CN116189796A - Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO 2 Column concentration estimation method - Google Patents

Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO 2 Column concentration estimation method Download PDF

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CN116189796A
CN116189796A CN202211594763.4A CN202211594763A CN116189796A CN 116189796 A CN116189796 A CN 116189796A CN 202211594763 A CN202211594763 A CN 202211594763A CN 116189796 A CN116189796 A CN 116189796A
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盖荣丽
李静波
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Abstract

The invention discloses a machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO 2 A method of estimating column concentration comprising: s1, extracting OCO-2 satellite wave band data to obtain 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 Band data; s2, 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 Performing feature screening on the wave band data, the NDVI normalized vegetation index, the SR surface reflectivity data, the DEM elevation topography data, the ERA5 atmosphere data, the AOD aerosol data and the TCCON station observation data, and reserving the first 31 features of screening according to importance; s3, performing correlation analysis on the first 31 screened features through a heat map to find out the correlation with CO 2 Features of stronger correlation and weaker features of column concentration; s4, will be combined with CO 2 Combining the characteristic with strong correlation with weak characteristic, inputting to five regression models with integrated learning, and predicting accuracy by using the different modelsComparative analysis, determining coefficient R of extreme random forest regression model 2 Highest, least error, best prediction effect.

Description

Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO 2 Column concentration estimation method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of atmospheric satellite remote sensing prediction, in particular to a satellite-borne short wave infrared CO based on machine learning 2 Column concentration estimation method.
Background
CO 2 Is the main greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and has very important influence on global climate change. Since the industrial age, CO 2 The concentration has increased to about 30% and there is a continuing trend. So CO is monitored 2 Has important significance for the research of global climate warming; thus accurately grasping CO in the atmosphere 2 The content and the change thereof can provide support for climate prediction and environmental decision.
Conventional ground atmosphere CO 2 Although the detection method has the advantages of high precision and high reliability, the detection method is single-point measurement and lacks the capability of detecting the region and the global large scale in real time, so the satellite observation CO is developed 2 Is imperative. Short wave infrared band near ground CO 2 And the system is more sensitive and is more suitable for monitoring dynamic changes of ground carbon source sinks.
Currently international shortwave infrared CO 2 The observation data adopts an all-physical inversion algorithm, the whole optical path needs to be simulated, and the radiation transmission equation is complex in calculation and time-consuming. Because aerosol, water vapor and earth surface reflectivity have complex influence on the short-wave infrared radiation process, the existing physical inversion model needs more input parameters and has uncertainty.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at solving the problem that the method is used for solving the problem of CO by using decision trees, XGBoost, common random forests, extreme random forests and gradient lifting regression models 2 Estimating column concentration, comparing and analyzing to find out the model with highest estimation accuracy, and performing remote sensing on the atmospheric CO of the satellite 2 The method has the advantages of high prediction accuracy and strong interpretability, and greatly improves the prediction efficiency.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme of the application is as follows: machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO 2 A method of estimating column concentration comprising:
s1, acquiring OCO-2 satellite wave band data, and extracting the OCO-2 satellite wave band data through sensitivity analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide inversion parameters to obtain 9 weak_CO 2 Band and 6O 2 Band data;
s2, 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 Band data, NDVI normalizationThe vegetation index, SR surface reflectivity data, DEM elevation topography data, ERA5 atmospheric data, AOD aerosol data and TCCON station observation data are subjected to feature screening, and the first 31 screened features are reserved according to importance;
s3, performing correlation analysis on the first 31 screened features through a heat map to find out the correlation with CO 2 Features of stronger correlation and weaker features of column concentration;
s4, will be combined with CO 2 Combining the characteristic with strong column concentration correlation and the characteristic with weak column concentration correlation as an input characteristic data set, and then adopting decision trees, XGBoost, common random forests, extreme random forests and gradient lifting regression models to carry out CO respectively 2 Average column concentration is estimated by determining coefficient R estimated by different regression models 2 Performing contrast analysis on the accuracy of prediction in the error allowable range, namely, the root mean square error RMSE, the average absolute error MAE, the average relative error MRE and the average relative error MRE, finding out the model with the highest prediction accuracy as an extreme random forest regression model, and using the extreme random forest regression model to carry out CO 2 The average concentration of the columns was predicted.
Further, the OCO-2 satellite wave band data comprises longitude lon, dimension lat, zenith angle and azimuth angle of the sun, zenith angle and azimuth angle of the satellite; the ERA5 atmospheric data includes temperature, humidity, pressure, U/V component of wind, rainfall, boundary layer height (blh), cloud floor height (cbh), cloud cover (tcc), total rainfall (tp), vertical velocity of wind.
Further, before extracting the OCO-2 satellite band data, determining an extraction range by adopting a resampling mode, namely drawing grids according to the longitude and latitude range of a target area, setting the resolution after sampling to be 0.5 degrees multiplied by 0.5 degrees, and obtaining the Euclidean distance between the central point of each grid and the central point of each pixel corresponding to the original image by the longitude and latitude of each grid, wherein:
Figure BDA0003996675280000031
in lon k Longitude, lat for fixed site k Being fixed-siteLatitude, lon i 、lat i The longitude and latitude of the grid respectively.
Further, for 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 The abnormal value in the band data is processed as follows:
Figure BDA0003996675280000032
wherein sigma is the standard deviation of the data of the same day, namely, all abnormal values except + -3 sigma are removed, and the average value of the data of each wave band measured for each site for a plurality of times every day is obtained.
Further, the decision tree uses the base index to divide the attributes, assuming that the k-th sample in the current sample set X occupies a proportion p k (k=1, 2,3, …, y), then the base value is:
Figure BDA0003996675280000033
gini (X) indicates the possibility of random sampling of inconsistencies between two different types of tags; the genie purity refers to the probability that the sample is selected multiplied by the probability of error. The smaller Gini (X), the higher the purity of sample set X; when all samples in a node are of one class, the keni is not pure 0.
Assuming that the discrete attribute a has v possible values, if a is used to classify the sample set X, v branch nodes are generated and X is recorded v The v branch node comprises all samples which take values on the attribute a in the sample set X; the base index of attribute a is defined as:
Figure BDA0003996675280000041
the Gini index Gini (X, a) represents the uncertainty of the sample set X after a=a segmentation; the larger the base index, the greater the uncertainty of the sample.
Further, in XGBoost, K trees are assumed in total, and F tableTree model, predicted value
Figure BDA0003996675280000044
Expressed as:
Figure BDA0003996675280000042
in which x is i As an input example, a feature vector representing an i-th data point; k is the number of CART trees; f (f) k To represent the kth CART tree;
the corresponding objective function L is:
Figure BDA0003996675280000043
wherein, l is a loss function and represents the error between the predicted value and the true value; y is i Is a true value; omega is a regularization function that prevents model overfitting.
Further, in the common random forest, a model h (X, theta) is established for the characteristic parameter set X of the data set i ) I=1, 2, …, k, randomly selecting m features, so that each leaf node selects the feature of the maximum information gain for splitting; wherein the information gain is expressed as:
Figure BDA0003996675280000051
Figure BDA0003996675280000052
wherein i is a regression value, p i Represents the probability of occurrence of the corresponding value, w is the number of dividing nodes,
Figure BDA0003996675280000053
the weight value of the leaf node is divided for the mth.
Further, in extreme random forests, generalized errors of individual learners are assumedThe difference is E i The generalized error weight of the learner is:
Figure BDA0003996675280000054
assume that the divergence value of the individual learner is A i The learner's weighted divergence value is:
Figure BDA0003996675280000055
the generalization error after integration is expressed as:
Figure BDA0003996675280000056
w in i And T is the total number of decision trees with different structures for the weight.
Furthermore, the new learner obtained by each iteration of gradient lifting is fitted to the residual error of the previous learner, and finally, predictions of all trees are added, so that a prediction task is completed; the residual error obtaining mode is as follows:
r ni =y i -f n-1 (x i )
wherein y is i For the measured value of the ith sample, f n-1 (x i ) The predicted value of the former round of learner; fitting the residual remembering to obtain a fitted residual model h n (x) Updating the regression tree:
f n (x)=f n-1 (x)+h n (x)
further, the decision coefficient R 2 The obtaining modes of the root mean square error RMSE, the average absolute error MAE and the average relative error MRE are as follows:
Figure BDA0003996675280000061
Figure BDA0003996675280000062
Figure BDA0003996675280000063
Figure BDA0003996675280000064
wherein: n is the number of samples; f (f) i Is a predicted value; y is i Is a true value;
Figure BDA0003996675280000065
is the average value.
By adopting the technical scheme, the invention can obtain the following technical effects: the method uses different integrated learning methods to realize the CO of the atmosphere through satellite, vegetation, ground topography, atmosphere, aerosol data and the like 2 The prediction of the average concentration of the column is of practical significance. Compared with the traditional physical inversion method, the method has the advantages of sufficient considered characteristics, easy modification, easy explanation and simple operation, and greatly improves the prediction efficiency. Can better predict CO 2 Column concentration, so that the integrated learning model predicts the CO of different satellites 2 The column concentration result can be more accurate, and data support is provided for decisions of environmental protection departments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an OCO-2 satellite observation spectrum, observation samples from Tsukuba site, (36.05N DEG, 140.12E DEG), 1 month and 1 day 2019; wherein (a) is CO 2 (b) is the O2-A absorption band;
FIG. 2 is a bar graph of the first 31 feature importance;
FIG. 3 is CO 2 Correlation graphs among all influence factors in column average concentration satellite inversion;
FIG. 4 is a training result diagram of five predictive models;
FIG. 5 is a graph of CO prediction for five prediction model test sets 2 Differences between column concentration and true valuesA value map;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the influence of the prediction performance of the extreme random forest regression model on the parameters of the model;
FIG. 7 is a machine learning based satellite borne short wave infrared CO 2 A flow chart of a column concentration estimation method.
Detailed Description
The embodiment of the invention is implemented on the premise of the technical scheme of the invention, and a detailed implementation mode and a specific operation process are provided, but the protection scope of the invention is not limited to the following embodiment.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO 2 A method of estimating column concentration comprising:
s1, acquiring OCO-2 satellite wave band data, and extracting the OCO-2 satellite wave band data through sensitivity analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide inversion parameters; due to CO 2 The weak absorption band is greatly affected by water vapor, so that 9 weak_CO are obtained by selecting corresponding absorption channels at the strong absorption band (1.61 μm) 2 Band and 6O 2 Band data;
the OCO-2 satellite wave band data comprises longitude lon, latitude lat, zenith angle and azimuth angle of the sun, and zenith angle and azimuth angle of the satellite.
It should be noted that: before OCO-2 satellite wave band data are extracted, a resampling mode is adopted to determine an extraction range, namely grids are drawn according to the longitude and latitude range of a target area, the resolution after sampling is set to be 0.5 degrees multiplied by 0.5 degrees, and the Euclidean distance between the center point of each grid and the center point of each pixel corresponding to an original image is obtained through the longitude and latitude of each grid:
Figure BDA0003996675280000081
in lon k Longitude, lat for fixed site k Is the latitude and lon of the fixed site i 、lat i The longitude and latitude of the grid respectively.
PreferablyFor 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 The abnormal value in the band data is processed as follows:
Figure BDA0003996675280000082
wherein sigma is the standard deviation of the data of the same day, namely, all abnormal values except + -3 sigma are removed, and the average value of the data of each wave band measured for each site for a plurality of times every day is obtained.
S2, 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 Performing feature screening on the wave band data, the NDVI normalized vegetation index, the SR surface reflectivity data, the DEM elevation topography data, the ERA5 atmosphere data, the AOD aerosol data and the TCCON station observation data, and reserving the first 31 features of screening according to importance;
specifically, feature screening is performed by the resampling method.
S3, performing correlation analysis on the first 31 screened features through a heat map to find out the correlation with CO 2 Features of stronger correlation and weaker features of column concentration;
s4, will be combined with CO 2 Combining the characteristic with strong correlation with weak characteristic, inputting to five regression models of integrated learning, and respectively outputting predicted CO 2 Column concentration;
specifically, in the extreme random forest, it is assumed that the generalization error of the individual learner is E i The generalized error weight of the learner is:
Figure BDA0003996675280000091
assume that the divergence value of the individual learner is A i The learner's weighted divergence value is:
Figure BDA0003996675280000092
the generalization error after integration can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0003996675280000093
w in i And T is the total number of decision trees with different structures for the weight.
The accuracy of prediction by using the different models is determined by comparing and analyzing the determination coefficient R of the extremely random forest regression model 2 The method has the advantages of highest prediction effect, minimum error and best prediction effect, and is obviously superior to the prediction results of other models; the four evaluation index related data are shown in the following table:
table 1 four evaluation index related data
Figure BDA0003996675280000094
The embodiments of the present invention are preferred embodiments and are not intended to be limiting in any way. The technical features or combinations of technical features described in the embodiments of the present invention should not be regarded as isolated, and they may be combined with each other to achieve a better technical effect. Additional implementations are also included within the scope of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and should be understood by those skilled in the art to which the inventive embodiments pertain.

Claims (10)

1. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO 2 A method for estimating column concentration, comprising:
s1, acquiring OCO-2 satellite wave band data, and extracting the OCO-2 satellite wave band data through sensitivity analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide inversion parameters to obtain 9 weak_CO 2 Band and 6O 2 Band data;
s2, 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 Performing feature screening on the wave band data, the NDVI normalized vegetation index, the SR surface reflectivity data, the DEM elevation topography data, the ERA5 atmosphere data, the AOD aerosol data and the TCCON station observation data, and reserving the first 31 features of screening according to importance;
s3, performing correlation analysis on the first 31 screened features through a heat map to find out the correlation with CO 2 Features of stronger correlation and weaker features of column concentration;
s4, will be combined with CO 2 Combining the characteristic with strong column concentration correlation and the characteristic with weak column concentration correlation as an input characteristic data set, and then adopting decision trees, XGBoost, common random forests, extreme random forests and gradient lifting regression models to carry out CO respectively 2 Average column concentration is estimated by determining coefficient R estimated by different regression models 2 Performing contrast analysis on the accuracy of prediction in the error allowable range, namely, the root mean square error RMSE, the average absolute error MAE, the average relative error MRE and the average relative error MRE, finding out the model with the highest prediction accuracy as an extreme random forest regression model, and using the extreme random forest regression model to carry out CO 2 The average concentration of the columns was predicted.
2. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimation method is characterized in that the OCO-2 satellite wave band data comprise longitude lon, latitude lat, zenith angle and azimuth angle of the sun, and zenith angle and azimuth angle of the satellite; the ERA5 atmospheric data includes temperature, humidity, pressure, U/V component of wind, rainfall, boundary layer height, cloud base height, cloud cover, total rainfall, vertical velocity of wind.
3. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimation method is characterized in that an extraction range is determined by adopting a resampling mode before extracting OCO-2 satellite wave band data, namely, grids are drawn according to the longitude and latitude range of a target area, the resolution after sampling is set to be 0.5 degrees multiplied by 0.5 degrees, and the Euclidean distance between the center point of each grid and the center point of each pixel corresponding to an original image is obtained through the longitude and latitude of each grid:
Figure FDA0003996675270000021
in lon k Longitude, lat for fixed site k Is the latitude and lon of the fixed site i 、lat i The longitude and latitude of the grid respectively.
4. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimation method is characterized in that for 9 weakCO 2 Band and 6O 2 The abnormal value in the band data is processed as follows:
Figure FDA0003996675270000022
wherein sigma is the standard deviation of the data of the same day, namely all abnormal values except + -3 sigma are removed.
5. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimation method is characterized in that a decision tree uses a base index to divide attributes, and the proportion of a kth sample in a current sample set X is assumed to be p k (k=1, 2,3, …, y), then the base value is:
Figure FDA0003996675270000023
gini (X) indicates the possibility of random sampling of inconsistencies between two different types of tags;
assuming that the discrete attribute a has v possible values, if a is used to classify the sample set X, v branch nodes are generated and X is recorded v The v branch node comprises all samples which take values on the attribute a in the sample set X; the base index of attribute a is defined as:
Figure FDA0003996675270000031
the Gini index Gini (X, a) represents the uncertainty of the sample set X after a=a segmentation; the larger the base index, the greater the uncertainty of the sample.
6. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 A column concentration estimation method is characterized in that K trees are assumed in XGBoost, F represents a tree model, and then a predicted value is obtained
Figure FDA0003996675270000032
Expressed as:
Figure FDA0003996675270000033
in which x is i As an input example, a feature vector representing an i-th data point; k is the number of CART trees; f (f) k To represent the kth CART tree;
the corresponding objective function L is:
Figure FDA0003996675270000034
wherein, l is a loss function and represents the error between the predicted value and the true value; y is i Is a true value; omega is a regularization function that prevents model overfitting.
7. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimation method is characterized in that in a common random forest, a model h (X, theta) is established for a characteristic parameter set X of a data set i ) I=1, 2, …, k, randomly selecting m features, so that each leaf node selects the feature of the maximum information gain for splitting; wherein the information gain is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003996675270000041
Figure FDA0003996675270000042
wherein i is a regression value, p i Represents the probability of occurrence of the corresponding value, w is the number of dividing nodes,
Figure FDA0003996675270000043
the weight value of the leaf node is divided for the mth.
8. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimation method is characterized in that in an extremely random forest, the generalization error of an individual learner is assumed to be E i The generalized error weight of the learner is:
Figure FDA0003996675270000044
assume that the divergence value of the individual learner is A i The learner's weighted divergence value is:
Figure FDA0003996675270000045
the generalization error after integration is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003996675270000046
w in i And T is the total number of decision trees with different structures for the weight.
9. Machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimating method is characterized in that each iteration of gradient lifting obtains a new learner which is fit for the residual error of the former learner, and finally all the learners are fittedThe predictions of the tree are added, thereby completing the prediction task; the residual error obtaining mode is as follows:
r ni =y i -f n-1 (x i )
wherein y is i For the measured value of the ith sample, f n-1 (x i ) The predicted value of the former round of learner; fitting the residual remembering to obtain a fitted residual model h n (x) Updating the regression tree:
f n (x)=f n-1 (x)+h n (x)。
10. machine learning-based satellite-borne short wave infrared CO according to claim 1 2 The column concentration estimation method is characterized in that the determination coefficient R 2 The obtaining modes of the root mean square error RMSE, the average absolute error MAE and the average relative error MRE are as follows:
Figure FDA0003996675270000051
Figure FDA0003996675270000052
Figure FDA0003996675270000053
Figure FDA0003996675270000054
wherein: n is the number of samples; f (f) i Is a predicted value; y is i Is a true value;
Figure FDA0003996675270000055
is the average value. />
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CN117455066A (en) * 2023-11-13 2024-01-26 哈尔滨航天恒星数据系统科技有限公司 Corn planting accurate fertilizer distribution method based on multi-strategy optimization random forest, electronic equipment and storage medium

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN117455066A (en) * 2023-11-13 2024-01-26 哈尔滨航天恒星数据系统科技有限公司 Corn planting accurate fertilizer distribution method based on multi-strategy optimization random forest, electronic equipment and storage medium

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