CN116192347A - Pilot pattern generation method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium - Google Patents
Pilot pattern generation method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN116192347A CN116192347A CN202111433347.1A CN202111433347A CN116192347A CN 116192347 A CN116192347 A CN 116192347A CN 202111433347 A CN202111433347 A CN 202111433347A CN 116192347 A CN116192347 A CN 116192347A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
- H04L5/005—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver of common pilots, i.e. pilots destined for multiple users or terminals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
- H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
- H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
Abstract
The application provides a pilot pattern generation method, a device, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the field of communication. The pilot pattern generation method comprises the following steps: acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of a first time slot according to a pre-acquired pilot frequency interval and a preset position of the deepest fading subcarrier; acquiring the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to a preset pilot frequency cycle period, time slot size, total number of subcarriers, total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, OFDM symbol period and pre-acquired negotiation parameters for controlling the stepping amplitude of each pilot frequency; acquiring the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the pilot frequency cycle period, the time slot size and the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot; and acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot and the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot, and generating a pilot frequency pattern at any moment based on the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiment of the application relates to the field of communication, in particular to a pilot pattern generation method, a device, electronic equipment and a storage medium.
Background
Pilot pattern is a technique for channel estimation where both parties of communication agree in the estimation process to send signals known to both parties at fixed locations to measure unknown channels, where the specific locations where signals are placed on the time-frequency domain are called pilot patterns.
At present, pilot frequency is only inserted into a fixed frequency point, but various communication technologies tend to use higher transmission rate and higher bandwidth, which can lead two communication parties to face a channel with more serious frequency selective fading, once the fading frequency point of the channel where the communication equipment is located at a certain moment changes, if the position of the pilot frequency inserted into the fixed frequency point is far from the fading point and the fading is deep, the fading point is difficult to estimate and can cause great channel estimation errors.
Disclosure of Invention
The main purpose of the embodiments of the present application is to provide a method, an apparatus, an electronic device, and a storage medium for generating a pilot pattern whose pilot position changes with time, and to effectively solve the problem that fading points are difficult to estimate by performing channel estimation with the pilot pattern.
In order to achieve the above object, an embodiment of the present application provides a pilot pattern generating method, including: acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of a first time slot according to a pre-acquired pilot frequency interval and a preset position of the deepest fading subcarrier; acquiring the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to a preset pilot frequency cycle period, time slot size, total number of subcarriers, total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbol period and a pre-acquired negotiation parameter for controlling the stepping amplitude of each pilot frequency; acquiring the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the pilot frequency cycle period, the time slot size and the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot; and acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot and the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot, and generating a pilot frequency pattern based on the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot.
In order to achieve the above object, an embodiment of the present application further provides a pilot pattern generating device, including:
the pilot frequency parameter calculation module is used for acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot according to the pilot frequency interval acquired in advance and the position of the preset deepest fading subcarrier; acquiring the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to a preset pilot frequency cycle period, time slot size, total number of subcarriers, total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, OFDM symbol period and pre-acquired negotiation parameters for controlling the stepping amplitude of each pilot frequency; acquiring the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the pilot frequency cycle period, the time slot size and the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot; acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot and the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot;
and the pilot pattern generation module is used for generating a pilot pattern based on the position of each pilot of each time slot.
To achieve the above object, an embodiment of the present application further provides an electronic device, including: at least one processor; and a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the pilot pattern generation method described in the above embodiments.
To achieve the above object, the embodiments of the present application further provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the pilot pattern generation method described in the above embodiments.
According to the pilot pattern generation method, the device, the electronic equipment and the storage medium, the position of each pilot in each time slot is obtained by respectively calculating the position of each pilot in the first time slot, the stepping frequency of each pilot in each time slot and the position variation of each pilot in each time slot, and the complete pilot pattern at any moment is obtained based on the position. The pilot frequency pattern with the time-varying pilot frequency position can effectively solve the problem that fading points are difficult to estimate when serious frequency domain fading occurs in the channel estimation process, improves the channel estimation accuracy, does not increase any frequency spectrum overhead, and can help a receiver to obtain richer frequency domain estimation values so as to flexibly select a channel estimation algorithm.
Drawings
One or more embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a pilot pattern generation method provided by an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a pilot pattern generating device provided in an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application more apparent, the embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in the various embodiments of the present application, numerous technical details have been set forth in order to provide a better understanding of the present application. However, the technical solutions claimed in the present application can be implemented without these technical details and with various changes and modifications based on the following embodiments. The following embodiments are divided for convenience of description, and should not be construed as limiting the specific implementation of the present application, and the embodiments may be mutually combined and referred to without contradiction.
The pilot pattern generation method is mainly used for a carrier sense multiple access CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) communication system, particularly in a WIFI scene. CSMA technology refers to a method in which a communication device acquires a connection with an access device by contention and acquires a link, and after acquiring the link, the communication device may monopolize all band resources (all subcarriers) of the entire link. A complete set of general schemes are presented in the 802.11 protocol for channel estimation using pilots in the CSMA access scenario. The scheme mainly comprises a long training LTF (long training Filed) stage, a short training STF (short training Field) stage and a tracking stage. Wherein the LTF is used for fine pilot estimation, the pilot is inserted over the entire frequency band, the STF is used for synchronization and coarse pilot estimation, the same frequency pattern is sparse, and the pilots of the two parts are used for preliminary estimation of the channel. The tracking stage is used for tracking by using pilots distributed on 4 carriers and correcting the preliminary estimation in real time. The protocol specifies that the pilot at this stage has 4 pilots on subcarriers-21, -4, 4 and 21, respectively, and are transmitted at equal time intervals.
At present, pilot frequency patterns are designed by inserting pilot frequency into fixed frequency points, and channel parameters at different moments are obtained by repeatedly measuring the pilot frequency of the fixed frequency points.
However, in the WIFI scenario, the channel state is a quasi-static state, which means that the state of the channel changes slowly with time, rather than being completely static. On the one hand, because the channel state is quasi-static in the WIFI scene, the terminal equipment cannot move continuously and rapidly, so that the repeated measurement of one frequency point wastes spectrum resources greatly, and the measurement of only one frequency point is unfavorable for the deployment of a channel estimation algorithm with better performance of a receiving end. On the other hand, with the development of WIFI technology and the evolution of 802.11 standards, the WIFI physical layer is more and more prone to use a modulation mode with high frequency and large bandwidth to meet the increasing rate requirement of users, and the higher transmission frequency and the larger transmission bandwidth will lead both communication parties to face a wireless channel with more serious frequency selective fading, in this case, once the fading frequency point of the channel where the communication device is located at a certain moment changes, if the pilot frequency position inserted at the fixed frequency point is far from the fading point and the fading is deep, the fading point is difficult to estimate and causes a great channel estimation error.
The method can improve the accuracy of channel estimation by generating the pilot frequency pattern with the pilot frequency position changing along with time, and particularly can effectively track and position the position of the fading point when the channel is in a fading channel
The embodiment of the application relates to a pilot pattern generation method, as shown in fig. 1, including:
It should be noted that, the pilot pattern generation method of the present application is applied to a carrier sense multiple access CSMA communication system, and the pilot pattern is used for a short training stage STF of channel estimation. Specifically, the following formula is adopted to calculate the position of each pilot frequency in the first time slot:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,indicating the insertion position of the ith pilot of the kth slot,/->Indicating the insertion position of the ith pilot frequency of the first time slot, f p Representing the pilot spacing. It should be noted that, in order to effectively track the position of the fading point, the position of the first pilot frequency of the first time slot is defined as the position f of the deepest fading subcarrier obtained in the long training stage deep I.e. +.>Thus, after the fading point is determined in the long training process, the fading point is used as the beginning of the short training process, and the subsequent moving position of the fading point can be quickly and effectively tracked.
In addition, the preset sub-carrier position f of the deepest fading deep Obtained from a long training phase of channel estimation. Specifically, the absolute value of the channel tap coefficient on each frequency point output in the long training stage is determined, and when the absolute value of the channel tap coefficient is smaller than a preset threshold value, the frequency point corresponding to the channel tap coefficient is the position of the deepest fading subcarrier.
In one embodiment, before step 101, the method further includes: and determining a pilot frequency interval according to the total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, the total number of sub-carriers and the OFDM symbol period. Specifically, the pilot interval is calculated using the following formula:
wherein f p Indicating pilot spacing, N sub Representing the total number of sub-carriers, N pilot Representing the total number of pilots per slot, T symbol Representing the OFDM symbol period,representing a rounding down.
In this embodiment, the parameters of the total number of pilots, the total number of subcarriers, and the OFDM symbol period of each slot are set according to the specifications of the 802.11 protocol or the evolution protocol thereof. On this basis, in an embodiment, the total number of pilots per slot is inversely related to a first parameter, where the first parameter is used to indicate the quality of the channel. In particular, when the channel quality is good, the number of pilots per slot may be reduced to increase the transmission rate of data. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the total number of sub-carriers in a slot is fixed, one part of the sub-carriers carries pilot and the other part of the sub-carriers carries traffic data, so that when the number of sub-carriers carrying pilot is excessive, the transmission rate of traffic data will be greatly reduced.
That is, the total number of pilots may be set to a fixed value or a non-fixed value, and when the total number of pilots is not fixed, the total number of pilots is adjusted according to the channel quality.
In this embodiment, the parameters of the slot size, the total number of pilots per slot, the total number of subcarriers, and the OFDM symbol period are all set according to the specifications of the 802.11 protocol or its evolution protocol. The pilot cycle period is less than the channel coherence time. The channel coherence time refers to the time when the channel state is kept unchanged, and when the pilot frequency cycle period is smaller than the coherence time, the estimates of all frequency points obtained in one period can be combined to be used as one estimate, and the channel estimates or flexible combination can be respectively carried out, so that a more flexible channel estimation algorithm is provided. In addition, the pilot cycle period may preferably be set to an integer multiple of the OFDM symbol period, thereby improving the speed and accuracy of the calculation.
In one embodiment, before step 102, the method further includes: acquiring a first parameter for indicating channel quality; determining the negotiation parameters according to the first parameters; wherein the first parameter comprises one or any combination of the following: channel quality indication (Channel Quality Indicator, CQI), signal-to-noise ratio (Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR), and bit error rate (symbol error rate, SER), the first parameter being inversely related to the negotiation parameters.
Specifically, the step frequency of each pilot per slot is calculated using the following formula:
wherein Δf i Representing the step frequency, T, of each pilot per slot pilot Represents the pilot cycle period, deltat represents the small time slot, n i Representing negotiation parameters, n i The range of the values of (2) is satisfiedAnd n is i Is an integer.
In this embodiment, the step frequency is calculated in such a way that the step frequency can be uniformly found in the scanned pilot frequency region within a preset pilot frequency cycle period, for example: 1024 sub-carriers, 4 pilots and pilot cycle period of 4, when the negotiation parameter is set to 1, i.e. each step frequency will reach 64, the scanning resolution is low. When the negotiation parameter is set to ni=2, that is, the step frequency will reach 32 each time, the resolution will be improved, the sweep frequency range is accurate from 256 subcarriers to 128 subcarriers, so that the deep fading initial position obtained in the long training process is combined, and the fading condition of the channel can be tracked better. That is, when the channel quality is good, the resolution of the frequency sweep can be reduced, and when the channel quality is poor, the resolution of the frequency sweep can be improved. The process of changing the pilot position over time is called frequency sweep.
In this embodiment, the following formula is specifically adopted to calculate the position variation of each pilot frequency in each time slot and the position of each pilot frequency in each time slot:
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,indicating the position change of the ith pilot in the kth slot, <>Indicating the position of the ith pilot of the kth slot.
According to the pilot pattern generation method, the position of each pilot of each time slot is obtained by respectively calculating the position of each pilot of the first time slot, the stepping frequency of each pilot of each time slot and the position variation of each pilot of each time slot, and the complete pilot pattern at any moment is obtained based on the position. The pilot frequency pattern with the time-varying pilot frequency position can effectively solve the problem that fading points are difficult to estimate when serious frequency domain fading occurs in the channel estimation process, improves the channel estimation accuracy, does not increase any frequency spectrum overhead, and can help a receiver to obtain richer frequency domain estimation values so as to flexibly select a channel estimation algorithm.
Moreover, it should be understood that the above steps of the various methods are divided, for clarity of description, and may be combined into one step or split into multiple steps when implemented, so long as they include the same logic relationship, and all the steps are within the scope of protection of the present patent; it is within the scope of this patent to add insignificant modifications to the process or introduce insignificant designs, but not to alter the core design of the process.
An embodiment of the present application relates to a pilot pattern generating device, as shown in fig. 2, including:
a pilot parameter calculation module 201, configured to obtain a position of each pilot in the first time slot according to a pre-obtained pilot interval and a preset position of a deepest fading subcarrier; acquiring the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to a preset pilot frequency cycle period, time slot size, total number of subcarriers, total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, OFDM symbol period and pre-acquired negotiation parameters for controlling the stepping amplitude of each pilot frequency; acquiring the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the pilot frequency cycle period, the time slot size and the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot; acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot and the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot;
a pilot pattern generation module 202, configured to generate a pilot pattern based on the position of each pilot in each slot.
It should be noted that the entire pilot pattern generating apparatus may be disposed in any device in the carrier sense multiple access CSMA communication system, for example: user equipment, WIFI equipment.
It should be noted that, each module involved in this embodiment is a logic module, and one logic unit may be one physical unit, or may be a part of one physical unit, or may be implemented by a combination of multiple physical units. In addition, in order to highlight the innovative part of the present invention, units less closely related to solving the technical problem presented by the present invention are not introduced in the present embodiment, but it does not indicate that other units are not present in the present embodiment.
It is to be noted that this embodiment is an embodiment of an apparatus corresponding to an embodiment of a pilot pattern generation method, and this embodiment may be implemented in cooperation with the above-described embodiment. The related technical details mentioned in the above embodiments are still valid in this embodiment, and are not repeated here for reducing repetition. Accordingly, the related technical details mentioned in the present embodiment can also be applied in the above-described method embodiments.
An embodiment of the present invention relates to an electronic device, as shown in fig. 3, including: at least one processor 301; and a memory 302 communicatively coupled to the at least one processor 301; wherein the memory 302 stores instructions executable by the at least one processor 301, the instructions being executable by the at least one processor 301 to enable the at least one processor 301 to perform the pilot pattern generation method of the above embodiments.
Where the memory and the processor are connected by a bus, the bus may comprise any number of interconnected buses and bridges, the buses connecting the various circuits of the one or more processors and the memory together. The bus may also connect various other circuits such as peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further herein. The bus interface provides an interface between the bus and the transceiver. The transceiver may be one element or may be a plurality of elements, such as a plurality of receivers and transmitters, providing a means for communicating with various other apparatus over a transmission medium. The data processed by the processor is transmitted over the wireless medium via the antenna, which further receives the data and transmits the data to the processor.
The processor is responsible for managing the bus and general processing and may also provide various functions including timing, peripheral interfaces, voltage regulation, power management, and other control functions. And memory may be used to store data used by the processor in performing operations.
Embodiments of the present invention relate to a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program. The computer program, when executed by a processor, implements the pilot pattern generation method described above.
That is, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the steps in implementing the methods of the embodiments described above may be implemented by a program stored in a storage medium, where the program includes several instructions for causing a device (which may be a single-chip microcomputer, a chip or the like) or a processor (processor) to perform all or part of the steps in the methods of the embodiments described herein. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a random access Memory (RAM, random Access Memory), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk, or other various media capable of storing program codes.
It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the foregoing embodiments are specific embodiments in which the present application is implemented and that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A pilot pattern generation method, comprising:
acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of a first time slot according to a pre-acquired pilot frequency interval and a preset position of the deepest fading subcarrier;
acquiring the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to a preset pilot frequency cycle period, time slot size, total number of subcarriers, total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, OFDM symbol period and pre-acquired negotiation parameters for controlling the stepping amplitude of each pilot frequency;
acquiring the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the pilot frequency cycle period, the time slot size and the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot;
and acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot and the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot, and generating a pilot frequency pattern based on the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot.
2. The pilot pattern generating method according to claim 1, further comprising, before the acquiring the position of each pilot in the first slot based on the pre-acquired pilot interval and the preset position of the sub-carrier of the most deep fade:
and determining a pilot frequency interval according to the total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, the total number of sub-carriers and the OFDM symbol period.
3. The pilot pattern generating method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein before acquiring the step frequency of each pilot per slot, the method further comprises:
acquiring a first parameter for indicating channel quality;
determining the negotiation parameters according to the first parameters;
wherein the first parameter comprises one or any combination of the following: channel quality indicator, CQI, signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, and bit error rate, the first parameter is inversely related to the negotiation parameter.
4. The pilot pattern generation method of claim 3, wherein the total number of pilots per slot is inversely related to the first parameter.
5. The pilot pattern generation method of claim 1, wherein the pilot cycle period is less than a channel coherence time.
6. The pilot pattern generation method of claim 1, wherein the most deeply faded subcarrier locations are obtained from a long training phase of channel estimation.
7. The pilot pattern generation method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the method is applied to a carrier sense multiple access CSMA communication system, the pilot pattern being used for a short training phase of channel estimation.
8. A pilot pattern generation apparatus, comprising:
the pilot frequency parameter calculation module is used for acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot according to the pilot frequency interval acquired in advance and the position of the preset deepest fading subcarrier; acquiring the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to a preset pilot frequency cycle period, time slot size, total number of subcarriers, total number of pilot frequencies of each time slot, OFDM symbol period and pre-acquired negotiation parameters for controlling the stepping amplitude of each pilot frequency; acquiring the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the pilot frequency cycle period, the time slot size and the stepping frequency of each pilot frequency of each time slot; acquiring the position of each pilot frequency of each time slot according to the position of each pilot frequency of the first time slot and the position variation of each pilot frequency of each time slot;
and the pilot pattern generation module is used for generating a pilot pattern at any moment based on the position of each pilot of each time slot.
9. An electronic device, comprising:
at least one processor; the method comprises the steps of,
a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,
the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the pilot pattern generation method of any one of claims 1 to 7.
10. A computer readable storage medium storing a computer program, wherein the computer program when executed by a processor implements the pilot pattern generation method of any one of claims 1 to 7.
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CN202111433347.1A CN116192347A (en) | 2021-11-29 | 2021-11-29 | Pilot pattern generation method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
PCT/CN2022/132569 WO2023093613A1 (en) | 2021-11-29 | 2022-11-17 | Pilot pattern generation method and apparatus, and electronic device and storage medium |
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US9143305B2 (en) * | 2005-03-17 | 2015-09-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Pilot signal transmission for an orthogonal frequency division wireless communication system |
US9831995B2 (en) * | 2014-11-03 | 2017-11-28 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Method and apparatus for generating pilot pattern for MIMO antenna |
CN111371716B (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2022-07-19 | 深圳市力合微电子股份有限公司 | Universal pilot pattern generating method suitable for different multipath fading channels |
US11665026B2 (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2023-05-30 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Inphase and quadrature mismatch estimation pilot signaling |
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