CN116149108A - Quantum entanglement light source analysis structure and analysis system - Google Patents
Quantum entanglement light source analysis structure and analysis system Download PDFInfo
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- CN116149108A CN116149108A CN202211537412.XA CN202211537412A CN116149108A CN 116149108 A CN116149108 A CN 116149108A CN 202211537412 A CN202211537412 A CN 202211537412A CN 116149108 A CN116149108 A CN 116149108A
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Abstract
A quantum entanglement light source analysis structure and analysis system comprises a polarization beam splitter, two 1X 2 optical switches, a first 2X 2 coupler, a second 2X 2 coupler, two 2X 1 optical distributors, a first optical path and a second optical path and a third 2X 2 coupler, wherein the input end of the polarization beam splitter is configured to receive a quantum entanglement light source, and the first optical path comprises a third 1X 2 optical switch to form two branches with different delays; at least one of the first optical path and the second optical path includes a second phase shifter. The analytic structure has simple structure and stable performance.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiment of the disclosure relates to a quantum entanglement light source analysis structure and an analysis system.
Background
Quantum entanglement is a core tool in quantum information science, and is suitable for quantum key distribution, quantum computing and super-secret coding. Photons are used as a carrier of quantum states, so that multiple degrees of freedom are easy to simultaneously entanglement. By applying multi-degree-of-freedom entanglement (also known as super entanglement), the Hilbert spatial dimension can be greatly increased, and quantum information carried by transmitted photons can be effectively increased. At present, aiming at super source generation, the analysis of the super entanglement source is realized by utilizing a nonlinear optical crystal, such as a periodically polarized lithium niobate waveguide and a Sagnac ring optical path structure, but because the number of entanglement degrees of freedom is more, the super entanglement source is built by utilizing a discrete optical device, the characteristics of complex optical path, poor stability and the like exist, so that the performance evaluation of the super entanglement source is difficult, and the performance of a high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD, quantum Key Distribution) protocol is also not facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
At least one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a quantum entanglement light source analysis structure, including a polarization beam splitter, two 1×2 optical switches, a first 2×2 coupler, a second 2×2 coupler, two 2×1 optical splitters, a first optical path and a second optical path, where an input end of the polarization beam splitter is configured to receive a quantum entanglement light source, two output ends are respectively coupled to input ends of the two 1×2 optical switches, one output end of each of the two 1×2 optical switches is connected to an input end of the first 2×2 coupler, and another output end of each of the two 1×2 optical switches is respectively connected to one input end of each of the two 2×1 optical splitters; the other input ends of the two 2X 1 optical distributors are respectively connected with the output ends of the first 2X 2 coupler; the output end of at least one of the two 2 x 1 optical splitters is coupled to the second 2 x 2 coupler through a first phase shifter, and the two output ends of the second 2 x 2 coupler are respectively coupled with the first optical path and the second optical path; the first optical path and the second optical path are respectively coupled with two input ends of the third 2×2 coupler to output; the first optical path comprises a third 1 multiplied by 2 optical switch to form two branches with different delays; at least one of the first optical path and the second optical path includes a second phase shifter.
In some examples, two output ends of the third 1×2 optical switch are respectively connected to the two branches, and a delay waveguide is disposed on one of the branches.
In some examples, the second optical path includes an adjustable attenuator.
In some examples, the first optical path includes the second phase shifter, and the two branches are connected to the second phase shifter through a third 2×1 optical splitter.
In some examples, the first optical path and the second optical path are connected to two output optical ports through a third 2 x 2 coupler.
In some examples, the 2 x 1 optical splitter is a 2 x 1 coupler or a 2 x 1 optical switch.
In some examples, the polarizing beam splitter is a polarizing beam splitter rotator.
In some examples, the second 2 x 2 coupler is in communication with a shorter delay of the two branches when the optical path between the polarizing beam splitter and the two 2 x 1 optical splitters is in communication.
In some examples, when the optical path between the polarizing beam splitter and the first 2×2 optical coupler is conductive, the second 2×2 optical coupler is conductive with the optical path between the longer-delay branch of the two branches.
The present disclosure also provides a quantum entanglement light source analysis system, including the quantum entanglement light source analysis structure provided by any one of the two embodiments, the polarization beam splitters of the two quantum entanglement light source analysis structures are respectively configured to receive two photons in an entangled photon pair.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the following description will briefly introduce the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments or the related technical descriptions, and it is apparent that the drawings in the following description relate only to some embodiments of the present disclosure and are not limiting to the present disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a quantum entangled light source resolution structure according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 2 and fig. 3 are schematic structural diagrams of a quantum entangled light source analysis system according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure in two degrees of freedom analysis modes.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure will be clearly and fully described below with reference to non-limiting example embodiments shown in the drawings and detailed in the following description, more fully explaining example embodiments of the disclosure and their various features and advantageous details. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Descriptions of well-known materials, components, and processing techniques are omitted so as to not obscure the example embodiments of the present disclosure. The examples are presented merely to facilitate an understanding of the practice of the example embodiments of the disclosure and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the example embodiments. Thus, these examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments of the disclosure.
Unless defined otherwise, technical or scientific terms used in this disclosure should be given the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The terms "first," "second," and the like, as used in this disclosure, do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The word "comprising" or "comprises", and the like, means that elements or items preceding the word are included in the element or item listed after the word and equivalents thereof, but does not exclude other elements or items. "upper", "lower", "left", "right", etc. are used merely to indicate relative positional relationships, which may also be changed when the absolute position of the object to be described is changed. The embodiments of the present disclosure and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other to arrive at new embodiments without conflict.
At least one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a quantum entangled light source parsing structure including a polarizing beam splitter, two 1×2 optical switches, a second 2×2 coupler, a first 2×2 coupler, two 2×1 optical splitters, a first optical path, and a second optical path. The input end of the polarization beam splitter is configured to receive a quantum entanglement light source, two output ends are respectively coupled to the input ends of the two 1×2 optical switches, one output end of each of the two 1×2 optical switches is connected to the input end of the first 2×2 coupler, and the other output end of each of the two 1×1 optical switches is respectively connected to one input end of each of the two 2×1 optical splitters; the other input ends of the two 2X 1 optical distributors are respectively connected with the output ends of the first 2X 2 coupler; the output end of at least one of the two 2 x 1 optical splitters is coupled to the second 2 x 2 coupler through a first phase shifter, and the two output ends of the second 2 x 2 coupler are respectively coupled with the first optical path and the second optical path; the first optical path and the second optical path are respectively coupled with two input ends of the third 2×2 coupler to output; the first optical path comprises a third 1 multiplied by 2 optical switch to form two branches with different delays; at least one of the first optical path and the second optical path includes a second phase shifter.
In the quantum entanglement light source analysis structure provided by at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, through the above arrangement, the device can be multiplexed to analyze the entanglement light source with multiple degrees of freedom, so that the problem of redundancy of light path recombination during characterization of entanglement light sources with different degrees of freedom is avoided. For example, by selecting the states of two 1×2 optical switches and selecting two branches of different delays, the quantum entangled light source can be analyzed for polarization degrees of freedom or energy time degrees of freedom. For example, the second phase shifter can be set and adjusted to select a measurement basis vector, and on the basis of the measurement basis vector, the first phase shifter is subjected to phase scanning, so that the quantum entanglement light source can be subjected to analysis of polarization freedom degree. For example, by scanning the second phase shifter, the quantum entangled light source can be analyzed for energy-time freedom. The optical signals are output through the intensity modulator composed of the second 2 multiplied by 2 coupler, the third 2 multiplied by 2 coupler and the second phase shifter between the two, and the purpose of analyzing the entangled light source can be achieved by observing the optical signals of the two output ports. In addition, when the analysis of the energy time freedom degree is carried out, the first phase shifter can be adjusted, so that the intensity modulator formed by the first 2×2 coupler, the second 2×2 coupler and the first phase shifter between the two can be adjusted to adjust the optical power of two output ends of the second 2×2 coupler, the balance of the optical power of the first optical path and the second optical path is facilitated, and the analysis accuracy is improved.
For example, the polarization beam splitter is a polarization beam splitting rotator, and TE waves and TM waves in the light source can be unified into TE waves or TM waves with higher conduction efficiency according to waveguide performance to conduct, so that conduction loss is reduced, and conduction efficiency is improved.
For example, the 2 x 2 coupler may be a 2 x 2 multimode interference coupler.
For example, the 2×1 optical splitter may be a 2×1 coupler, such as a 2×1 multimode interference coupler. In other examples, the 2 x 1 optical splitter may also be a 2 x 1 optical switch.
For example, the couplers referred to in this disclosure are all 50:50 couplers.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a quantum entangled light source resolution structure according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 1, the quantum entangled light source resolving structure includes a polarization beam-splitting rotator, two 1×2 optical switches (1×2 optical switches-1 and 1×2 optical switches-2) coupled to two output ends A, B of the polarization beam-splitting rotator, respectively, a 2×2 multimode interference coupler-1 coupled to each output end of the two 1×2 optical switches (one example of the first 2×2 coupler of the present disclosure), two 2×1 multimode interference couplers (i.e., 2×1 multimode interference couplers-1 and 2×1 multimode interference coupler-2), a 2×2 multimode interference coupler-2 (one example of the second 2×2 coupler of the present disclosure), and a first optical path and a second optical path coupled to two output ends of the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-2, respectively, coupled to two input ends of the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-3 (one example of the third 2×2 coupler of the present disclosure).
For example, an input end of the polarization beam splitter rotator is configured to be coupled to an input optical port to receive a quantum entangled light source. For example, the quantum entanglement light source is one photon of a quantum entangled photon pair.
One output terminal of the 1×2 optical switch-1 (e.g., port E of fig. 1) and one output terminal of the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-1 are coupled to two input terminals of the 2×1 multimode interference coupler-1, respectively, and the other output terminal of the 1×2 optical switch-1 (e.g., port G of fig. 1) is coupled to one input terminal of the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-1; one output of the 1 x 2 optical switch-2 (e.g., port F of fig. 1) and the other output of the 2 x 2 multimode interference coupler-1 are coupled to two inputs of the 2 x 1 multimode interference coupler-2, respectively, and the other output of the 1 x 2 optical switch-2 (e.g., port H of fig. 1) is coupled to the other input of the 2 x 2 multimode interference coupler-1.
At least one of the two 2 x 1 multimode interference couplers is coupled to a 2 x 2 multimode interference coupler-2 through a phase shifter. As shown in fig. 1, the two 2×1 multimode interference couplers are coupled to two input ends of the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-2 through one phase shifter (phase shifter-1 and phase shifter-2), respectively. This helps to balance the optical losses on the two optical paths.
The first optical path includes a 1×2 optical switch-3 (an example of a third 1×2 optical switch of the present disclosure), an input I of the 1×2 optical switch-3 is coupled to one output of the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-2, and two output terminals J, K are respectively connected to two branches, wherein a delay waveguide is disposed on one of the branches, so that a delay on the branch is longer than that on the other branch.
The two branches are coupled to one optical path through a 2 x 1 multimode interference coupler-3 (one example of the third optical splitter of the present disclosure).
At least one of the first optical path and the second optical path includes a phase shifter to perform selection of a measurement basis vector when performing polarization degree-of-freedom analysis.
For example, the first optical path comprises a phase shifter, and the two branches are connected to a second phase shifter via a third 2 x 1 optical splitter. In other examples, the phase shifter may also be located between the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-2 and the 1×2 optical switch-3.
As shown in fig. 1, the first optical path and the second optical path are provided with a phase shifter-3 and a phase shifter-4, respectively, i.e. both optical paths are provided with phase shifters, which helps to balance the optical losses on both optical paths. Two branches in the first optical path are coupled to the phase shifter-3 through the 2 x 1 multimode interference coupler-3.
The second optical path further comprises an adjustable attenuator which balances the loss of the delay waveguide when the input I and output J of the 1 x 2 optical switch-3 are connected, i.e. when a branch with longer delay is selected.
For example, the first optical path and the second optical path are connected to two output optical ports through a third 2×2 coupler. By observing the optical signals of the two output optical ports, the purpose of analyzing the entangled light source can be achieved. For example, the two light output ports 2, 3 are each connected to a single photon detector. For example, the single photon detector is a single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD).
The quantum entanglement light source analysis structure can realize the analysis of the entanglement light source with multiple degrees of freedom. When the polarization beam splitter is conducted with the light path between the 2X 1 multimode interference coupler-1 and the 2X 1 multimode interference coupler-2, the 2X 2 multimode interference coupler-2 is conducted with the branch with shorter delay in the two branches, so that the polarization degree of freedom of the quantum entanglement light source can be analyzed. When the light path between the polarization beam splitter and the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-1 is conducted, the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-2 is conducted with the branch with longer delay in the two branches, so that the energy time degree of freedom analysis can be carried out on the quantum entanglement light source.
For example, in the above optical path structure, the connection or coupling between the components is waveguide connection or coupling, and the other components are non-delay waveguides except the delay waveguide.
All components in the optical path structure can be integrated on one chip, and the optical path structure has the advantages of simple structure, stable performance and cost saving. For example, on-chip superentanglement source resolution can be achieved using existing silicon optical design toolkit (PDK, process design kit) based on silicon optical integration technology.
The present disclosure also provides, in at least one embodiment, a quantum entanglement light source resolution system including two quantum entanglement light source resolution structures, the polarizing beam splitters of the two quantum entanglement light source resolution structures being respectively configured to receive two photons of an entangled photon pair. And (3) observing the visibility (visibility) of the two-photon interference by observing the signal detection of the output light port, so as to determine the fidelity (visibility) of the entangled source under each degree of freedom, and further evaluate the quality of the entangled photon to the source. For example, when two-photon interference visibility exceeds 81%, the entanglement source can be used for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols, so that both-party communications can be achieved. For example, the two quantum entangled light source analysis structures have the same structure.
The quantum entanglement light source analysis system according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure will be exemplarily described below with reference to the example in which the quantum entanglement light source analysis structure shown in fig. 1 is implemented in both of polarization degree-of-freedom analysis and energy time degree-of-freedom analysis modes, respectively, but this is not a limitation of the present disclosure.
As shown in fig. 2, the quantum entanglement light source resolution system comprises two quantum entanglement light source resolution structures shown in fig. 1. The two quantum entanglement light source analysis structures are respectively located at two ends of communication, such as Alice end and Bob end. The two quantum entanglement light source analysis structures are in a polarization degree of freedom analysis mode, an input end C and an output end E of a 1X 2 optical switch-1 are communicated, an input end D and an output end F of the 1X 2 optical switch-2 are communicated, an input end I and an output end K of a 1X 2 optical switch-3 are communicated, so that a polarization beam splitting rotator is communicated with a light path between a 2X 1 multimode interference coupler-1 and a 2X 1 multimode interference coupler-2, and a light path between the 2X 2 multimode interference coupler-2 and a delay waveguide is communicated.
For example, the signal light is input from the optical port 1 and the optical port 1', and after passing through the polarization speed-dividing rotator, the TE mode light in the signal light is output from the output terminal a, and the TM mode light in the signal light is converted into the TE mode and output from the output terminal B. And adjusting phase shifters-3 or phase shifters-4 of analysis structures at two ends of Alice and Bob, selecting a measurement basis vector (such as an HV basis vector or an AD basis vector) of a polarization state, carrying out phase scanning on the phase shifters-1 or the phase shifters-2 at any end, observing single photons between the output light port 2 and the output light port 2', or between the output light port 2 and the output light port 3', or between the output light port 3 and the output light port 2', and measuring the visibility of two-photon interference, thereby determining the fidelity of a polarization entanglement source and realizing polarization degree-of-freedom analysis.
As shown in fig. 3, the two quantum entanglement light source resolving structures are both in an energy time degree of freedom resolving mode, an input end C and an output end G of the 1×2 optical switch-1 are communicated, an input end D and an output end H of the 1×2 optical switch-2 are communicated, an input end I and an output end J of the 1×2 optical switch-3 are communicated, so that an optical path between the polarization beam splitting rotator and the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-1 is conducted, and the 2×2 multimode interference coupler-2 is conducted with a branch with shorter delay in the two branches.
The signal light is input from the light port 1' of the light port 1, and after passing through the polarization speed-dividing rotator, TE mode light in the signal light is output from the A port, and the TM mode light is converted into TE mode light and output from the B port. And the phase shifters-1 or the phase shifters-2 of the analytic structures at the two ends of Alice and Bob are regulated to balance the optical power of the two input ports of the 2X 2 multimode interference coupler-3, so that the influence of the imbalance of the optical power on the first optical path and the second optical path caused by the delay waveguide is reduced. The phase shifter-3 or the phase shifter-4 at any end is subjected to phase scanning, the output light port 2 and the output light port 2', or the output light port 2 and the output light port 3', or the output light port 3 and the output light port 2', or the single photon coincidence counting between the output light port 3 and the output light port 3', is observed, and the fidelity of the energy time entanglement source is determined by measuring the visibility of two-photon interference, so that the analysis of the energy time degree of freedom is realized.
In other embodiments, the quantum entanglement light source resolution system may also include three or more quantum entanglement light source resolution structures, thereby enabling communication based on quantum networks distributed by multiphoton entanglement sources.
The foregoing is merely exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A quantum entangled light source analysis structure comprises a polarization beam splitter, two 1×2 optical switches, a first 2×2 coupler, a second 2×2 coupler, two 2×1 optical splitters, a first optical path and a second optical path, and a third 2×2 coupler,
wherein the input end of the polarization beam splitter is configured to receive a quantum entanglement light source, and the two output ends are respectively coupled to the input ends of the two 1 x 2 optical switches; one output end of each of the two 1×2 optical switches is connected with the input end of the first 2×2 coupler, and the other output end of each of the two 1×2 optical switches is connected with one input end of each of the two 2×1 optical distributors;
the other input ends of the two 2X 1 optical distributors are respectively connected with the output ends of the first 2X 2 coupler; the output end of the 2 x 1 optical splitter of at least one of the two 2 x 1 optical splitters is coupled to the second 2 x 2 coupler through a first phase shifter, and the two output ends of the second 2 x 2 coupler are respectively coupled with the first optical path and the second optical path;
the first optical path and the second optical path are respectively coupled with two input ends of the third 2×2 coupler to output;
the first optical path comprises a third 1 multiplied by 2 optical switch to form two branches with different delays; at least one of the first optical path and the second optical path includes a second phase shifter.
2. The quantum entanglement light source resolution structure according to claim 1, wherein two output ends of the third 1 x 2 optical switch are respectively connected with the two branches, and a delay waveguide is arranged on one branch.
3. The quantum entangled light source parsing structure of claim 2 wherein the second light path includes an adjustable attenuator.
4. The quantum entangled light source resolution structure of claim 1 wherein the first light path includes the second phase shifter, the two branches being connected to the second phase shifter by a third 2 x 1 optical splitter.
5. The quantum entangled light source parsing structure of claim 1 wherein the first light path and the second light path are connected to two output light ports through the third 2 x 2 coupler.
6. The quantum entangled light source parsing structure of claim 1 wherein the 2 x 1 optical splitter is a 2 x 1 coupler or a 2 x 1 optical switch.
7. The quantum entangled light source resolution structure of claim 1 wherein the polarizing beam splitter is a polarizing beam splitting rotator.
8. The quantum entangled light source parsing structure of any one of claims 1-7 wherein when the optical path between the polarizing beam splitter and the two 2 x 1 optical splitters is conductive, the second 2 x 2 coupler is conductive with the shorter delay branch of the two branches.
9. The quantum entangled light source parsing structure of any one of claims 1-7, wherein when an optical path between the polarizing beam splitter and the first 2 x 2 optical coupler is conductive, the second 2 x 2 coupler is conductive with an optical path between a longer-delay branch of the two branches.
10. A quantum entangled light source resolution system comprising two quantum entangled light source resolution structures as defined in any one of claims 1-9, wherein the polarizing beam splitters of the two quantum entangled light source resolution structures are each configured to receive two photons of an entangled photon pair.
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| CN116760479A (en) * | 2023-08-14 | 2023-09-15 | 浙江九州量子信息技术股份有限公司 | Film lithium niobate phase decoding photon chip and quantum key distribution system |
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| CN116760479A (en) * | 2023-08-14 | 2023-09-15 | 浙江九州量子信息技术股份有限公司 | Film lithium niobate phase decoding photon chip and quantum key distribution system |
| CN116760479B (en) * | 2023-08-14 | 2023-11-24 | 浙江九州量子信息技术股份有限公司 | Film lithium niobate phase decoding photon chip and quantum key distribution system |
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