CN116096984A - 用于飞行器涡轮发动机的复合材料轮叶 - Google Patents

用于飞行器涡轮发动机的复合材料轮叶 Download PDF

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CN116096984A
CN116096984A CN202180055708.5A CN202180055708A CN116096984A CN 116096984 A CN116096984 A CN 116096984A CN 202180055708 A CN202180055708 A CN 202180055708A CN 116096984 A CN116096984 A CN 116096984A
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blade
fibres
medium
turbine engine
identification medium
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马特奥·米纳维诺
P·J·费夫雷达西尔
达米安·布鲁诺·拉穆切
T·A·R·J·勒莫
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Safran SA
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Abstract

一种风扇轮叶(1)，用于飞行器涡轮发动机，轮叶包括连接到根部(11)的叶片(13)，轮叶由复合材料制成，复合材料基于编织纤维并且嵌入聚合树脂中，轮叶还包括用于对轮叶进行识别的介质(2)，该介质是无线电识别介质，其特征在于，风扇轮叶包括至少一个第一部分(30，32)和至少一个第二部分(34)，第一部分的纤维仅为导电纤维，第二部分的纤维由导电纤维和非导电纤维的混合物形成，并且识别介质位于第二部分(34)中或第二部分上。

Description

用于飞行器涡轮发动机的复合材料轮叶
技术领域
本发明涉及用于飞行器涡轮发动机的复合材料轮叶及制造该复合材料轮叶的方法。
背景技术
现有技术特别地包括文献EP-3 211 366、EP-3 093 800以及US-2009/188324。
以已知的方式，参照图1，示出了涡轮发动机100，涡轮发动机沿着涡轮发动机轴线X延伸并且使得飞行器能够通过进入涡轮发动机100并且从上游到下游流动的空气流而移动。在下文中，术语“上游”和“下游”是相对于从上游向下游定向的涡轮发动机轴线X来限定的。类似地，术语“内”和“外”是沿着相对于轴线X限定的径向方向R来限定的。
以已知的方式，涡轮发动机100包括压缩机、燃烧室以及用于驱动压缩机旋转的涡轮。涡轮发动机100包括上游风扇110，上游风扇对涡轮发动机100中的从上游到下游的空气流进行加速。
风扇110包括盘111，盘可旋转地固定到压缩机的轴，盘包括围绕盘111的外周分布的容纳部，轮叶1通过轴向插入部沿着涡轮发动机轴线X从上游到下游分别安装在容纳部中。轮叶1在横向于涡轮发动机轴线X的同一平面中延伸。在该示例中，涡轮发动机100包括安装在盘111的上游处的锥状部112。
优选地，参照图2，每个轮叶1相对于涡轮发动机轴线X沿着轴线R径向地延伸，并且相继地包括：径向内安装根部11，径向内安装根部被构造成安装在盘111的所述容纳部中的一个容纳部中；径向空气偏转叶片13；径向外部；以及可能的平台12，平台用于将根部11连接到叶片13。替代地，平台12可以与轮叶1分离，并且独立于轮叶在该盘上的安装而安装在盘111上。
以已知的方式，每个风扇轮叶1由序列号(serial number)SN和部件号(partnumber)PN唯一地识别。参照图2和图3，序列号21和版本号22被写在介质2上，优选地被写在织物上，该介质被附接到根部11的一部分并且覆盖有保护涂层。
实际上，涡轮发动机100的风扇110必须配备有足够的风扇轮叶1，以使涡轮发动机100最佳地运行。特别地，必须确保同一风扇110的轮叶1具有兼容的序列号21和版本号22。
由于在租赁期间客户可能需要更换风扇110的一个或多个轮叶1，因此对于向客户租赁涡轮发动机的公司将出现问题。在返还涡轮发动机时，出租方的责任是在涡轮发动机可以再次被租赁之前验证安装在风扇110中的轮叶1是兼容的。
检查风扇110的轮叶1的序列号21和版本号22是特别繁琐和耗时的。为了可视地接近包括序列号21和版本号22的介质2，操作者必须在接近轮叶1之前拆卸涡轮发动机的上游部分，特别是拆卸风扇锥状部112、壳体、锁以及垫片。
在读取序列号21和版本号22之后，操作者必须重新组装涡轮发动机的上游部分，这是耗时的并且增加了损坏和组装错误(不合格)的风险。此外，这种方法不能防止操作者错误地输入序列号21和版本号23。
顺便提及，在另一个申请中，在现有技术中通过专利申请EP-A1-2 224 379已知在压缩机轮叶上使用无线电识别(radio-identification，RFID)介质，以在涡轮轴发动机的运行期间跟踪压缩机轮叶的状态。为此，在涡轮轴发动机中提供RFID读取器，以随时间读取RFID介质。这种教导与试图从涡轮轴发动机的外部识别轮叶的操作者无关。这是因为涡轮轴发动机具有许多金属部件，这些金属部件提供电磁屏蔽，并形成法拉第笼。
申请人已经提出了通过配备有无线电识别介质的风扇轮叶来解决该问题的解决方案，该无线电识别介质被胶粘到轮叶的根部。
本发明提出了对该技术的改进，这种改进特别地优化了轮叶的识别介质的检测。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种风扇轮叶，用于飞行器涡轮发动机，轮叶包括连接到根部的叶片，轮叶由复合材料制成，复合材料基于编织纤维并且嵌入聚合树脂中，轮叶还包括用于对轮叶进行识别的介质，介质是无线电识别介质，其特征在于，风扇轮叶包括至少一个第一部分和至少一个第二部分，第一部分的纤维仅为导电纤维，第二部分的纤维由导电纤维和非导电纤维的混合物形成，并且识别介质位于所述第二部分中或所述第二部分上。
商用的无线电频率识别(RFID)类型的识别介质具有各种设计。无线电频率识别类型的识别介质采购简单且成本低廉，但识别链的性能在很大程度上取决于介质所布置的环境和介质如何设计。
有两种已知类型的RFID介质：
-所谓的“金属”介质，“金属”介质的厚度至少为1.5mm，以在高频或超高频(ultra-high frequency，UHF)下运行，
-“非金属”介质或非导电介质，“非金属”介质或非导电介质的厚度小于0.5mm，以用于UHF应用。
由于非金属RFID介质的厚度小，并且非金属RFID介质的应用对于具有由空气动力学约束施加的薄厚度的轮叶特别感兴趣，因此，应当理解，非金属RFID介质是有利的。
通过合适的读取装置使该介质的检测距离最大化的非常重要的特征是将该介质布置在电绝缘介质中。然而，导电元件的接近可能干扰介质的运行。用于制造风扇轮叶的有机树脂本质上是绝缘的，而用于风扇轮叶的预制件的编织纤维的碳是良好的电导体。
将识别介质定位在富含非导电纤维的地方减少了由导电碳纤维引起的耗散，并且将检测距离从几厘米(10cm至20cm)增加到几米(2m至10m)。此外，为了确保介质不会对复合材料的机械性能产生有害影响，优选地，仔细地限定模型的选择和介质在轮叶中的位置。识别介质被集成到轮叶中，从而免受外部环境的影响。
该解决方案还使得能够将介质定位成尽可能远离发动机的风扇锥状部(风扇锥状部是RFID信号的另一个干扰元件)，且不会影响轮叶的空气动力学表面。
根据本发明的轮叶可以包括被彼此单独地考虑或彼此组合地考虑的以下特征中的一个或多个特征：
-识别介质包括球状部和金属无线电天线，球状部位于编织纤维之间的空间中；然后识别介质完全位于树脂袋部内，从而使得介质不影响轮叶的完整性，
-球状部是非金属的，例如是聚合物，
-天线是平面的，
-球状部完全嵌入在聚合树脂中，
-球状部的直径小于或等于5mm，天线的厚度小于或等于0.5mm，
-导电纤维是碳纤维，非导电纤维是玻璃纤维或热塑性纤维，例如选自芳族聚酰胺、聚乙烯以及聚酯纤维，
-所述第二部分沿着叶片的后缘延伸。
-轮叶的树脂是热固性树脂或热塑性树脂，
-轮叶的树脂是环氧树脂或双马来酰亚胺树脂，
-识别介质被构造成在介于860MHz至930MHz之间的频率下运行。
本发明还涉及一种飞行器涡轮发动机，该飞行器涡轮发动机包括风扇，风扇包括承载风扇轮叶的盘，至少一个这种风扇轮叶为如上所述的。
本发明还涉及一种制造如上所述的轮叶的方法，其中，该方法包括以下步骤：
a)将由编织纤维构成的至少一个预制件和识别介质插入到模具中，所述至少一个预制件由导电纤维和非导电纤维制成，识别介质位于预制件的包括非导电纤维的区域中，以及
b)将树脂注射到模具中，以将预制件和识别介质同时嵌入。
附图说明
通过以下详细描述并且为了理解该详细描述而参照附图，本发明的其他特征和优点将变得明显，在附图中：
[图1]图1是根据现有技术的涡轮发动机的纵向截面的示意图；
[图2]图2是根据现有技术的具有识别介质的风扇轮叶的示意图；
[图3]图3是图2的识别介质的示意图；
[图4]图4是用于对涡轮发动机的风扇轮叶的RFID类型识别介质进行读取的步骤的示意图；
[图5]图5是根据本发明的具有识别介质的风扇轮叶的示意图；
[图6]图6是识别介质的示意图；以及
[图7]图7是一块编织预制件的示意图，识别介质被定位在该编织预制件中。
具体实施方式
在上文已经描述了图1至图3。
参照图4，示出了涡轮发动机100，涡轮发动机沿着涡轮发动机轴线X延伸并且使得飞行器能够通过进入涡轮发动机100并且从上游到下游流动的空气流而移动。在下文中，术语“上游”和“下游”是相对于从上游向下游定向的涡轮发动机轴线X来限定的。类似地，术语“内”和“外”是沿着相对于轴线X限定的径向方向R来限定的。以已知的方式，涡轮发动机100包括压缩机、燃烧室以及用于驱动压缩机旋转的涡轮。涡轮发动机100包括上游风扇110，上游风扇对涡轮发动机100中的从上游到下游的空气流进行加速。
风扇110包括盘111，盘可旋转地固定到压缩机的轴，盘包括围绕盘111的外周分布的容纳部，轮叶1通过轴向插入部沿着涡轮发动机轴线X从上游到下游分别安装在容纳部中。轮叶1在横向于涡轮发动机轴线X的同一平面中延伸。为了清晰和简洁，从现在起将仅示出一个轮叶1。在该示例中，涡轮发动机100具有安装在盘111的上游处的锥状部112。
每个轮叶1沿着径向轴线R延伸，并且相继地包括：安装根部11，安装根部被构造成沿着涡轮发动机轴线X轴向地安装在风扇110的盘111的容纳部中；空气偏转叶片13，空气偏转叶片相对于涡轮发动机轴线X沿着径向轴线R径向地延伸；以及可选的平台12，平台用于将叶片13连接到根部11。轮叶1在安装位置径向地延伸。因此，安装根部11被描述为径向内部，而空气偏转叶片13被描述为径向外部。
轮叶1由复合材料制成，该复合材料包括嵌入聚合树脂中的多种纤维。根据本发明，一些纤维是导电的(并且被称为导电纤维)，而其他纤维是非导电的(并且被称为非导电纤维)。聚合树脂是非导电的。
导电纤维优选地为金属纤维，并且特别地为碳纤维。
非导电纤维优选地为玻璃纤维或热塑性纤维(芳族聚酰胺、聚乙烯、聚酯等)。
纤维被编织在一起以形成旨在嵌入树脂中的至少一个预制件。
在该示例中，树脂是热固性的，但是树脂可以具有不同的性质。树脂可以是环氧树脂或双马来酰亚胺树脂。
图5示出了根据本发明的优选实施例的风扇轮叶1的示例。
如上所述，轮叶1包括根部11和叶片13。轮叶1的根部11在此由预制件形成或由预制件构成的部分30形成，预制件仅包括编织的碳纤维。叶片13的主要部件，特别是叶片的前缘1b的情况也是如此，叶片的前缘由预制件制成或由预制件构成的部分32制成，预制件因此仅包括碳纤维。预制件通常是单个的，并且延伸到两个部分30、32中。
相反地，叶片13的沿着后缘1a延伸的部分通过对碳纤维和玻璃纤维进行编织来制成，因此该部分包括预制件或由混合材料制成的预制件构成的部分34。
在图5中，部分30-34由以虚线标示的矩形界定。
根据本发明，优选地，RFID类型的识别介质2位于部分34中，因此在所示的示例中位于轮叶的后缘1a附近。由于这便于通过读取装置4从一距离检测介质2，因此这是特别有利的，如在图4中示出。优选地，识别介质2被构造成在介于860MHz至930MHz之间的频率下被检测和运行。
图6示出了用于在本发明中使用的识别介质2的优选示例。
该识别介质2包括与金属无线电天线42(例如平面的金属无线电天线)相关联的球状部40。介质2的体积最大的元件是球状部40，优选地，球状部的直径为5mm或更小。天线42是平面的，并且可以平行于叶片13或轮叶1的表面延伸，或者可以在预制件的两个纤维层或两个纤维网之间延伸。该天线42的厚度例如小于或等于0.5mm。
这种类型的介质2具有满足现场的尺寸、热稳定性以及化学相容性要求的优点。此外，优选地，介质的材料被选择成：
-不影响树脂及树脂的聚合，
-在树脂浸渍的预制件的可能固化期间或在树脂的放热聚合反应期间是热稳定的，
-在轮叶的制造模具关闭时不干扰编织和预制件，并且
-体积不太大。
球状部40例如由聚合物制成，天线42例如由铜或铝制成并且覆盖有热塑性聚合物或环氧聚合物(PET、PC等)。
识别介质2在球状部40中具有存储器，识别和表征数据可以被存储在存储器中，识别和表征数据例如为被称为“序列号SN”的序列号(ID1)以及被称为“部件号PN”的版本号(ID2)。不言而喻，存储器40可以存储单个数据项或一组数据项，例如，使得能够以特定方式识别部件的唯一识别符，或者多于两个的识别数据项，诸如制造商的识别符(CAGE码等)、制造日期、对特定流体的敏感度、操作授权目录、与部件的维护或后勤操作相关的数据(诸如部件的操作状态)、执行的操作等。识别介质2的天线42被配置成接收读取请求REQ并且发送回识别数据ID1、ID2。识别介质2可以包括电池或被远程供电。这种识别介质2是本领域技术人员公知的。
以已知的方式，在无线电识别类型的识别介质中，在用于“非金属”用途的识别介质、用于“金属”用途的识别介质以及用于“混合”用途的识别介质之间进行了区分。优选地，识别介质2用于“非金属”用途。
根据本发明，天线42包括沿着无线电轴线XR定向的至少一个通信波瓣L1，该通信波瓣用于接收读取请求REQ并且发送回识别数据ID1、ID2。如在图6中示出，天线42可以特别地包括沿着同一无线电轴线XR对准的两个通信波瓣L1。因此这种识别介质2可以沿着同一方向在两个相反的方向上使用。
图7示出了根据本发明的轮叶1的编织预制件的一部分，并且示出了在该预制件中存在空间E以容纳识别介质2的金属球状部40。这些空间E位于编织纤维之间，并且应当理解，容纳在这些空间中的一个空间中的球状部40旨在嵌入对预制件进行浸渍的聚合树脂中，并且因此完全嵌入聚合树脂中。
本发明还提供了一种制造如上所述的轮叶1的方法，其中，该方法包括以下步骤：
a)将由编织纤维构成的至少一个预制件和识别介质插入到模具中，该预制件由导电纤维和非导电纤维制成，识别介质位于预制件的包括非导电纤维的区域中，以及
b)将树脂注射到模具中，以将预制件和识别介质同时嵌入。
参照图4，现在将示出用于对涡轮发动机100(特别是飞行器涡轮轴发动机)的风扇110的轮叶1的识别数据ID1、ID2进行单独地读取和集体地读取的方法。
在该示例中，操作者P使用本领域技术人员本身已知的通过无线电识别的读取设备4，并且将自己置于距涡轮发动机100一距离处，特别地置于涡轮发动机的上游以靠近风扇110。
使用通过无线电识别的读取设备4，操作者P通过无线电发送读取请求REQ，读取请求由识别介质2的天线42通过无线电接收。
响应于读取请求REQ，识别介质2的天线42通过无线电发送识别数据ID1、ID2，识别数据由通过无线电识别的读取设备读取。特别地，识别数据ID1、ID2由天线的通信波瓣L1发送。读取的识别数据ID1、ID2以计算机化的方式存储在通过无线电识别的读取设备4中。
通过本发明，操作者P可以方便、快速且无错误风险地获得轮叶1的识别数据ID1、ID2。此外，不需要如在现有技术中对涡轮发动机100的上游部分进行拆卸。
根据通过无线电识别的读取设备4的发送功率以及通过无线电识别的读取设备4与识别介质2之间的距离，操作者可以单独地读取风扇100的轮叶1的一个识别介质2(低功率和近距离)，或者集体地读取风扇100的轮叶1的多个识别介质2(高功率和远距离)。实际上，读取可以在大于1m或2m的距离处进行。
本发明具有多个优点，包括：
-由于在轮叶的制造期间、在将树脂注射到轮叶的制造模具中之前提供了识别介质的集成，因此不存在对识别介质2进行安装的附加特定步骤；
-识别介质2被集成到轮叶中，因此该识别介质是防损毁的；在没有损坏轮叶1的风险的情况下，无法移除识别介质；
-介质2被嵌入聚合树脂中，因此该介质在运行期间不会有脱落和意外丢失的风险；以及
-在不移除发动机或轮叶的情况下对介质2进行检测；
-识别介质的天线42还具有以下优点：
与通常更厚且体积更大的金属天线相比，识别介质的天线薄且因此容易定位和集成；以及
便于通过读取装置4进行检测。

Claims (10)

1.一种风扇轮叶(1)，用于飞行器涡轮发动机，所述轮叶包括连接到根部(11)的叶片(13)，所述轮叶由复合材料制成，所述复合材料基于编织纤维并且嵌入聚合树脂中，所述轮叶还包括用于对所述轮叶进行识别的介质(2)，所述介质是无线电识别介质，其特征在于，所述风扇轮叶包括至少一个第一部分(30，32)和至少一个第二部分(34)，所述第一部分的纤维仅为导电纤维，所述第二部分的纤维由导电纤维和非导电纤维的混合物形成，并且所述识别介质位于所述第二部分(34)中或所述第二部分上。
2.根据前一项权利要求所述的轮叶(1)，其中，所述识别介质(2)包括球状部(40)和金属无线电天线(42)，所述球状部位于编织纤维之间的空间中。
3.根据前一项权利要求所述的轮叶(1)，其中，所述球状部(40)完全嵌入在所述聚合树脂中。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的轮叶(1)，其中，所述球状部(40)的直径小于或等于5mm，所述天线(2)的厚度小于或等于0.5mm。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的轮叶(1)，其中，所述导电纤维是碳纤维，所述非导电纤维是玻璃纤维或热塑性纤维，例如选自芳族聚酰胺、聚乙烯以及聚酯纤维。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的轮叶(1)，其中，所述第二部分(34)沿着所述叶片(13)的后缘(1a)延伸。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的轮叶(1)，其中，所述树脂是热固性树脂或热塑性树脂。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的轮叶(1)，其中，所述识别介质(2)被构造成在介于860MHz至930MHz之间的频率下运行。
9.一种飞行器涡轮发动机(100)，所述飞行器涡轮发动机包括风扇(110)，所述风扇包括承载风扇轮叶(1)的盘(111)，这些风扇轮叶中的至少一个风扇轮叶是根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的风扇轮叶。
10.一种制造根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的轮叶(1)的方法，其中，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)将由编织纤维构成的至少一个预制件和所述识别介质(2)插入到模具中，所述至少一个预制件由导电纤维和非导电纤维制成，所述识别介质位于所述预制件的包括非导电纤维的区域中，以及
b)将树脂注射到所述模具中，以将所述预制件和所述识别介质同时嵌入。
CN202180055708.5A 2020-08-17 2021-08-09 用于飞行器涡轮发动机的复合材料轮叶 Pending CN116096984A (zh)

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