CN116168857A - Submerged containment vessel with active and passive water-cooled heat traps - Google Patents
Submerged containment vessel with active and passive water-cooled heat traps Download PDFInfo
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- CN116168857A CN116168857A CN202310125246.0A CN202310125246A CN116168857A CN 116168857 A CN116168857 A CN 116168857A CN 202310125246 A CN202310125246 A CN 202310125246A CN 116168857 A CN116168857 A CN 116168857A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
- G21C15/18—Emergency cooling arrangements; Removing shut-down heat
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C13/00—Pressure vessels; Containment vessels; Containment in general
- G21C13/02—Details
- G21C13/028—Seals, e.g. for pressure vessels or containment vessels
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Structure Of Emergency Protection For Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a submerged containment vessel with an active water-cooling heat sink and an inactive water-cooling heat sink, which comprises a shell body with a closed loop and a water-cooling heat sink; the shell body is submerged, and the inside of the shell body comprises a cavity and a stacking pit which are communicated, and the stacking pit is closer to the bottom of the shell body than the cavity; the water-cooling heat trap comprises an input channel communicated with the cavity, an output channel communicated with the pit, a circulating pump, a mode switching valve, an external water pool and a heat exchanger; the circulating pump is arranged in parallel with the mode switching valve, the water-cooling heat trap has multiple modes, the mode switching valve is closed in an active mode, the circulating pump is opened, and active circulation is carried out in a loop; in the passive mode, the circulation pump is closed, and the mode switching valve is opened to perform passive circulation. The invention combines the active mode and the passive mode to meet the heat removal requirement of long time effect; in addition, the low-power consumption circulating pump in the active mode drives circulation in a loop, so that the power consumption requirement is small and the heat sink capacity is high; furthermore, the submerged shell and the external water pool have small load and low anti-seismic requirement on the containment structure.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of safety systems of nuclear reactors, in particular to a submerged safety shell with an active water-cooling heat trap and a passive water-cooling heat trap.
Background
The containment is the last physical barrier to avoid radioactive substances from leaking out when an accident occurs in the nuclear power station, and when the accident occurs, reactor decay heat and a large amount of high-temperature steam are gradually accumulated in the containment, so that the risk of overtemperature and overpressure failure of the containment can occur.
The containment is only a safety barrier with certain pressure resistance and does not have a final heat sink function, and in the prior art, three modes of active spraying, steel shell liquid film cooling and heat pipe cooling are generally adopted to finally discharge heat into the atmosphere.
Wherein, the mode of active spraying requires overcoming back pressure and high-position water head in the shell, and the electricity requirement is large; the liquid film cooling mode of the steel shell requires a high-level water tank and has insufficient heat sink capacity; the heat pipe type cooling mode also needs a high-level water tank, the containment structure has high load and high anti-seismic requirement, in addition, the heat sink capacity is limited, the heat pipe has large heat exchange area requirement, the heat exchange effect is poor, and the overall economy is poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a submerged containment vessel with an active water-cooling heat trap and an inactive water-cooling heat trap.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is as follows:
providing a submerged containment vessel with an active water-cooling heat sink and an inactive water-cooling heat sink, wherein the submerged containment vessel comprises a vessel body and a water-cooling heat sink; the bottom datum plane of the shell body is lower than the ground, the shell body comprises a cavity and a stacking pit which are communicated, and the stacking pit is closer to the bottom of the shell body than the cavity; the water-cooling heat trap comprises an input channel, an output channel, a circulating pump, a mode switching valve, a water pool arranged outside the shell body and a heat exchanger arranged in the water pool, wherein two opposite ends of the heat exchanger are respectively connected with the input channel and the output channel; the input channel and the output channel are respectively connected to the shell body, the input channel is communicated with the cavity, the output channel is communicated with the stacking pit, and a closed loop is formed between the shell body and the water-cooling heat trap; the circulating pump and the mode switching valve are arranged in the input channel and/or the output channel in parallel, the water-cooling heat trap is provided with an active mode and an inactive mode, when the water-cooling heat trap is in the active mode, the mode switching valve is in a closed state, the circulating pump is in an open state, and active water vapor circulation is carried out in the closed loop; when the water-cooling heat trap is in an passive mode, the circulating pump is in a closed state, the mode switching valve is in an open state, and passive water vapor circulation is performed in the closed loop.
In some embodiments, the heat exchanger includes oppositely disposed inlet and outlet ends, the inlet end being higher than the outlet end; the inlet end is connected with the input channel, and the outlet end is connected with the output channel.
In some embodiments, the bottom elevation of the heat exchanger is higher than the top of the wall of the pit.
In some embodiments, the height of the inlet end of the output channel is greater than or equal to the height of the outlet end of the output channel.
In some embodiments, the water basin is disposed at a periphery of the housing body, and the heat exchanger is disposed within the water basin and submerged in a body of water of the water basin.
In some embodiments, the pool is above ground or below ground.
In some embodiments, the distance from the outlet end of the output channel to the bottom of the pit is greater than or equal to the depth of the pit.
In some embodiments, a pressure vessel is disposed within the pit and a core fuel zone is disposed within the pressure vessel, and a wall top of the pit is higher than a top elevation of the core fuel zone.
In some embodiments, the bottom elevation of the heat exchanger is higher than the top elevation of the core fuel zone.
In some embodiments, the pressure vessel and the wall of the pit form a gap, the output channel communicates with the gap, and an in-pile melt retention system is formed between the pit and the pressure vessel.
The implementation of the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention adopts a mode of combining active action with passive action, is suitable for releasing accidents in stages, meets the heat removal requirement of long time, and obviously improves the economy of the releasing measures; in addition, a closed circulation loop is formed between the water-cooling heat trap and the shell body, and in an active mode, the water vapor circulation is completed in the loop through the driving of a low-power consumption circulation pump, so that the water-cooling heat trap has the advantages of small electricity consumption requirement, strong heat trap capacity and good heat exchange effect; furthermore, the design of the submerged shell and the external water tank is adopted, so that the problems of high load and high anti-seismic requirement of the high-level water tank on the containment structure are solved.
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a nuclear island arrangement of one embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a nuclear island arrangement of one embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
For a clearer understanding of technical features, objects and effects of the present invention, a detailed description of embodiments of the present invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, it should be understood that the directions or positional relationships indicated by "front", "rear", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "longitudinal", "transverse", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "head", "tail", etc. are configured and operated in specific directions based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience of describing the present invention, and do not indicate that the apparatus or element to be referred to must have specific directions, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
It should also be noted that unless explicitly stated or limited otherwise, terms such as "mounted," "connected," "secured," "disposed," and the like are to be construed broadly and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communicated with the inside of two elements or the interaction relationship of the two elements. When an element is referred to as being "on" or "under" another element, it can be "directly" or "indirectly" on the other element or one or more intervening elements may also be present. The terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used merely for convenience in describing the present invention and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated, whereby features defining "first," "second," "third," etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such features. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as the particular system architecture, techniques, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known systems, devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail.
Fig. 1 illustrates a nuclear island arrangement and primary equipment in some embodiments of the invention, including a containment vessel 1, a pressure vessel 2, and a core fuel zone 3. The containment vessel 1 is used to prevent the escape of radioactive materials after an accident. The pressure vessel 2 is arranged at the bottom of the containment vessel 1 as an important pressure boundary for the reactor-loop. The core fuel zone 3 is provided inside the pressure vessel 2 for accommodating core fuel of the nuclear reactor. Further, an IVR (In-vehicle recovery) system is formed In the internal structures of the pressure Vessel 2 and the containment Vessel 1, so that heat In the pressure Vessel 2 can be conducted to the containment Vessel 1, and the containment Vessel 1 can conduct heat to the external environment to realize the heat removal function.
The pressure vessel 2 is disposed in the pit 12 and forms a gap with the wall surface of the pit 12 for accommodating a water body. The water-cooled heat sink 13 is connected to the housing body 11 and forms a closed circuit for cooling the high-temperature gas in the housing body 11. Further, the inlet end of the water-cooled heat sink 13 is communicated with the cavity, and the outlet end is communicated with the pit 12.
The pit 12, the pressure vessel 2 and the gap between them form an IVR system for injecting water into the pit 12 after an accident and removing heat from the interior of the pressure vessel 2 by natural convection. It will be appreciated that the wall top 121 of the pit 12 is higher than the top elevation of the core fuel zone 3 so that the water in the pit 12 can completely submerge the core fuel zone 3. Wherein the elevation represents the height of each part of an object, the bottom elevation represents the elevation value of the bottom surface of the object, and the top elevation represents the elevation value of the top surface of the object.
As also shown in fig. 1, the housing body 11 may be made of prestressed concrete or steel in some embodiments; the bottom datum line of the shell body 11 is lower than the ground and is submerged, namely, a part of the shell body 11 is positioned below the ground, or can be positioned below the ground, the distribution position of the shell body 11 is not limited to the layout shown in the figure, and only the bottom datum plane of the shell body 11 and the ground form a sufficient height difference so as to meet the position matching relation of the shell body 11 and the water-cooling heat sink 13.
The water-cooled heat sink 13 may include an input channel 131, an output channel 132, a heat exchanger 133, a water sump 134, an isolation valve 135, a circulation pump 136, and a mode switching valve 137 in some embodiments. The input channel 131 and the output channel 132 are respectively connected to the shell body 11, and the height of one end of the input channel 131 connected to the shell body 11 is higher than that of one end of the output channel 132 connected to the shell body 11, specifically, the input channel 131 is communicated with the middle-upper space of the shell body 11, the output channel 132 is communicated with the bottom space of the shell body 11, that is, the input channel 131 is communicated with the cavity, and the output channel 132 is communicated with the stacking pit 12, so as to provide structural support for water vapor circulation in the closed loop.
The heat exchanger 133 may be a heat pipe type heat exchanger in some embodiments, arranged in a tube bundle, communicated through an upper header and a lower header, and disposed in the water tank 134 and immersed in the water body of the water tank 134 for transferring heat in the shell body 11 to the water tank 134; it may include an inlet end and an outlet end which are disposed opposite to each other up and down, the inlet end is connected to the input channel 131, the outlet end is connected to the output channel 132, and it is understood that the heat exchanger 133 is respectively communicated with the inner space of the case body 11 through the input channel 131 and the output channel 132; where the tube bundle is oriented vertically or inclined in the basin 134 with the inlet end higher than the outlet end, it will be appreciated that hot gases enter the heat exchanger 133 from the inlet channel 131 and, after cooling, condensed water in the tube bundle can flow automatically into the outlet channel 132.
In some embodiments, the bottom elevation of the heat exchanger 133 is higher than the wall top 121 of the pit 12, which facilitates the condensate within the tube bundle to flow into the pit 12 by height differences, which can further reduce power consumption. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments the body of water within the pit 12 does not fill the entire space of the pit 12, and only the body of water is required to submerge the core fuel zone 3, so in some embodiments the bottom elevation of the heat exchanger 133 need only be guaranteed to be higher than the top elevation of the core fuel zone 3.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the water reservoir 134 is in some embodiments open for heat transfer with the heat exchanger 133; in addition, a sufficient height difference is reserved between the bottom datum plane of the shell body 11 and the ground, so that the height of the water pool 134 can be flexibly arranged, and the water pool 134 can be a negative digging water pool, a water pool above the ground, a water pool below the ground and a water pool above the ground; the water tank 134 may be disposed around the shell 11, may be a dedicated water tank or may be a water tank shared with other systems, without placing the water tank 134 on top of the shell 11 or attaching to the upper portion of the shell 11, so as to reduce the load and vibration-proof requirements of the shell 11; it will be appreciated that the location of the distribution of the water pools 134 is not limited to the illustrated arrangement, as long as the same or similar functions are achieved.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the circulation pump 136 is disposed on the input channel 131 or the output channel 132 for providing power for the water vapor circulation in the closed loop, and meanwhile, the circulation pump 136 reduces the stagnation of non-condensable gases (such as air and hydrogen) in the heat exchanger 133, so as to enhance the condensation effect and facilitate the heat discharge. Specifically, at least one row of closed circulation loop system is formed between the inner space of the shell body 11 and the water-cooling heat sink 13, and at least one circulation pump 136 is arranged in each row of circulation loop to drive the water vapor in the loop to circulate. It will be appreciated that the circulation pump 136 may be an air compression pump, a fan or other alternative pump, and that the location of the distribution is not limited to the illustrated arrangement nor the number is limited to the number illustrated, so long as the same or similar functions are achieved.
The mode switching valve 137 is connected in parallel with the circulation pump 136 and is used for switching the working mode of the water-cooling heat sink 13, in some embodiments, the water-cooling heat sink 13 has an active mode and an inactive mode, the mode switching valve 137 can be driven manually or by energy, the valve type is not limited, and the structural design is not limited to the illustrated mode, as long as the mode switching function can be realized.
Specifically, when the pressure vessel 2 is in the normal operation state, the isolation valve 135, the circulation pump 136, and the mode switching valve 137 are in the closed state; when an accident happens, in the early stage of the accident, the primary circuit can release large heat and decay power, the shell body 11 is quickly heated and boosted, the heat-carrying requirement is large, at the moment, the isolation valve 135 and the circulating pump 136 are in an open state, the mode switching valve 137 is in a closed state, the water-cooling heat trap 13 is in an active mode, and the circulating pump 136 is used for quickly driving water vapor to circulate so as to meet the requirement of the early stage of the accident on high heat rejection performance; in the long-term period of accident, decay heat is reduced, the waste heat discharge requirement in the shell body 11 is reduced, the isolation valve 135 and the mode switching valve 137 are in an open state, the circulating pump 136 is in a closed state, the water-cooling heat trap 13 is in an passive mode, and water vapor circulation is carried out through passive natural convection in a closed loop, so that the dependence on an emergency power supply in the long-term period is avoided, the long-term aging heat discharge effect is realized, and the requirement of the long-term period of accident on low heat discharge performance is met. It can be appreciated that the two modes are combined, and the economy of accident mitigation measures can be greatly improved by designing reasonable heat exchanger area and standby power capacity without significantly increasing equipment.
It will be appreciated that the active mode and passive mode switching may be configured with different on and off logic according to the needs of the accident mitigation measures, and the protection mode is not limited to the illustrated mode.
In some embodiments, the pressure difference is close to zero at one end of the input channel 131 and one end of the output channel 132 respectively communicated with the interior of the shell body 11, and the water vapor can be driven to circulate in the closed loop by only providing small power by the circulating pump 136 in the active mode through the height difference of the condensed water; in addition, in the passive mode, the condensed water can also flow by itself by means of the height difference. It should be understood that the distribution positions of the input channels 131 and the output channels 132 are not limited to the illustrated arrangement, the two channels may be connected to the inner wall of the housing body 11 or enter the housing body 11, and the positions of the two channels penetrating the housing body 11 are not limited to the illustrated positions; in addition, the two channels may have bent pipes, three-way connection portions or diversion trenches, and the structure thereof is not limited to the illustrated structure as long as the same or similar functions can be achieved.
Preferably, the inlet end of the input passage 131 may be disposed in an upper space within the case body 11 so that high temperature gas enters the input passage 131 in the passive mode. The distance from the outlet end of the output channel 132 to the bottom of the pit 12 is greater than or equal to the depth of the pit 12, where the depth of the pit 12 may be the distance between the wall top 121 of the pit 12 to the bottom of the pit 12. In this way, the condensate water is facilitated to automatically flow into the water body of the pit 12 in the passive mode, and the end of the output channel 132 connected with the shell body 11 is prevented from being immersed in the water body of the pit 12.
It should be noted that, as described above, the water in the pit 12 may not need to be immersed in the entire space of the pit 12, and thus, in some embodiments, the outlet end of the output channel 132 may be slightly lower than the top 121 of the pit wall, so long as the outlet end of the output channel 132 is not immersed by the water in the pit 12.
Further, in some embodiments, the output channel 132 includes two opposite ends, and the height of the end connected to the heat exchanger 133 is higher than or equal to the height of the end connected to the housing body 11, that is, the height of the inlet end of the output channel 132 is higher than or equal to the height of the outlet end of the output channel 132, and the output channel 132 is in a descending state or a horizontal state from the heat exchanger 133 to the pit 12, so that the condensate water can flow into the pit 12 automatically, thereby reducing power consumption.
In some embodiments, a circulation loop system is formed between the water-cooled heat trap 13 and the shell body 11, specifically, in the early stage of an accident, the isolation valve 135 and the circulation pump 136 are opened, the mode switching valve 137 is in a closed state, the water-cooled heat trap 13 is in an active mode, a refueling water tank (not shown) of the IVR system fills water in the stack pit 12 and submerges the core fuel area 3, heat is led out from the pressure vessel 2, water is heated and evaporated into steam and diffuses into the middle-upper space inside the shell body 11, that is, water is heated and evaporated into steam and diffuses into the cavity, and in addition, a loop breach may also continuously release a large amount of high-temperature water and steam; under the drive of the circulating pump 136, the water vapor enters the heat exchanger 133 through the input channel 131, the heat exchanger 133 transfers the heat of the water vapor to the water tank 134 and the atmosphere, the water vapor is cooled into condensed water, and the condensed water automatically flows into the output channel 132 and the pit 12; the condensed water is heated and evaporated into water vapor, and the water vapor participates in circulation again; in the long-term period of accident, the circulating pump 136 is closed, the mode switching valve 137 is opened, the water-cooled heat trap 13 is in an inactive mode, except for the differential pressure driving of flow caused by condensation in the heat exchanger 133, hot end high-temperature gas is arranged in the shell body 11, cold end low-temperature gas is arranged in the heat exchanger 133, the density difference exists between the cold and hot gases, the low-temperature gas spontaneously flows to the output channel 132 under the driving of gravity, and the high-temperature gas enters the input channel 131 to be supplemented, so that an inactive natural circulation loop is formed, and long-term heat rejection under the condition of no power supply is realized.
It is to be understood that the above examples only represent preferred embodiments of the present invention, which are described in more detail and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention; it should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, the above technical features can be freely combined, and several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention; therefore, all changes and modifications that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims (10)
1. A submerged containment vessel with active and passive water cooled traps comprising:
the shell comprises a shell body, wherein the bottom datum plane of the shell body is lower than the ground, a cavity and a stacking pit are communicated with each other in the shell body, and the stacking pit is closer to the bottom of the shell body than the cavity; and
the water-cooling heat trap comprises an input channel, an output channel, a circulating pump, a mode switching valve, a water tank arranged outside the shell body and a heat exchanger arranged in the water tank, wherein two opposite ends of the heat exchanger are respectively connected with the input channel and the output channel; the input channel and the output channel are respectively connected to the shell body, the input channel is communicated with the cavity, the output channel is communicated with the stacking pit, and a closed loop is formed between the shell body and the water-cooling heat trap;
the circulating pump and the mode switching valve are arranged in the input channel and/or the output channel in parallel, the water-cooling heat trap is provided with an active mode and an inactive mode, when the water-cooling heat trap is in the active mode, the mode switching valve is in a closed state, the circulating pump is in an open state, and active water vapor circulation is carried out in the closed loop; when the water-cooling heat trap is in an passive mode, the circulating pump is in a closed state, the mode switching valve is in an open state, and passive water vapor circulation is performed in the closed loop.
2. The submerged arc envelope with an active and passive water cooled heat sink of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger comprises oppositely disposed inlet and outlet ends, the inlet end being higher than the outlet end; the inlet end is connected with the input channel, and the outlet end is connected with the output channel.
3. The submerged containment vessel with active and passive water cooled heat traps of claim 1, wherein the bottom elevation of the heat exchanger is higher than the top of the walls of the mound pit.
4. The submerged containment vessel with active and passive water cooled heat traps of claim 1, wherein the height of the inlet end of the output channel is greater than or equal to the height of the outlet end of the output channel.
5. The submerged containment vessel with active and passive water cooled traps of claim 1, wherein the pool is disposed at a perimeter of the hull body, and the heat exchanger is disposed within the pool and submerged in a body of water of the pool.
6. The submerged arc chute with active and passive water cooling traps of claim 5, wherein the pool is above or below ground.
7. The submerged containment vessel with active and passive water cooled heat traps of claim 1, wherein the distance of the outlet end of the output channel from the bottom of the pit is greater than or equal to the depth of the pit.
8. The submerged containment vessel with active and passive water cooling traps of claim 1, wherein a pressure vessel is disposed within the pit and a core fuel zone is disposed within the pressure vessel and a wall top of the pit is higher than a top elevation of the core fuel zone.
9. The submerged containment vessel with active and passive water cooled heat traps of claim 8, wherein the bottom elevation of the heat exchanger is higher than the top elevation of the core fuel zone.
10. The submerged arc furnace of claim 8, wherein the pressure vessel has a gap with the wall of the pit, wherein the output channel is in communication with the gap, and wherein an in-pile melt retention system is formed between the pit and the pressure vessel.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310125246.0A CN116168857A (en) | 2023-02-03 | 2023-02-03 | Submerged containment vessel with active and passive water-cooled heat traps |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310125246.0A CN116168857A (en) | 2023-02-03 | 2023-02-03 | Submerged containment vessel with active and passive water-cooled heat traps |
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| CN116168857A true CN116168857A (en) | 2023-05-26 |
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| CN202310125246.0A Pending CN116168857A (en) | 2023-02-03 | 2023-02-03 | Submerged containment vessel with active and passive water-cooled heat traps |
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