CN116135903A - 不同分子量电致变色聚合物的直接(杂)芳基化聚合及柔性器件制备 - Google Patents

不同分子量电致变色聚合物的直接(杂)芳基化聚合及柔性器件制备 Download PDF

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CN116135903A
CN116135903A CN202111354547.8A CN202111354547A CN116135903A CN 116135903 A CN116135903 A CN 116135903A CN 202111354547 A CN202111354547 A CN 202111354547A CN 116135903 A CN116135903 A CN 116135903A
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ecps
electrochromic
dhap
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王悦辉
陈鸿
林凯文
梁浩深
赖聪聪
谭靖茹
周丹娜
张小宾
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute
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Abstract

本发明为不同分子量电致变色聚合物的直接(杂)芳基化聚合及柔性器件制备。所述的电致变色聚合物经直接(杂)芳基化聚合而成，并按照分子量大小进行提取，将不同分子量的电致变色聚合物作为电致变色层进行柔性器件组装。

Description

不同分子量电致变色聚合物的直接(杂)芳基化聚合及柔性器 件制备
技术领域
本发明涉及有机光电领域和柔性电子领域，具体涉及电致变色共轭聚合物的直接芳基化缩聚(Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization，DHAP)及其在柔性器件上的应用。
背景技术
电致变色材料（Electrochromism）是指电活性物质伴随着电子转移或“氧化还原”反应表现出新的光吸收带，在外观性能上则表现为颜色及透明度的可逆变化，电致变色的概念由Platt在1961年首次提出。电致变色材料的掺杂/脱掺杂电荷实现了一个可逆的氧化还原过程，随着离子和电子的掺杂，将在分子的价带(对应π成键轨道)与导带(对应π反键轨道)间诱发出极子能级和双极子能级等。不同的掺杂，形成带隙（E g ）的大小也不同，较窄的E g 使价电子跃迁到极子能级变得更加容易，从而吸收或释放出光子，最终产生丰富多彩的变色现象，这些新能级的形成改变了价电子跃迁过程中所需的能量，在光谱电化学上则表现为吸收峰的变化。
电致变色共轭聚合物(electrochromic conjugated polymers，ECPs)因其易于加工、响应时间快、光学对比度高以及能够修改其结构以产生多色电致变色而广受欢迎。电致变色性能的评价是面临最重要的问题，科研工作者将电致变色性能用如下参数和指标进行评定。
色彩变化：色彩变化是电致变色共轭聚合物的重要特性，丰富的色彩变化可以使电致变色共轭聚合物具有更多的用途。
光学对比度：光学对比度（∆T）是在特定波长下，EC材料和器件还原态T red 与氧化态透过率T ox 的差值，光学对比度是评估导电聚合物EC材料及器件性能的重要参数。
着色效率(coloration efficiency，CE)也称变色效率：CE是指在特定波长下，导电聚合物EC材料光学密度变化(ΔOD)与单位面积上迁入/迁出电荷量(Q d )的比值。着色效率的高低直接反应EC材料在氧化还原过程中消耗能量的多少，着色效率越高，消耗能量越少。计算公式为：
Figure 148709DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
Figure 364051DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
其中，T ox 为导电聚合物EC材料在氧化态时的透过率；T red 为导电聚合物EC材料在还原态时的透过率；Q ox 为氧化过程中的电荷量；Q red 为还原过程中的电荷量；S为工作电极的面积。
响应时间：响应时间指ECPs从一种氧化还原态到另一种氧化还原态所需要的时间，响应时间包括着色时间t c 和褪色时间t b ，一般为透过率变化95%所用的时间，响应时间越短，EC速度越快。它取决于几个参数，例如电解质传导离子的能力以及这些平衡离子种类在ECPs活性层上扩散的容易程度，主要由ECPs的电荷转移阻抗决定的。
稳定性：除了光电性能外，稳定性对于ECPs而言也是十分重要的，ECPs必须经过稳定的氧化还原过程，才能使其电致变色特性在重复切换时可再现，ECPs的稳定性主要是指其在不断的可逆循环过程中的循环寿命，ECPs的稳定性对于ECD十分地重要，如果ECPs的稳定性较好，将其用于ECD上将会极大地提高ECD的使用寿命，而大多数ECPs在循环电压下缺乏长期稳定性的问题，这是亟需解决的问题。
记忆效应：记忆效应是指ECPs没有外加电压的情况下保持其光学（颜色、吸光度）及透过率性能的能力，可以通过透过率-时间曲线进行表征。
当下对ECPs和器件的要求主要是光学对比度高、着色效率高、响应时间短、记忆效应好、色彩变化明显、稳定性好等，美国佐治亚理工学院Reynolds教授、土耳其Toppare教授、中科大徐春叶教授、北京大学孟鸿教授、电子科技大学贾春阳教授、江西科技师范大学徐景坤教授等在电致变色领域做出了重要贡献。传统的一些交叉偶联反应，即Suzuki反应、Stille反应、Kumada反应和Negishi反应，一直是合成ECPs的主要方法。
然而，这些方法通常涉及卤化和有机金属试剂，从而产生化学计量的不良和有毒副产物，此外，制备这些中间体需要额外的合成步骤。DHAP的引入给EC领域带来了新的活力，通过DHAP制备的ECPs性能不弱于传统的交叉偶联制备的ECPs，而且没有有毒副产物产生，后续的提纯步骤也简单了很多。
发明内容
为了克服传统交叉偶联反应的缺点，本发明的目的在于提供一种稳定的高产率的DHAP合成方法来制备不同分子量的ECPs，然后将得到的可溶液加工的ECPs制备为高效稳定的电致变色柔性器件。
本发明的目的通过下述方案实现：
通过将芳族氢活化化合物直接偶联到卤代芳族试剂上形成C-C键来合成聚合物，将不会产生有毒副产物，因为介质中产生的唯一副产物是卤化氢(H-X)，这种合成方法称为直接(杂)芳基化聚合(Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization，DHAP)。
对于电致变色领域，同样可以运用DHAP来稳定高产率地合成ECPs，其合成的ECPs拥有不弱于传统交叉偶联聚合的ECPs的性能。运用DHAP来合成ECPs的合成步骤如下式所示，其中X为卤素元素，R1为H、C1~50烷基直链或支化链、酮基、丙二腈；单体A与单体B通过DHAP合成聚合物，A和B可均为给体单元，Ar1和Ar2为可进行电化学聚合的芳香基团, Ar1和Ar2均可为噻吩、并噻吩、联噻吩、咔唑、芴及以上所有结构的衍生物的一种。
Figure 612630DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
Figure 972570DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
所述聚合物材料的制备方法，其特征在于有显著的原子经济性，更少的合成步骤以及良性副产物的优点。具体为如下步骤：DHAP偶联反应得到聚合物，在经过沉淀、过滤、抽提、旋蒸来得到比通过分子量的聚合物。
本发明与现有技术相比具有以下优点：
（1）本发明设计了一种稳定的高产率的DHAP合成方法来制备不同分子量的ECPs，然后将得到的可溶液加工的ECPs制备为高效稳定的电致变色柔性器件。
（2本发明实现了具有优异稳定性和高性能的电致变色器件。
附图说明
图1为具体实施的DHAP制备不同分子量的电致变色聚合物的合成路线图。
图2为柔性电致变色器件结构示意图。
图3为光谱电化学图。
图4为动力学稳定性图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明，其目的在于帮助更好的理解本发明的内容，具体包括聚合物的合成和器件制备方法，但这些具体实施方案不以任何方式限制本发明的保护范围。
本发明的实践可采用本领域技术内的聚合物化学的常规技术。在以下实施例中，努力确保所用数字（包括量、温度、反应时间等）的准确性，但应考虑一些实验误差和偏差。在以下实施例中所用的温度以°C表示，压力为大气压或接近大气压。所用溶剂为分析纯或色谱纯购买，并且所有的反应在氩气氛围中进行。除非另外指出，否则所有试剂都要商业获得的。
具体实施方法
对于DHAP制备不同分子量的电致变色聚合物主要为两种反应溶剂，当单体为富电子单元时，选择极性溶剂（如DMAc）更好，而对于极性溶剂配体就不那么重要了，可以不需要配体；对于缺电子单元，选择非极性溶剂（如Toluene）更好，对于非极性溶剂，配体则显得至关重要了，对于钯催化剂、酸、碱的选择性就没有那么固定了，常用的钯催化剂、碱、酸、配体、溶剂如下表1所示，对于两种反应溶剂做了举例，如表2所示，对于反应的温度和时间得根据特定底物进行定制，反应温度一般在100℃左右，当用的碱比较多时，反应温度适量增加。
表1
Figure 833079DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
表2
Figure 235241DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
实施例1
电致变色聚合物P(2,7-Cbz-E)的制备
通过DHAP将2,7-二溴-9(1-辛基壬基)-9H-咔唑和3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩聚合，合成了一种可溶液加工的线性聚合物P(2,7-Cbz-E)，制备了低分子量的P(2,7-Cbz-E)-LW和高分子量的P(2,7-Cbz-E)-HW。
化学反应流程如下所示，具体反应步骤和反应条件如下：
Figure 169699DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
（1）原料或中间反应物：2,7-二溴-9(1-辛基壬基)-9H-咔唑、3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩、碳酸铯、特戊酸、钯催化剂、磷配体、DMAc为安耐吉科技有限公司、北京百灵威科技有限公司、苏州纳凯科技有限公司等公司购买所得。
（2）反应流程
将2,7-二溴-9(1-辛基壬基)-9H-咔唑（ 281.5mg，0.5mmol）、3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩（71mg，0.5mmol）、碳酸铯（326mg，1mmol）、特戊酸（15.15mg，0.15mmol）、钯催化剂（22.23mg，0.025mmol）、磷配体（17.6mg，0.05mmol）置于反应管中，在氩气气氛下将管转移到手套箱中，加入干燥的N , N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc, 2 mL)，将管密封，从手套箱中取出，并进行油浴锅恒温加热（100℃）和磁力搅拌、反应12个小时。
（3）提纯
将反应物倒入150ml无水乙醇中沉淀，然后进行抽滤，中途用水洗去碱盐。接着再用无水乙醇、正己烷、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷一次进行索氏提取，再将二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷抽提的溶液进行旋蒸，得到最终产物（309g，90%）。
实施例2
以实施例1所得聚合物材料为例应用在电致变色中
(1)光谱电化学
将实施例1制备的电致变色聚合物沉积在ITO导电玻璃上的聚合物薄膜，放在三电极电解池中，电解池中有溶有六氟化磷四丁基胺的乙腈溶液；其中工作电极为附有聚合物薄膜的ITO导电玻璃，对电极为铂片，参比电极为Ag/AgCl电极。利用恒电位方法，通过电化学工作站调节施加在工作电极上的电压，同时用紫外可见光谱仪记录聚合物在不同电压下吸收光谱的变化趋势，即得到了聚合物的光谱电化学图谱。如图3所示。
图3中450 nm、480nm下是聚合物本身的特征峰，随着电压的升高，在605nm处出现新的峰，这主要是由于产生极化子所造成的。
实施例3
(1)聚合物膜的动力学稳定性研究
利用紫外可见分光光度计来测定方波电位下，聚合物膜在特定波长下，氧化态和还原态的透过率，从而计算出光学对比度，影响时间等。紫外可见分光光度计记录的为时间-透过率曲线，电化学工作站记录的为时间-电流曲线，根据这两条曲线还可计算出着色效率。
图4是P(2,7-Cbz-E)-LW和P(2,7-Cbz-E)-HW在450 nm、480 nm、605 nm处的动力学稳定性研究图谱，方波电位间隔为10 s。
本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例，而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说，在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。

Claims (3)

1.运用DHAP来稳定高产率地合成ECPs，其合成的ECPs拥有不弱于传统交叉偶联聚合的ECPs的性能；运用DHAP来合成ECPs的合成步骤如下图所示，其中X为卤素元素，R1为H、C1~50烷基直链或支化链、酮基、丙二腈；单体A与单体B通过DHAP合成聚合物，A和B可均为给体单元，Ar1和Ar2为可进行电化学聚合的芳香基团，Ar1和Ar2均可为噻吩、并噻吩、联噻吩、咔唑、芴及以上所有结构的衍生物的一种：
Figure 664989DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
；
Figure 530549DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
。
2.权利要求1所述聚合物材料的制备方法，其特征在于有显著的原子经济性，更少的合成步骤以及良性副产物的优点：具体为如下步骤：DHAP偶联反应得到聚合物，在经过沉淀、过滤、抽提、旋蒸来得到比通过分子量的聚合物。
3.权利要求1-2任一项所述合成的电致变色共轭聚合物在电致变色领域得到应用。
CN202111354547.8A 2021-11-16 2021-11-16 不同分子量电致变色聚合物的直接(杂)芳基化聚合及柔性器件制备 Pending CN116135903A (zh)

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