CN116191480A - Method and system for determining frequency modulation capacity of submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting - Google Patents
Method and system for determining frequency modulation capacity of submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of industrial load demand side management, in particular to a method and a system for determining the frequency modulation capacity of an submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting. Comprising the following steps: constructing an equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace; acquiring data of the submerged arc furnace in real time and calculating the value ranges of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace under a fixed voltage according to the constructed equivalent circuit model; determining a first power boundary when a fixed voltage regulating electrode rises and falls to change resistance and a second power boundary when bus voltage is regulated according to the value ranges of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model; the adjustable frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace is determined based on the first power boundary, the second power boundary, and the minimum active power limit of the smelting stage of the submerged arc furnace. The invention can improve the flexibility of the power system, reduce the requirement on the frequency modulation standby capacity of the system and promote the consumption of renewable energy sources.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of industrial load demand side management, in particular to a method and a system for determining the frequency modulation capacity of an submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting.
Background
With the expansion of the power grid scale, the proportion and load of the high-proportion new energy to the power grid are continuously increased, and the uncertainty and randomness of the new energy bring great challenges to the stable operation and frequency modulation and peak shaving of the power system. The electric arc type high energy consumption industry belongs to heat energy storage load, has larger heat inertia, and has more power consumption and stable power. The regulation in a short time has little influence on the normal production of the load, and is very suitable for the quick dynamic regulation of a power system.
Conventionally, the submerged arc furnace has a certain capacity of participating in frequency modulation on the demand side, but has limited frequency modulation capacity. For large disturbances in the power system, it may be desirable to rely on increasing the generator output or the stored energy output to stabilize the system.
Therefore, the research on the cooperative coordination of the busbar voltage and the electrode lifting operation is used for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace, and the submerged arc furnace is further used for participating in the demand response of a power grid, so that the submerged arc furnace is a good mode of multiparty participation and multiparty reciprocity. The load side can obtain certain economic benefits under the condition of production conditions; the utility model can avoid frequent actions of the power generation side of the power system, improve the capacity of the power system for absorbing new energy, and achieve the purpose of improving the flexibility of the power system from the load side.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of an submerged arc furnace based on the cooperative cooperation of busbar voltage regulation and electrode lifting operation, which comprises the following steps: by modeling the submerged arc furnace load model, the influence factors of the submerged arc furnace load power are determined, and a specific method for determining the submerged arc furnace frequency modulation capacity is provided. The submerged arc operation constraint, the power factor constraint, the smelting stage power constraint, the bus voltage constraint and other power boundary constraint conditions are comprehensively considered, the mode of firstly keeping the bus voltage unchanged, adjusting the arc resistance by electrode lifting operation and then keeping the arc resistance unchanged and adjusting the bus voltage is adopted, and the assessment of the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace is realized.
The technical problems of the invention are mainly solved by the following technical proposal:
a method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of an ore-smelting furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting comprises the following steps
Constructing an equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace;
acquiring data of the submerged arc furnace in real time and calculating the value ranges of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace under a fixed voltage according to the constructed equivalent circuit model;
determining a first power boundary when a fixed voltage regulating electrode rises and falls to change resistance and a second power boundary when bus voltage is regulated according to the value ranges of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model;
the adjustable frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace is determined based on the first power boundary, the second power boundary, and the minimum active power limit of the smelting stage of the submerged arc furnace.
In the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting, the equivalent circuit model is a closed loop series circuit, and the equivalent circuit model comprises a short-net equivalent resistor, a short-net equivalent reactance, a static resistor, a static reactance and a low-voltage side voltage source of a special transformer for the circuit, which are sequentially connected in series.
According to the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the voltage regulation and the electrode lifting, the range of values of the arc resistance and the arc reactance under the fixed voltage is determined according to the submerged arc operation constraint and the power factor constraint.
In the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the voltage regulation and the electrode lifting,
determining a first upper limit value and a first lower limit value of an arc resistance according to submerged arc operation constraint;
determining a second upper limit value and a second lower limit value of the arc resistance according to the power factor constraint;
the lower limit value of the arc resistance is max { a first lower limit value, a second lower limit value };
the upper limit value of the arc resistance is min { the first upper limit value, the second upper limit value }.
In the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the voltage regulation and the electrode lifting, the value range of the arc reactance is determined by the value range of the arc resistance, and the following relational expression is adopted for determination:
X arc =33R arc 2 +0.29R arc -0.000062；
R arc representing arc resistance;X arc indicating the arc reactance.
In the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the voltage regulation and the electrode lifting, the submerged arc operation constraint is as follows
L min ≦L≦L max ；
R min1 ≦R arc ≦R max1 ；
R arc And (3) withLFor positive correlation, L is the distance from the electrode bottom to the charge,L max and L min Is the allowable maximum and minimum of the distance of the bottom of the electrode from the charge,R max1 and R is min1 Is the upper and lower limit of the arc equivalent resistance.
In the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting, the power factor has a lower limit (cos phi) min And upper limit (cos phi) max ：
(cosΦ) min ≦cosΦ≦(cosΦ) max ；
The relation between the power factor and the resistance reactance is obtained by:
R min2 ≦R≦R max2 。
in the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the voltage regulation and the electrode lifting,
acquiring a first power boundary from the range of values of arc resistance and arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model under a fixed voltage, wherein the first power boundary is the maximum power valueP max1 And power minimumP min1 ；
Maintaining the arc resistance unchanged when the constant voltage variable resistor obtains the maximum power value, changing the low-voltage side voltage within the bus voltage constraint range, and obtaining the maximum value of the second power boundary at the momentP max2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Maintaining the arc resistance unchanged when the constant voltage variable resistor obtains the minimum power value, changing the low-voltage side voltage within the bus voltage constraint range, and obtaining the minimum value of the second power boundary at the momentP min2 。
In the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting, the boundary value of the active power of the submerged arc furnace is as follows:
maximum active powerP max =P max2 ；
Minimum active powerP min =max{P min2 ,P t,min }；
Adjustable frequency modulation capacity delta of submerged arc furnaceP=P max -P min 。
A system for determining the frequency modulation capacity of an ore-smelting furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting comprises
A first module: is configured to construct an equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace;
a second module: the arc resistance and arc reactance calculation module is configured to acquire the data of the submerged arc furnace in real time and calculate the range of values of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace under the fixed voltage according to the constructed equivalent circuit model;
and a third module: the method comprises the steps of determining a first power boundary when a fixed voltage regulating electrode rises and falls to change resistance and a second power boundary when bus voltage is regulated according to the value ranges of arc resistance and arc reactance in an equivalent circuit model;
a fourth module: is configured to determine an adjustable tuning capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the first power boundary, the second power boundary, and the smelting stage minimum active power limit of the submerged arc furnace.
Therefore, the invention has the following advantages: 1. on the premise of meeting four constraints, the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace is determined based on the cooperative coordination of the bus voltage and the electrode lifting operation, so that the constraint condition of the frequency modulation capacity range of the submerged arc furnace is more accurate and the pertinence is stronger; 2. the submerged arc furnace load can safely and efficiently participate in power grid frequency modulation according to the power regulation range obtained by evaluation on the premise of not influencing the production quality, so that a certain auxiliary service benefit is obtained; 3. the power regulation potential of the submerged arc furnace load is deeply exploited, the flexibility of the electric power system can be improved, the requirement on the frequency modulation standby capacity of the system is reduced, and the consumption of renewable energy sources is promoted.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an submerged arc furnace system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the submerged arc furnace taking into account the reactance effect of the electric arc in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an arc impedance in an embodiment of the inventionR arc And reactanceX arc Is a change trend graph of (1);
FIG. 4 shows the active power of the submerged arc furnace in an embodiment of the inventionPIs a change trend graph of (1);
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the arc resistance and the active power of the submerged arc furnace when the low side voltage is at a maximum of 1.023kV in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the arc resistance and the active power of the submerged arc furnace when the low-side voltage is 0.837kV minimum in the embodiment of the invention;
fig. 7 is a flow chart diagram of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further specifically described below through examples and with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1:
the embodiment 1 provides a method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of an submerged arc furnace based on the cooperative cooperation of busbar voltage regulation and electrode lifting operation, which comprises the following steps:
step 4, calculating a power boundary when the bus voltage is regulated by the fixed resistor;
and 5, determining the adjustable capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the active power boundary of the submerged arc furnace and the minimum active power limit in the smelting stage.
As an embodiment, the specific contents of step 1 include:
and 1.1, determining an equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace.
The actual load model of the submerged arc furnace is that the submerged arc furnace is powered by a disconnecting switch, a breaker, a special transformer for the electric furnace, a short net and an electrode from a high-voltage side bus. Each electrode of the submerged arc furnace is provided with an independent electrode lifting device, as shown in fig. 1.
The load model of the heating furnace can be equivalent to a time-varying resistor r arc . But due to r arc The arc current and voltage do not exhibit sinusoidal waveforms, but exhibit square-wave like arc voltages and sine-wave like arc currents, so that the equivalent circuit of the submerged arc furnace is a non-sinusoidal circuit, which causes the current through the submerged arc furnace circuit to produce both active and reactive power, i.e., the arc exhibits resistive and reactive characteristics. An equivalent circuit of the submerged arc furnace is shown in fig. 2.
Wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,R line ，X line for equivalent resistance and reactance of short net, arc time-varying resistorr arc Equivalent to static resistanceR arc And introducing static reactanceX arc Characterization by arc harmonicsAdditional reactance caused by the wave. U is the voltage of the low-voltage side of the special transformer of the circuit.
And step 1.2, determining an active power expression.
According to the submerged arc furnace equivalent circuit model, the active power expression is as follows:
as an embodiment, the specific steps of step 2 include:
step 2.1 determines submerged arc operating constraints.
Submerged arc operation is generally adopted in submerged arc furnaces due to process requirements, i.e. the electrode must be inserted into the slag to a certain depth, and no open arc operation (electrode exposing the slag) is allowed. Thus, when the submerged arc furnace is smelting normally, there is an allowable maximum value for the distance L from the bottom of the electrode to the chargeL max And allowable minimum valueL min I.e.
L min ≦L≦L max ；
Arc static resistanceR arc And arc lengthLIn positive correlation, the arc equivalent resistance has upper and lower limits, namely
R min1 ≦R≦R max1 ；
R min AndR max typically by field operators based on production guidelines and production experience.
Step 2.2 determines the power factor constraint.
Because the electric arc burns and has the current zero crossing point, in order to maintain the stable burning of the electric arc, a certain amount of inductance must be added into the electric circuit to lead the voltage and the current to be staggered by a certain phase so as to facilitate the stable burning of the electric arc, which determines the upper limit of the power factor (cos phi) of the electric circuit of the submerged arc furnace max . In addition, in order to reduce reactive power loss of the line, the power factor should not be too low, and there is a lower limit (cos phi) on the power factor min And upper limit (cos phi) max 。
(cosΦ) min ≦cosΦ≦(cosΦ) max ；
From the relationship between the power factor and the resistance reactance, the power factor can be finally converted into a constraint on the arc impedance value and the reactance value of the submerged arc furnace, as shown in the following formula.
R min2 ≦R≦R max2 ；
And 2.3, determining the arc resistance boundary.
R min =max{R min1 ,R min2 }；
R max =min{R max1, R max2 }；
The arc resistance boundary is:
R min ≦R≦R max 。
step 2.4, example calculation
According to practical experience and model test, we obtain the relation between the arc resistance and the arc reactance of the submerged arc furnace as follows:
X arc =33R arc 2 +0.29R arc -0.000062；
let the submerged arc operating resistance constraint be [0.002 Ω,0.006 Ω ], the power factor constraint be [0.7,0.86].
The final arc resistance and reactance are bounded by the relationship of the power factor and the resistance reactance:
X arc in the range of [0.00082 omega, 0.0029 omega] ；
R arc In the range of [0.0024Ω,0.006 Ω]。
As an embodiment, the specific steps of step 3 include:
step 3.1, determining relevant Circuit parameters
From step 2, the arc resistance range is assumed to be [0.0024Ω,0.006 Ω ].
Arc impedanceR arc Varying, reactanceX arc The trend of change in (2) is shown in fig. 3:
based on practical experience and model test, we set upR line =0.00001Ω,X line =0.002 Ω, the arc resistance and arc reactance relationship remains unchanged, arc impedance 0.0024Ω+.R arc ≦0.006Ω。
And 3.2, determining relevant parameters.
Active power of submerged arc furnacePThe trend of change in (2) is shown in fig. 4:
as can be seen from fig. 4, when other factors remain unchanged, the power boundary is:
maximum power valueP max1 ：151.225MW；
Power minimum valueP min1 ：86.927MW。
As an embodiment, the specific step of step 4 includes:
and 4.1, determining bus voltage constraint.
Since other auxiliary loads exist in the smelter, such as motor loads, which are sensitive to voltage variations, the adjustment range of the bus voltage is limited. Let the voltage allowed to run beU bus The range is as follows:
0.9p.u.≤U bus ≤1.1p.u. ；
step 4.2, determining the voltage of the low-voltage side of the transformerU。
As can be seen from the power expression, the low-voltage side voltage of the transformer special for the circuitUAndPpositive correlation is presented, and voltage at low voltage side of special transformer for circuitUThe larger the active powerPThe larger.
Assuming that the static impedance of the arc is unchanged, the voltage of the low-voltage side of the transformer special for the submerged arc furnace meets the following conditions:
U=U bus /k；
wherein, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display device,U bus is the bus voltage at the high-voltage side of the on-load voltage regulating transformer of the submerged arc furnace,kthe transformer ratio of the on-load voltage-regulating transformer of the submerged arc furnace.
Wherein, the transformer transformation ratio is assumed to be adjustablenThe transformer transformation ratio satisfies:
k∈{k 1 ，k 2 ，k 3 ，…，k n }；
thus, the transformer low side voltage is maintained while the transformer transformation ratio is maintained unchangedUThe range of variation is 0.9 to 1.1 times.
And 4.3, determining the maximum value of the power under the constant resistance voltage.
Maintaining the arc resistance unchanged when the constant voltage variable resistor obtains the maximum power value, and changing the low-voltage side voltage within the bus voltage constraint range to obtain the maximum power value at the momentP max2 。
According to actual conditions, setting the high-voltage side bus voltage of the submerged arc furnace load under the initial conditionsU bus 33kV, low-side voltage of transformerUThe transformation ratio 35.48 remained unchanged at 0.93 kV.
So that the bus voltage constrains: [29.7kV,36.3kV ], the low-voltage side constraint is: [0.837kV,1.023kV ].
When the low-side voltage is at the maximum value of 1.023kV, the relation curve of the arc resistance and the active power of the submerged arc furnace is shown in fig. 5. It is known that the maximum power is 182.764MW.
And 4.4, determining the minimum value of the power under the constant resistance voltage.
The arc resistance is kept unchanged when the fixed voltage variable resistor obtains the minimum value of the power, the low-voltage side voltage is changed within the bus voltage constraint range, and the minimum value of the power at the moment is obtainedP min2 。
Other factors are consistent with step 4.3, and the relationship between the arc resistance and the active power of the submerged arc furnace when the low-side voltage is 0.837kV minimum is shown in FIG. 6. The minimum power is 70.411MW.
As an embodiment, the specific steps of step 5 include: the adjustable capacity of the submerged arc furnace is determined based on the active power boundary of the submerged arc furnace and the minimum active power limit in the smelting stage.
And 5.1, determining the constraint of the smelting stage.
According to the process of the submerged arc furnace, the process is generally divided into an initial smelting stage and an end smelting stage. The initial stage of smelting is to melt the burden rapidly, thus requiring high input power. The final stage of smelting is to regulate the proportion of various impurities and components in the furnace charge, and the input power is relatively low, but still needs to be higher than the minimum input power at the final stage of smelting. Thus, the power constraints of the smelting phase are:
P t ≧P t，min ；
and 5.2, determining the boundary of the active power of the submerged arc furnace.
Maximum active power ofP max =P max2 ；
Minimum active power ofP min =max{P min2 ,P t,min }；
And 5.3, determining the adjustable capacity of the submerged arc furnace.
The frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace is deltaP=P max -P min ；
The power constraint in the smelting stage at the moment of the system is assumed to be a minimum of 70MW.
Thus, the maximum active power of the submerged arc furnace system is:
P max =P max2 =182.764MW；
the minimum active power of the submerged arc furnace system is as follows:
P min =max{P min2 ,P t,min }=max{70.411MW，70MW}=70.411MW；
the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace is as follows:
ΔP=P max -P min =182.764MW-70.411MW=112.353MW。
example 2
The invention also provides a system for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the voltage regulation and the electrode lifting, which comprises
A first module: is configured to construct an equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace;
a second module: the arc resistance and arc reactance calculation module is configured to acquire the data of the submerged arc furnace in real time and calculate the range of values of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace under the fixed voltage according to the constructed equivalent circuit model;
and a third module: the method comprises the steps of determining a first power boundary when a fixed voltage regulating electrode rises and falls to change resistance and a second power boundary when bus voltage is regulated according to the value ranges of arc resistance and arc reactance in an equivalent circuit model;
a fourth module: is configured to determine an adjustable tuning capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the first power boundary, the second power boundary, and the smelting stage minimum active power limit of the submerged arc furnace.
The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only to illustrate the spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art may make various modifications or additions to the described embodiments or substitutions thereof without departing from the spirit of the invention or exceeding the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims.
Claims (10)
1. The method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the voltage regulation and the electrode lifting is characterized by comprising the following steps of
Constructing an equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace;
acquiring data of the submerged arc furnace in real time and calculating the value ranges of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace under a fixed voltage according to the constructed equivalent circuit model;
determining a first power boundary when a fixed voltage regulating electrode rises and falls to change resistance and a second power boundary when bus voltage is regulated according to the value ranges of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model;
the adjustable frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace is determined based on the first power boundary, the second power boundary, and the minimum active power limit of the smelting stage of the submerged arc furnace.
2. The method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting according to claim 1, wherein the equivalent circuit model is a closed loop series circuit comprising a short-net equivalent resistor, a short-net equivalent reactance, a static resistor, a static reactance and a low-voltage side voltage source of a circuit-specific transformer which are sequentially connected in series.
3. The method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of a submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode elevation according to claim 1, wherein the range of values of arc resistance and arc reactance at a fixed voltage is determined based on submerged arc operation constraints and power factor constraints.
4. The method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of a submerged arc furnace based on pressure regulation and electrode elevation according to claim 3, wherein,
determining a first upper limit value and a first lower limit value of an arc resistance according to submerged arc operation constraint;
determining a second upper limit value and a second lower limit value of the arc resistance according to the power factor constraint;
the lower limit value of the arc resistance is max { a first lower limit value, a second lower limit value };
the upper limit value of the arc resistance is min { the first upper limit value, the second upper limit value }.
5. The method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting as claimed in claim 4, wherein the value range of the arc reactance is determined by the value range of the arc resistance, and the following relation is adopted:
X arc =33R arc 2 +0.29R arc -0.000062；
R arc representing arc resistance;X arc indicating the arc reactance.
6. The method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of a submerged arc furnace based on pressure regulation and electrode elevation of claim 5, wherein the submerged arc operation constraint is:
L min ≦L≦L max ；
R min1 ≦R arc ≦R max1 ；
R arc and (3) withLIs positively correlated, L is electricityThe distance from the bottom of the electrode to the burden,L max and L min Is the allowable maximum and minimum of the distance of the bottom of the electrode from the charge,R max1 and R is min1 Is the upper and lower limit of the arc equivalent resistance.
7. The method for determining a capacity for a submerged arc furnace based on a voltage regulation and an electrode elevation of claim 6, wherein a lower power factor limit (cos Φ) exists min And upper limit (cos phi) max ：
(cosΦ) min ≦cosΦ≦(cosΦ) max ；
The relation between the power factor and the resistance reactance is obtained by:
R min2 ≦R≦R max2 。
8. the method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of a submerged arc furnace based on pressure regulation and electrode elevation of claim 7,
acquiring a first power boundary from the range of values of arc resistance and arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model under a fixed voltage, wherein the first power boundary is the maximum power valueP max1 And power minimumP min1 ；
Maintaining the arc resistance unchanged when the constant voltage variable resistor obtains the maximum power value, changing the low-voltage side voltage within the bus voltage constraint range, and obtaining the maximum value of the second power boundary at the momentP max2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Maintaining the arc resistance unchanged when the constant voltage variable resistor obtains the minimum power value, changing the low-voltage side voltage within the bus voltage constraint range, and obtaining the minimum value of the second power boundary at the momentP min2 。
9. The method for determining the frequency modulation capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting as claimed in claim 8, wherein the boundary value of the active power of the submerged arc furnace is:
maximum active powerP max =P max2 ；
Minimum active powerP min =max{P min2 , P t,min }；
Adjustable frequency modulation capacity delta of submerged arc furnaceP=P max -P min 。
10. A system for determining the frequency modulation capacity of an submerged arc furnace based on voltage regulation and electrode lifting is characterized by comprising
A first module: is configured to construct an equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace;
a second module: the arc resistance and arc reactance calculation module is configured to acquire the data of the submerged arc furnace in real time and calculate the range of values of the arc resistance and the arc reactance in the equivalent circuit model of the submerged arc furnace under the fixed voltage according to the constructed equivalent circuit model;
and a third module: the method comprises the steps of determining a first power boundary when a fixed voltage regulating electrode rises and falls to change resistance and a second power boundary when bus voltage is regulated according to the value ranges of arc resistance and arc reactance in an equivalent circuit model;
a fourth module: is configured to determine an adjustable tuning capacity of the submerged arc furnace based on the first power boundary, the second power boundary, and the smelting stage minimum active power limit of the submerged arc furnace.
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