N positions are obtained to serve as deployment sites of the core controllers, the areas with corresponding sizes are distributed to serve as sub-areas according to the storage capacity or the connection quantity of each controller, each core controller serves as a starting point in an FPS algorithm, and the obtained theoretical distance serves as a logical distance between the nodes to reconstruct a set of M nodes to serve as the deployment sites of the area controllers. The invention enables the deployment of SDN controllers to be more uniform, enables the delay cost, load, storage capacity and the like of the connection link between the controllers and the switch to be correspondingly planned, and enables the whole network to be more stable and reliable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of SDN controller deployment, in particular to a distributed SDN controller deployment method, system and equipment based on an FPS algorithm.
Background
SDN is a technology for separating a network control plane from a forwarding plane, so that the control plane and a data plane can be evolved independently, and a logic-concentrated, open and programmable control plane and a unified and standardized southbound interface are designed, thereby realizing more automatic configuration and policy-based network resource management. Since SDN is proposed, related research and industrialization application are rapidly developed, and a new direction is provided for innovation breakthrough of future networks.
For large-scale networks, the controller is typically divided into a plurality of constituent domains. When only a single centralized controller is used to process switch requests, the switch requests of other domains may have a large delay, affecting the network processing performance of other domains, which may become intolerable as the network scale further increases. In addition, this control mode has a single point of failure problem. If multiple controllers are distributed throughout the network and the logic center control characteristics are maintained, each switch interacts with its own adjacent controller, reducing delay and avoiding single point failure problems, thereby improving overall network performance.
In general, with expansion of network topology and increase of network traffic, a single SDN controller is limited in aspects such as expansibility and reliability when managing a network, and it is difficult to guarantee network quality under a large network topology. Managing deployment locations of multiple SDN controllers is therefore an efficient way to achieve a fast network response for a given network topology.
Disclosure of Invention
The distributed SDN controller deployment method, system and equipment based on the FPS algorithm can at least solve one of the technical problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a distributed SDN controller deployment method based on FPS algorithm comprises the following steps,
firstly, obtaining a network connection topological graph of each switch or router node and link transmission delay among each link through a switch or router in the existing network architecture, and taking the link transmission delay as a distance weight between two nodes;
then according to the distance weight value between each link, theoretical distance between each node is obtained;
the node positions of N positions are firstly obtained through an FPS algorithm to serve as deployment sites of the core controllers, areas with corresponding sizes are distributed to serve as sub-areas according to the storage capacity or the connection quantity of each controller, each core controller serves as a starting point in the FPS algorithm in each area, and an M-node set is reconstructed to serve as the deployment sites of the area controllers by taking the obtained theoretical distance as a logical distance between the nodes.
Further, when the core controller is selected, a switch or a router on the backbone network is selected as a node set B in the FPS algorithm, the selected node set is marked as A, the number of elements in the set A is k, and the logic distance between the nodes is a weight taking the delay Di and j between links between the nodes as a theoretical distance.
Further, the method further comprises an SDN core controller deployment step:
s11, assuming that the number of nodes of a switch or a router in the backbone network is N, the number of sampled nodes is N points, N
n, then the entire set of points f= { F1, F2, …, fn };
for the selection of the first point, the transmission delays Di, j between all nodes in the set F of points are computationally ordered,
wherein->
I and j represent nodes numbered i and j, and Di and j are transmission delays between the two nodes; after calculating the transmission delay of each node, sorting the transmission delays, taking the node with the smallest total transmission delay as a first point, if the total transmission delay of two or more nodes is equal, randomly selecting one node from the nodes as the first point, placing the fi node into the set A, then setting the set A= { fi }, and setting other node sets after the fi node is removed from the set F into the set B;
s12, calculating the distance from the remaining n-1 points to fi, selecting a node with the largest distance, assuming fj, writing the node into the set A, wherein A= { fi, fj }, deleting fj nodes in the set B, and remaining n-2 nodes;
s13, calculating the distance from the remaining n-2 points in the set B to the point fi in the set A, selecting a minimum distance value to be di, wherein the assumed point is fk, calculating the distance from the n-2 points to the fj in the set A, selecting a minimum distance value to be dj, wherein the assumed point is fl, and then selecting a larger value in di and dj, and assuming di > dj; then put the chosen fk into the point set a= { fi, fj, fk }, and delete the fk nodes in the B set, leaving n-3 nodes;
s14, repeating the step S13 until the number N of the needed sampling points is selected, and terminating operation;
and the core controller is directly deployed at the place of the switch or the router of the selected node, so that the deployment of the core controller in the whole network is completed.
Further, for each selected core controller, a SDN control area is correspondingly set, and in the area, the core controller and the core controllers in other areas interact with related information, so that a topology diagram of the whole network is obtained;
and the number of zone controllers within a zone is defined according to the number of switches or routers within each zone.
Further, the method further comprises an SDN regional controller deployment step:
assuming that the total amount in the area is S, the number of switch connections per controller is 100, and the number of area controllers is m=s/100;
in the area, a first point of the FPS sampling points takes a core controller as a first element, then M nodes are selected out, and the operation is terminated;
and the controller in the area manages the switches connected with the controller in the area to obtain corresponding local network topology diagrams, and then the controller in the area shares the local network topology diagrams to complete the network topology diagrams in the area and the consistency of related routing protocols.
On the other hand, the invention also discloses a distributed SDN controller deployment system based on the FPS algorithm, which comprises a core controller deployment system and a regional controller deployment system;
the core controller deployment system divides the whole network into a plurality of areas, each area is internally provided with a core controller, and the core controllers not only plan and store routing protocols and path topological graphs in the areas, but also perform information interaction on the core controllers in other areas, so that each core controller can have the topological structure of the whole network;
the regional controller deployment system distributes regional controllers in the region where each core controller is located, the regional controllers are not only used for distributing and editing related protocols of switches or routers connected inside the region, but also play a standby role for the core controllers, after the core controllers have problems, other controllers inside the region immediately take over the positions of the core controllers, interact with the core controllers of other regions, and become the core controllers of the region after the core controllers in the region have obtained feedback of the core controllers of other regions.
Further, after periodic checking, the operator can timely redeploy a new regional controller in the region, so that the regional controller is prevented from being loaded more.
In yet another aspect, the invention also discloses a computer readable storage medium storing a computer program which, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the method as described above.
In yet another aspect, the invention also discloses a computer device comprising a memory and a processor, the memory storing a computer program which, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the method as above.
As can be seen from the above technical solution, in order to solve the problem of deployment of the SDN controller, the deployment method of the distributed SDN controller based on the FPS algorithm according to the FPS algorithm makes deployment of the SDN controller more uniform in the whole network, so that delay overhead, load, storage capacity and the like of a connection link between the controller and a switch are correspondingly planned, and the whole network operates more stably and reliably.
Specifically, the distributed SDN controller deployment method based on the FPS algorithm performs corresponding algorithm design for deployment of an SDN multi-controller architecture, and performs corresponding design on an existing network by using an existing point cloud algorithm FPS, so that deployment of an SDN controller can be better implemented on the existing network without damaging an existing network connection system. The FPS algorithm has the advantage of covering as many as possible all network nodes, but needs to calculate all distances multiple times, thus having the problem of high complexity and high time consumption, and in order to reduce the calculation amount, the link nodes of the core controller select routers and switches for the backbone network.
The original FPS algorithm aims at the physical distance, the time consumption for acquiring the physical distance in a network connection system is more, and the corresponding security privacy is involved, so that the time delay between two nodes is used as the value of the physical distance in the FPS algorithm for complete and stable network connection. Deployment of the SDN controller according to the final node set can greatly solve the problem of synchronous delay of information transmission between two areas, so that data transmission of the SDN controller is more stable.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a system block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a SDN controller deployment flow diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an SDN core controller deployment algorithm of an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flowchart of an SDN area controller deployment algorithm in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, in the distributed SDN controller deployment method based on the FPS algorithm according to this embodiment, the whole system architecture is mainly divided into two main distributions, a core controller topology map and a regional controller topology map.
The following are respectively described:
the core controller: the deployment of the core controllers divides the whole network into a plurality of areas, and each area is internally provided with one core controller, so that the main effect of the deployment is not only to plan and store routing protocols and path topological diagrams in the areas, but also to interact information with the core controllers in other areas, so that each core controller can have the topological structure of the whole network, and user data can be transmitted in the network more quickly and reliably.
Area controller: the method comprises the steps that each core controller is distributed in an area where the core controller is located, the area controller is used for distributing and editing related protocols of a switch or a router connected inside the area, the core controller is also used for standby, after the core controller has a problem, other controllers inside the area immediately take over the positions of the core controller and interact with the core controllers of other areas, after the core controllers in the area have obtained feedback of the core controllers of other areas, the area controller becomes the core controller of the area, and an operator can timely redeploy a new area controller in the area after periodic checking, so that the load of the area controller is prevented from being large.
Fig. 2 is an SDN controller deployment flow chart: in the system, firstly, a network connection topological diagram of each switch or router node and a transmission delay D between each link are obtained through a switch or a router in the existing network architecture i,j The link transmission delay is taken as a distance weight between two nodes. ThenAnd according to the weight value between each link, the theoretical distance between each node is used as the logic distance between the calculation nodes in the FPS algorithm.
The node positions of N positions are firstly obtained through an FPS algorithm to serve as deployment sites of the core controllers, areas with corresponding sizes are distributed to serve as sub-areas according to the storage capacity or the connection quantity of each controller, each core controller serves as a starting point in the FPS algorithm in each area, and an M-node set is reconstructed to serve as the deployment sites of the area controllers by taking the obtained theoretical distance as a logical distance between the nodes.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an SDN core controller deployment algorithm: in order to reduce complexity of the FPS algorithm, when the core controller is selected, a switch or a router on the backbone network is selected as a node set B in the FPS algorithm, the selected node set is denoted as a, the number of elements in the set a is k, and a logical distance between the nodes is obtained by delaying D between links between the nodes i,j As a weight of the theoretical distance.
Assuming that the number of nodes of a switch or router in the backbone network is N, the number of sampled nodes is N points (N
n), then the entire set of points f= { F1, F2, …, fn }.
(1) For the selection of the first point, the transmission delays Di, j between all nodes in the set F of points are computationally ordered,
，/>
i and j represent nodes numbered i and j, and Di, j is the transmission delay between the two nodes, which is the total amount of delay for that point. After calculating the transmission delay of each node, sorting the transmission delays, selecting the node with the smallest total transmission delay as the first point, and randomly selecting the node from the nodes if the total transmission delays of two or more nodes are equalOne node is selected as the first point. The fi node is placed into set a. Set a= { fi }, and the other node sets in the F set after the fi node is removed are put into set B.
Calculating the distance from the remaining n-1 points to fi, selecting the node with the largest distance, assuming fj, writing the node into the set A, wherein A= { fi, fj }, deleting fj nodes in the set B, and remaining n-2 nodes;
the distance from the remaining n-2 points in the set B to the point fi in the set A is calculated, the smallest distance value is assumed to be di, wherein the assumed point is fk, the distance from the n-2 points to the fj in the set A is calculated, the smallest distance value is assumed to be dj, wherein the assumed point is fl, and then a larger value in di and dj is selected, and the assumption that di > dj is made. Then put the chosen fk into the point set a= { fi, fj, fk }, and delete the fk nodes in the B set, leaving n-3 nodes;
(2) Repeating the step (3) until the number N of the needed sampling points is selected, and terminating the operation.
And the core controller is directly deployed at the place of the switch or the router of the selected node, so that the deployment of the core controller in the whole network is completed.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an SDN zone controller deployment algorithm; and (3) correspondingly selecting each core controller as an SDN control area, and carrying out interaction of related information between the core controller and the core controllers in other areas in the area, so as to obtain a topological graph of the whole network. And the number of zone controllers within a zone is defined according to the number of switches or routers within each zone. Assuming that the total amount in the area is S, since the number of switch connections per controller is 100, the number of area controllers is m=s/100.
In this region, the first point of the FPS sampling point takes the core controller as the first element. And then selecting M nodes according to the sampling mode of the FPS algorithm, and terminating operation. The whole point set F= { F1, F2, …, fs }, the sampled nodes are put into a set A, the rest nodes are put into a set B, and the FPS specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) For the selection of the first point, the transmission delays Di, j between all nodes in the set F of points are computationally ordered,
wherein->
I and j represent nodes numbered i and j, and Di, j is the transmission delay between the two nodes, which is the total amount of delay for that point. After the transmission delay of each node is calculated, the transmission delays are ordered, the node with the smallest total transmission delay is selected as a first point, and if the total transmission delays of two or more nodes are equal, one node is selected as the first point at random. The fi node is placed into set a. Set a= { fi }, and the other node sets in the F set after the fi node is removed are put into B.
(2) Calculating the distance from the rest S-1 points to fi, selecting the node with the largest distance, assuming fj, writing the node into the set A, wherein A= { fi, fj }, deleting fj nodes in the set B, and the rest S-2 nodes;
(3) Calculating the distance from the rest S-2 points in the set B to the point fi in the set A, selecting the smallest distance value to be di, wherein the assumed point is fk, calculating the distance from the rest S-2 points to the fj in the set A, selecting the smallest distance value to be dj, wherein the assumed point is fl, and then selecting the larger value in di and dj, and assuming di > dj. Then put the chosen fk into the point set a= { fi, fj, fk }, and delete the fk nodes in the B set, leaving S-3 nodes;
(4) Repeating the step (3) until the number M of the needed sampling points is selected, and terminating the operation.
And the controller in the area manages the switches connected with the controller in the area to obtain corresponding local network topology diagrams, and then the controller in the area shares the local network topology diagrams to complete the network topology diagrams in the area and the consistency of related routing protocols.
In summary, according to the distributed SDN controller deployment method based on the FPS algorithm in the embodiment of the present invention, the deployment of SDN controllers in the whole network is more uniform according to the FPS algorithm, so that delay overhead, load, storage capacity and the like of a connection link between the controllers and the switch are correspondingly planned, and the whole network is more stable and reliable in operation.
In yet another aspect, the invention also discloses a computer readable storage medium storing a computer program which, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the method as described above.
In yet another aspect, the invention also discloses a computer device comprising a memory and a processor, the memory storing a computer program which, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the method as above.
In yet another embodiment provided herein, a computer program product containing instructions that, when run on a computer, cause the computer to perform any of the above embodiments of a distributed SDN controller deployment method based on an FPS algorithm is also provided.
It may be understood that the system provided by the embodiment of the present invention corresponds to the method provided by the embodiment of the present invention, and explanation, examples and beneficial effects of the related content may refer to corresponding parts in the above method.
The embodiment of the application also provides an electronic device, which comprises a processor, a communication interface, a memory and a communication bus, wherein the processor, the communication interface and the memory are communicated with each other through the communication bus,
a memory for storing a computer program;
the processor is configured to implement the above-described distributed SDN controller deployment method based on the FPS algorithm when executing a program stored on the memory, where the method includes:
firstly, obtaining a network connection topological graph of each switch or router node and link transmission delay among each link through a switch or router in the existing network architecture, and taking the link transmission delay as a distance weight between two nodes;
then according to the distance weight value between each link, theoretical distance between each node is obtained;
the node positions of N positions are firstly obtained through an FPS algorithm to serve as deployment sites of the core controllers, areas with corresponding sizes are distributed to serve as sub-areas according to the storage capacity or the connection quantity of each controller, each core controller serves as a starting point in the FPS algorithm in each area, and an M-node set is reconstructed to serve as the deployment sites of the area controllers by taking the obtained theoretical distance as a logical distance between the nodes.
The communication bus mentioned by the above electronic device may be a peripheral component interconnect standard (english: peripheral Component Interconnect, abbreviated: PCI) bus or an extended industry standard architecture (english: extended Industry Standard Architecture, abbreviated: EISA) bus, or the like. The communication bus may be classified as an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, or the like.
The communication interface is used for communication between the electronic device and other devices.
The Memory may include random access Memory (Random Access Memory, abbreviated as RAM) or nonvolatile Memory (NVM), such as at least one disk Memory. Optionally, the memory may also be at least one memory device located remotely from the aforementioned processor.
The processor may be a general-purpose processor, including a central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU for short), a network processor (Network Processor, NP for short), etc.; it may also be a digital signal processor (English: digital Signal Processing; DSP; for short), an application specific integrated circuit (English: application Specific Integrated Circuit; ASIC; for short), a Field programmable gate array (English: field-Programmable Gate Array; FPGA; for short), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic device, discrete hardware components.
In the above embodiments, it may be implemented in whole or in part by software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, may be implemented in whole or in part in the form of a computer program product. The computer program product includes one or more computer instructions. When loaded and executed on a computer, produces a flow or function in accordance with embodiments of the present application, in whole or in part. The computer may be a general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a computer network, or other programmable apparatus. The computer instructions may be stored in or transmitted from one computer-readable storage medium to another, for example, by wired (e.g., coaxial cable, optical fiber, digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), or wireless (e.g., infrared, wireless, microwave, etc.). The computer readable storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer or a data storage device such as a server, data center, etc. that contains an integration of one or more available media. The usable medium may be a magnetic medium (e.g., floppy Disk, hard Disk, magnetic tape), an optical medium (e.g., DVD), or a semiconductor medium (e.g., solid State Disk (SSD)), etc.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
In this specification, each embodiment is described in a related manner, and identical and similar parts of each embodiment are all referred to each other, and each embodiment mainly describes differences from other embodiments. In particular, for system embodiments, since they are substantially similar to method embodiments, the description is relatively simple, as relevant to see a section of the description of method embodiments.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and are not limiting; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A distributed SDN controller deployment method based on an FPS algorithm is characterized by comprising the following steps,
firstly, obtaining a network connection topological graph of each switch or router node and link transmission delay among each link through a switch or router in the existing network architecture, and taking the link transmission delay as a distance weight between two nodes;
then according to the distance weight value between each link, theoretical distance between each node is obtained;
firstly, obtaining node positions of N positions as deployment sites of core controllers through an FPS algorithm, distributing areas with corresponding sizes as sub-areas according to the storage capacity or the connection quantity of each controller, and reconstructing a set of M nodes as deployment sites of the area controllers in each area by taking each core controller as a starting point in the FPS algorithm and taking the obtained theoretical distance as a logical distance between the nodes;
when the core controller is selected, a switch or a router on the backbone network is selected as a node set B in the FPS algorithm, the selected node set is marked as A, the number of elements in the set A is k, and the logical distance between the nodes is a weight taking the link transmission delay between links between the nodes as a theoretical distance.
2. The FPS algorithm-based distributed SDN controller deployment method of claim 1, wherein: the method further comprises the step of deploying SDN core controllers:
s11, assuming that the number of nodes of a switch or a router in the backbone network is N, the number of sampled nodes is N points, N
n, then the entire set of points f= { F1, F2, …, fn };
for the first point selection, the link transmission delay D between all nodes in the point set F i,j The order of the calculations is performed,
wherein->
I and j represent nodes numbered i and j, D, the total amount of delay for that point i,j Then the transmission delay between the two nodes; after calculating the transmission delay of each node, sorting the transmission delays, taking the node with the smallest total transmission delay as a first point, if the total transmission delay of two or more nodes is equal, randomly selecting one node from the nodes as the first point, placing the fi node into the set A, then setting the set A= { fi }, and setting other node sets after the fi node is removed from the set F into the set B;
s12, calculating the distance from the remaining n-1 points to fi, selecting a node with the largest distance, assuming fj, writing the node into the set A, wherein A= { fi, fj }, deleting fj nodes in the set B, and remaining n-2 nodes;
s13, calculating the distance from the remaining n-2 points in the set B to the point fi in the set A, selecting a minimum distance value to be di, wherein the assumed point is fk, calculating the distance from the n-2 points to the fj in the set A, selecting a minimum distance value to be dj, wherein the assumed point is fl, and then selecting a larger value in di and dj, and assuming di > dj; then put the chosen fk into the point set a= { fi, fj, fk }, and delete the fk nodes in the B set, leaving n-3 nodes;
s14, repeating the step S13 until the number N of the needed sampling points is selected, and terminating operation;
and the core controller is directly deployed at the place of the switch or the router of the selected node, so that the deployment of the core controller in the whole network is completed.
3. The FPS algorithm-based distributed SDN controller deployment method of claim 2, characterized by: for each selected core controller, a SDN control area is correspondingly formed, and in the area, the core controller and the core controllers of other areas interact with related information, so that a topological graph of the whole network is obtained;
and the number of zone controllers within a zone is defined according to the number of switches or routers within each zone.
4. The FPS algorithm-based distributed SDN controller deployment method of claim 3, characterized by: the method further comprises the step of deploying SDN regional controllers:
assuming that the total amount in the area is S, the number of switch connections per controller is 100, and the number of area controllers is m=s/100;
in the area, a first point of the FPS sampling points takes a core controller as a first element, then M nodes are selected out, and the operation is terminated;
and the controller in the area manages the switches connected with the controller in the area to obtain corresponding local network topology diagrams, and then the controller in the area shares the local network topology diagrams to complete the network topology diagrams in the area and the consistency of related routing protocols.
5. A distributed SDN controller deployment system based on an FPS algorithm, configured to implement the FPS algorithm-based distributed SDN controller deployment method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein: the system comprises a core controller deployment system and a regional controller deployment system;
the core controller deployment system divides the whole network into a plurality of areas, each area is internally provided with a core controller, and the core controllers not only plan and store routing protocols and path topological graphs in the areas, but also perform information interaction on the core controllers in other areas, so that each core controller can have the topological structure of the whole network;
the regional controller deployment system distributes regional controllers in the region where each core controller is located, the regional controllers are not only used for distributing and editing related protocols of switches or routers connected inside the region, but also play a standby role for the core controllers, after the core controllers have problems, other controllers inside the region immediately take over the positions of the core controllers, interact with the core controllers of other regions, and become the core controllers of the region after the core controllers in the region have obtained feedback of the core controllers of other regions.
6. The FPS algorithm-based distributed SDN controller deployment system of claim 5, wherein: after periodic checking, the operator can timely redeploy a new regional controller in the region, so that the regional controller is prevented from being loaded more.
7. A computer readable device storing a computer program which, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the method of any of claims 1 to 4.
8. A computer device comprising a memory and a processor, the memory storing a computer program that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the steps of the method of any of claims 1 to 4.
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