CN116023975A - Cracking furnace, method for preparing olefin by cracking and application - Google Patents
Cracking furnace, method for preparing olefin by cracking and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of cracking, and discloses a cracking furnace, a method for preparing olefin by cracking and application thereof. The cracking furnace comprises a gasification section, a cracking section and a quenching section which are sequentially communicated, wherein the gasification section is used for preheating cracking raw materials and steam; the cracking section is used for cracking the preheated cracking raw material in the presence of preheated steam; the quenching section comprises a first quenching boiler, a second quenching boiler and a third quenching boiler which are sequentially communicated, and is used for sequentially carrying out first cooling, second cooling and third cooling on the cracked cracking product, and the cooling medium of the third quenching boiler is a cracking raw material and is communicated with the gasification section, so that the cracking raw material heated after third cooling is led into the gasification section for preheating. The cracking furnace has the advantages of high thermal efficiency, small volume, simple structure, low cost and no environmental pollution.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of cracking, in particular to a cracking furnace, a method for preparing olefin by cracking and application thereof.
Background
The traditional ethylene cracking furnace generally adopts methane and hydrogen as fuel, and provides heat for cracking through mixed air combustion, but a large amount of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfides are generated after combustion, so that the environment is polluted. In addition, the radiation section of the cracking furnace generally only can absorb 40-50% of the total heat release amount of fuel, the rest of the heat enters the convection section by high-temperature flue gas at about 1100 ℃, and after the heat in the convection section is absorbed by the heat exchange tube bank in the convection section, the flue gas is discharged into the atmosphere at more than about 100 ℃, so that a part of energy loss is caused; in order to enable the fuel to be fully combusted and uniformly flowed, a certain gap needs to be reserved between the cracking furnace tube and the inner wall of the combustion chamber, so that the total width of the internal space of the combustion chamber reaches 2.5-3 meters, and the occupation area of the traditional cracking furnace is larger; the convection section is generally provided with a raw material preheating section, a superheating section and an air superheating section, the smoke exhaust temperature is high, the heat efficiency is low, and in order to fully utilize the heat, other structural designs are added to further absorb the heat, so that the structure of the traditional cracking furnace is complex. In summary, the flue gas is utilized to heat the convection section, the process is complex, and the equipment cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems of environmental pollution, complex process and high cost in the prior art, and provides a cracking furnace, a method for preparing olefin by cracking and application thereof.
In order to fully recover heat, the pyrolysis gas can be used for preheating light hydrocarbons of the pyrolysis raw materials, in the invention, the quenching boiler is set to be three-stage quenching, the first-stage and second-stage quenching boilers can cool the pyrolysis gas to about 400 ℃ by using high-pressure hot water, the three-stage quenching boiler can cool the pyrolysis gas to about 240 ℃ by using the light hydrocarbon raw materials, the heat in the pyrolysis gas can be fully recovered, and the pyrolysis gas after three-stage quenching can be directly sent to a prefractionation system, so that a quencher is not needed to be arranged in a subsequent separation unit, and the cost is saved.
In order to achieve the above object, a first aspect of the present invention provides a pyrolysis furnace comprising a gasification section, a pyrolysis section, and a quenching section, which are sequentially connected, wherein,
the gasification section is used for preheating pyrolysis raw materials and steam;
the cracking section is used for cracking the preheated cracking raw material in the presence of preheated steam;
the quenching section comprises a first quenching boiler, a second quenching boiler and a third quenching boiler which are sequentially communicated, and is used for sequentially carrying out first cooling, second cooling and third cooling on the cracked cracking product, and the cooling medium of the third quenching boiler is a cracking raw material and is communicated with the gasification section, so that the cracking raw material heated after third cooling is led into the gasification section for preheating.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a process for the preparation of olefins by pyrolysis, the process comprising:
(1) Mixing the cracking raw material and steam and preheating;
(2) Cracking the preheated cracking raw material in the presence of preheated steam;
(3) And (3) sequentially performing first cooling, second cooling and third cooling on the cracked products, wherein a cooling medium of the third cooling is a cracking raw material, and the cracking raw material heated after the third cooling is sent to the step (1) to be mixed with steam and then preheated.
In a third aspect, the invention provides the use of the above-described cracking furnace for cracking to produce olefins.
The cracking furnace provided by the invention has the advantages that the cracking raw materials are mainly preheated and further superheated steam is mainly used in the gasification section, the cracking reaction heat is mainly provided and the cracking reaction depth is controlled in the cracking section, the cracking gas is cooled through three-stage quenching after exiting the cracking furnace, and the cracking raw materials heated after the third cooling are introduced into the gasification section for gasification.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a pyrolysis furnace according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Description of the reference numerals
1 gasification section, 2 cracking section, 3 first quenching boiler, 4 second quenching boiler, 5 third quenching boiler and 6 gas-liquid separator
Detailed Description
The endpoints and any values of the ranges disclosed herein are not limited to the precise range or value, and are understood to encompass values approaching those ranges or values. For numerical ranges, one or more new numerical ranges may be found between the endpoints of each range, between the endpoint of each range and the individual point value, and between the individual point value, in combination with each other, and are to be considered as specifically disclosed herein.
The first aspect of the invention provides a cracking furnace, referring to fig. 1, the cracking furnace comprises a gasification section 1, a cracking section 2 and a quenching section which are sequentially communicated, wherein the gasification section 1 is used for preheating cracking raw materials and steam;
the cracking section 2 is used for cracking the preheated cracking raw material in the presence of preheated steam;
the quenching section comprises a first quenching boiler 3, a second quenching boiler 4 and a third quenching boiler 5 which are sequentially communicated, and is used for sequentially carrying out first cooling, second cooling and third cooling on cracked products, and a cooling medium of the third quenching boiler 5 is a cracking raw material and is communicated with the gasification section 1, so that the cracking raw material heated after third cooling is led into the gasification section 1 for preheating.
In the present invention, the cracking gas is supplied to the third quenching boiler 5 from the inside of the pipe, the cracking raw material is supplied from the outside of the pipe, and the cracking gas is cooled by the cracking raw material supply and simultaneously preheated.
In the invention, cracking gas is arranged in the pipes of the first quenching boiler 3 and the second quenching boiler 4, the pressure of the cracking gas is lower than 0.1MPa, the temperature is up to 800-900 ℃, and the temperature is reduced to 350-600 ℃ after passing through the first quenching boiler and the second quenching boiler. The outside of the tube is high-pressure hot water with the pressure of about 11-12MPa, and high-pressure water vapor is generated after heat absorption, and the outlet temperature is 320-350 ℃.
In some embodiments of the invention, the heat source of the gasification stage 1 and the pyrolysis stage 2 is an electrically powered heat source. The gasification section 1 and the cracking section 2 are heated by an electric heating furnace. The invention uses clean energy power (such as solar energy, nuclear energy, wind energy, tidal energy and the like) as a heat source for the cracking reaction, so that the carbon emission in the cracking process can be greatly reduced; in addition, the emission of nitrogen oxides and sulfides in the cracking furnace can be reduced without using fuel gas or fuel oil to heat the cracking furnace. In addition, the gasification section 1 directly and electrically heats the pyrolysis raw material and the dilution steam, thereby reducing the convection section in the pyrolysis device in the prior art, and having no heat exchange of the pyrolysis raw material, the dilution steam and the flue gas, small occupied space, simple process and low equipment cost. The method has the advantages that no flue gas with the temperature of more than 100 ℃ in the traditional cracking furnace is directly exhausted, and the thermal efficiency of the cracking furnace can be improved. In addition, the widths of the gasification section and the cracking section are greatly reduced, so that the volume of the heating furnace can be reduced, and the occupied area is reduced.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in order to make the furnace tube of the cracking section and the inner wall of the electric heating furnace closely fit, and have a better heating effect, the aspect ratio of the cracking section 2 is 20-280, where the aspect ratio is the ratio of the height and the width of the inside of the cracking section, and does not include the thickness of the furnace wall.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the furnace tubes of the cracking section 2 are arranged horizontally or in a suspended manner.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the cracking furnace further comprises a gas-liquid separator 6, preferably a steam drum, wherein the gas-liquid separator 6 is respectively communicated with the first quenching boiler 3 and the second quenching boiler 4, and cooling mediums of the first quenching boiler 3 and the second quenching boiler 4 enter the gas-liquid separator 6 for gas-liquid separation after exchanging heat with the first quenching boiler 3 and the second quenching boiler 4, and the obtained liquid phase is returned to the first quenching boiler 3 and the second quenching boiler 4 as the cooling mediums.
In the invention, the heat insulation lining of the gasification section 1 and the cracking section 2 consists of a 3-layer structure, the outermost layer is made of light castable, the middle layer is at least one of silicon carbide, polycrystalline mullite and light high-alumina refractory bricks, and the innermost layer is at least one of aluminum silicate fibers, calcium silicate plates, slag cotton and high-alumina ceramics. The pyrolysis furnace adopts a spiral iron-chromium-aluminum alloy wire (the highest use temperature of 0Cr27Al17Mo2 is 1400 ℃), a nickel-chromium alloy wire (the highest use temperature of Cr30Ni70 is 1250 ℃) or a silicon carbide rod (the highest use temperature is 1450 ℃) according to the required temperature.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a process for the preparation of olefins by pyrolysis, the process comprising:
(1) Mixing the cracking raw material and steam and preheating;
(2) Cracking the preheated cracking raw material in the presence of preheated steam;
(3) And (3) sequentially performing first cooling, second cooling and third cooling on the cracked products, wherein a cooling medium of the third cooling is a cracking raw material, and the cracking raw material heated after the third cooling is sent to the step (1) to be mixed with steam and then preheated.
In the invention, the cracking raw material is utilized to cool the cracking products, and the heat carried by the cracking products is utilized to preheat the cracking raw material.
In some embodiments of the invention, the heat source for preheating and the cracking is an electric heat source. The invention uses clean energy power as a heat source for the cracking reaction, which can greatly reduce carbon emission in the cracking process; in addition, the emission of nitrogen oxides and sulfides in the cracking furnace can be reduced without using fuel gas or fuel oil to heat the cracking furnace. In addition, the gasification section directly electrically heats the pyrolysis raw material and the dilution steam, thereby reducing the convection section in the pyrolysis device in the prior art, and having no heat exchange of the pyrolysis raw material, the dilution steam and the flue gas, simple process and low equipment cost.
In some embodiments of the invention, to increase olefin yield, the weight ratio of the steam to the cracking feedstock in step (1) is from 0.25 to 0.4.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cracking feedstock is selected from at least one of ethane, propane.
In some embodiments of the invention, to ensure adequate preheating of the pyrolysis feedstock and reduce coking during gasification, the preheating conditions include: the temperature is preferably 550-650 ℃.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cracking is performed in a cracking furnace in order to increase the yield of olefins, and the cracking conditions include: the temperature is 750-1000 ℃, preferably 855-865 ℃, the residence time is 0.05-0.5s, and the outlet pressure of the cracking section of the cracking furnace is 0.16-0.2MPa.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the cooling medium of the first cooling and the second cooling is subjected to gas-liquid separation after heat exchange by the first cooling and the second cooling, and the obtained liquid phase is returned as the cooling medium to perform the first cooling and the second cooling.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the cooling medium of the first cooling and the second cooling is not particularly limited as long as the cleavage product can be cooled. Preferably, the cooling medium of the first cooling and the second cooling are the same or different, more preferably, the cooling medium of the first cooling and the cooling medium of the second cooling are both high-pressure hot water, and even more preferably, water with a temperature of 320-350 ℃ and a pressure of 11-12 MPa.
In the present invention, the pressure of the pyrolysis gas is preferably lower than 0.1MPa and the temperature is as high as 800-900 ℃ when the pyrolysis gas is cooled. When the cooling medium of the first cooling and the second cooling is high-pressure hot water, the pressure of the water is about 11-12MPa, the temperature is 320-350 ℃, water vapor is generated after heat absorption, and the outlet temperature of the water vapor is 320-350 ℃.
In some embodiments of the invention, in order to greatly shorten the residence time of the pyrolysis gas in the high temperature zone, the secondary reaction of the pyrolysis gas above 650 ℃ is reduced, and the first cooling leads to a temperature of 550-650 ℃ of the pyrolysis product; in order to avoid coking of the light hydrocarbon at temperatures above 400 ℃ on the heat exchanger surface when the light hydrocarbon is preheated by the third cooling, the temperature of the cracked product is 390-415 ℃ by the second cooling.
In some embodiments of the invention, the third cooling provides a temperature of the cleavage product of 200-300 ℃.
In the present invention, the method is carried out in the above-described apparatus.
In a third aspect, the invention provides the use of the above-described cracking furnace for cracking to produce olefins.
In the present invention, the olefin means one or more of ethylene, propylene, butadiene and isoprene.
The present invention will be described in detail by examples.
Example 1
The light hydrocarbon cracking to prepare olefin is carried out in an electric heating cracking furnace, and a spiral iron-chromium-aluminum alloy wire (0 Cr27Al17Mo 2) heating wire is selected to heat the cracking furnace, and the specific process is as follows:
(1) Directly feeding diluted steam and ethane into a gasification section of an electric heating cracking furnace according to the weight ratio of 0.3 for mixing and preheating, wherein the temperature of the ethane after preheating is 600 ℃;
(2) Introducing the mixed gas of ethane and water vapor obtained in the gasification section into a cracking section (with the aspect ratio of 136), wherein the weight ratio of dilution steam to ethane is 0.3, the outlet temperature of a cracking section furnace tube of the cracking furnace is 865 ℃, the outlet pressure of the cracking section of the cracking furnace is 0.17MPa, the residence time is 0.3s, the feeding amount of ethane is 4.5 tons/hour, and cracking gas is obtained after cracking;
(3) Quenching the pyrolysis gas by adopting a three-stage quenching mode. The first quenching boiler pyrolysis gas inlet temperature is 860 ℃, the outlet temperature is 570 ℃, the second quenching boiler pyrolysis gas inlet temperature is 568 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 403 ℃. In the first and second quenching boilers, pyrolysis gas is cooled by high-pressure hot water (the temperature is 328 ℃ and the pressure is 12 MPa), the high-pressure hot water is fed in reverse order, the high-pressure hot water enters from the outlet of the quenching boiler and is discharged from the inlet of the quenching boiler, high-pressure steam with the temperature of 328 ℃ is obtained, and the high-pressure steam is reserved for other use after entering a steam drum. The inlet temperature of the cracked gas in the third quenching boiler tube is 400 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 220 ℃; ethane is arranged outside the tube, preheated and then led to a cracking raw material pipeline, and enters a gasification section. The pyrolysis gas is quenched in three stages and then enters a subsequent system for separation, and the composition of the obtained pyrolysis gas is shown in Table 1.
Example 2
The light hydrocarbon cracking to prepare olefin is carried out in an electric heating cracking furnace, and a nickel-chromium alloy wire (Cr 30Ni 70) heating wire is selected to heat the cracking furnace, and the specific process is as follows:
(1) Directly feeding diluted steam and propane into a gasification section of an electric heating cracking furnace according to the weight ratio of 0.4 for mixing and preheating, wherein the temperature of the preheated propane is 600 ℃;
(2) Introducing the mixed gas of propane and water vapor obtained in the gasification section into a cracking section (with the height-width ratio of 20), wherein the weight ratio of water vapor to propane is 0.4, the outlet temperature of a cracking section furnace tube of the cracking furnace is 865 ℃, the outlet pressure of the cracking section of the cracking furnace is 0.17MPa, the residence time is 0.4s, the feeding amount of propane is 4.5 tons/hour, and cracking gas is obtained after cracking;
(3) Quenching the pyrolysis gas by adopting a three-stage quenching mode. The first quenching boiler pyrolysis gas inlet temperature is 860 ℃, the outlet temperature is 570 ℃, the second quenching boiler pyrolysis gas inlet temperature is 568 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 400 ℃. In the first and second quenching boilers, pyrolysis gas is cooled by high-pressure hot water (the temperature is 328 ℃ and the pressure is 12 MPa), the high-pressure hot water is fed in reverse order, the high-pressure hot water enters from the outlet of the quenching boiler and is discharged from the inlet of the quenching boiler, high-pressure steam with the temperature of 328 ℃ is obtained, and the high-pressure steam is reserved for other use after entering a steam drum. The inlet temperature of the cracked gas in the third quenching boiler tube is 397 ℃ and the outlet temperature is 200 ℃; propane is arranged outside the tube, preheated and then led to a cracking raw material pipeline, and enters a gasification section. The pyrolysis gas is quenched in three stages and then enters a subsequent system for separation, and the composition of the obtained pyrolysis gas is shown in Table 1.
Example 3
The light hydrocarbon cracking to prepare olefin is carried out in an electric heating cracking furnace, a silicon carbide rod is selected to heat the cracking furnace, and the specific process is as follows:
(1) A mixed raw material of ethane and propane (the volume ratio of ethane to propane is 7:3) and dilution steam are mixed according to the weight ratio of 10:35 are directly sent into a gasification section of an electric heating cracking furnace for mixing and preheating, and the temperature of the preheated mixed gas is 600 ℃;
(2) Introducing the mixed raw material and water vapor mixed gas obtained in the gasification section into a cracking section (the aspect ratio is 280), wherein the weight ratio of water vapor to the mixed raw material is 0.35, the outlet temperature of a cracking section furnace tube of the cracking furnace is 855 ℃, the outlet pressure of the cracking section of the cracking furnace is 0.17MPa, the residence time is 0.35s, the feeding amount of the mixed raw material is 4.5 tons/hour, and cracking gas is obtained after cracking;
(3) Quenching the pyrolysis gas by adopting a three-stage quenching mode. The first quench boiler pyrolysis gas inlet temperature was 855 ℃, the outlet temperature was 570 ℃, the second quench boiler pyrolysis gas inlet temperature was 568 ℃, and the outlet temperature was 402 ℃. In the first and second quenching boilers, pyrolysis gas is cooled by high-pressure hot water (the temperature is 328 ℃ and the pressure is 12 MPa), the high-pressure hot water is fed in reverse order, the high-pressure hot water enters from the outlet of the quenching boiler and is discharged from the inlet of the quenching boiler, high-pressure steam with the temperature of 328 ℃ is obtained, and the high-pressure steam is reserved for other use after entering a steam drum. The inlet temperature of the cracked gas in the third quenching boiler tube is 398 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 220 ℃; the mixed raw materials are preheated outside the tube and then led to a cracking raw material pipeline to enter a gasification section. The pyrolysis gas is quenched in three stages and then enters a subsequent system for separation, and the composition of the obtained pyrolysis gas is shown in Table 1.
Comparative example 1
The light hydrocarbon cracking to prepare olefin is carried out in a traditional cracking furnace, wherein the cracking section supplies heat through the combustion of methane and hydrogen, and the convection section supplies heat through the heat exchange with high-temperature flue gas, and the specific process is as follows:
(1) Mixing dilution steam and ethane according to the weight ratio of 0.3 in a convection section, preheating, wherein the temperature of the ethane after preheating is 600 ℃;
(2) Introducing the mixed gas of ethane and water vapor obtained in the convection section into a cracking section (with the height-width ratio of 5.5), wherein the weight ratio of water vapor to ethane is 0.3, the outlet temperature of a cracking section furnace tube of the cracking furnace is 865 ℃, the outlet pressure of the cracking section of the cracking furnace is 0.17MPa, the residence time is 0.3s, the feeding amount of ethane is 4.5 tons/hour, and cracking gas is obtained after cracking;
(3) Quenching the pyrolysis gas by a primary quenching mode. The inlet temperature of the pyrolysis gas is 860 ℃, the pyrolysis gas enters a subsequent system for separation after being cooled to 412 ℃ in a quenching boiler, and the composition of the obtained pyrolysis gas is shown in Table 1. Wherein, the pyrolysis gas is cooled by high-pressure hot water. The high-pressure hot water (with the temperature of 328 ℃ and the pressure of 12 MPa) in the quenching boiler is fed in reverse order, the high-pressure hot water enters from the outlet of the quenching boiler and is discharged from the inlet of the quenching boiler, so that high-pressure steam with the temperature of 328 ℃ is obtained, and the high-pressure steam is reserved for other use after entering a steam drum. The composition of the pyrolysis gas obtained is shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from the results of Table 1, the technical scheme of the invention is adopted in examples 1-3, so that light hydrocarbon cracking can be realized to prepare olefin, and compared with the conventional cracking furnace of comparative example 1, under the condition that the cracking raw materials are the same, the yields of ethylene, propylene and butadiene are basically equivalent, and the cracking furnace has the advantages of high thermal efficiency, small occupied area and simple structure.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Within the scope of the technical idea of the invention, a number of simple variants of the technical solution of the invention are possible, including combinations of the individual technical features in any other suitable way, which simple variants and combinations should likewise be regarded as being disclosed by the invention, all falling within the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A cracking furnace is characterized by comprising a gasification section, a cracking section and a quenching section which are sequentially communicated, wherein,
the gasification section is used for preheating pyrolysis raw materials and steam;
the cracking section is used for cracking the preheated cracking raw material in the presence of preheated steam;
the quenching section comprises a first quenching boiler, a second quenching boiler and a third quenching boiler which are sequentially communicated, and is used for sequentially carrying out first cooling, second cooling and third cooling on the cracked cracking product, and the cooling medium of the third quenching boiler is a cracking raw material and is communicated with the gasification section, so that the cracking raw material heated by heat exchange in the third quenching boiler is led into the gasification section for preheating.
2. The pyrolysis furnace of claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis section has an aspect ratio of 20-280.
3. The pyrolysis furnace of claim 1 or 2, wherein the furnace tubes of the pyrolysis section are arranged horizontally or in a suspended manner.
4. A cracking furnace according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the cracking furnace further comprises a gas-liquid separator, preferably a steam drum, which is in communication with the first and second quenching boilers, respectively, the cooling medium of the first and second quenching boilers being passed through the first and second quenching boilers for heat exchange and then entering the gas-liquid separator for gas-liquid separation, and the resulting liquid phase being returned as cooling medium to the first and second quenching boilers.
5. A process for the preparation of olefins by pyrolysis, the process comprising:
(1) Mixing the cracking raw material and steam and preheating;
(2) Cracking the preheated cracking raw material in the presence of preheated steam;
(3) And (3) sequentially performing first cooling, second cooling and third cooling on the cracked products, wherein a cooling medium of the third cooling is a cracking raw material, and the cracking raw material heated after the third cooling is sent to the step (1) to be mixed with steam and then preheated.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the source of heat for preheating and cracking is an electrically powered source of heat;
and/or in step (1), the mass ratio of the steam to the cracking feedstock is 0.25-0.4;
and/or the cracking feedstock is selected from ethane and/or propane.
7. The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein the pre-heating conditions include: the temperature is 550-650 ℃.
8. The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein the cracking is performed in a cracking furnace, and the cracking conditions include: the temperature is 750-1000 ℃, the residence time is 0.05-0.5s, and the outlet pressure of the cracking section of the cracking furnace is 0.16-0.2MPa.
9. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the first cooled and the second cooled cooling medium are subjected to heat exchange by the first cooling and the second cooling and then subjected to gas-liquid separation, and the obtained liquid phase is returned as the cooling medium to be subjected to the first cooling and the second cooling;
preferably, the cooling medium of the first cooling and the second cooling are the same or different, more preferably, the cooling medium of the first cooling and the cooling medium of the second cooling are both water, and even more preferably, the temperature is 320-350 ℃ and the pressure is 11-12 MPa;
preferably, the first cooling is such that the temperature of the cleavage product is 550-650 ℃;
preferably, the second cooling is such that the temperature of the cleavage product is 390-415 ℃;
preferably, the third cooling is such that the temperature of the cleavage product is 200-300 ℃;
and/or the process is carried out in a pyrolysis furnace according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
10. Use of a pyrolysis furnace according to any one of claims 1 to 4 for the preparation of olefins by pyrolysis.
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