CN116015672A - PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a PBFT consensus mechanism based on a reputation model, which comprises the following steps: calculating the reputation value of the node, and selecting the node with the reputation value of 10% in the blockchain network as a consensus node; the client sends a request to a master node in the blockchain network; the master node receives a request sent by a client and sends a PRE-PREPARE message to all other consensus nodes in the blockchain network; the consensus node sends a PREPARE message to other consensus nodes; the consensus node broadcasts COMMIT information to other consensus nodes, and returns a REPLY message to the main node after the consensus node receives 2f+1 COMMIT information; the client receives f+1 identical REPLY messages. According to the invention, the improved reputation model is applied to the PBFT consensus algorithm, and the node with high reputation value is selected from the PBFT consensus algorithm to be used as the consensus node for carrying out the PBFT consensus process, so that the time complexity is reduced, and the performance and the usability are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of blockchains, and particularly relates to a PBFT consensus mechanism based on a reputation model.
Background
The blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, traceability and the like, and because of the characteristics, the blockchain technology is widely applied to a plurality of fields such as digital economy, internet of things, medical treatment and the like. Consensus algorithms are core techniques in blockchain systems to achieve final consistency of data. The PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Bayesian fault tolerance) consensus algorithm is a common consensus algorithm of a alliance chain, can tolerate Bayesian faults in a distributed network, aims to solve the problem that node data in the network are inconsistent and incorrect due to malicious behaviors of malicious nodes in the network, and can ensure the reliability and the safety of the network if the ratio of the malicious nodes does not exceed (n-1)/3 when n nodes exist in the network. However, in the consensus flow of the PBFT algorithm, the nodes executing the preparation stage and the submission stage need to send messages to all other nodes in the network, the communication time of the network increases in polynomial level with the increase of the nodes, and the execution efficiency of the PBFT algorithm is greatly reduced, so that the time consumed by the network to reach consensus is increased. The EigenTrust reputation model calculates the final reputation value of the node through the direct reputation value and the recommended reputation value obtained by evaluating transactions among the nodes, and the higher the reputation value is, the higher the node reliability is, but the model does not consider the influence of time on the reputation value and does not have a mechanism for punishing malicious nodes when calculating the reputation value. The good transaction evaluation and the bad transaction evaluation of the EigenTrust reputation model occupy the same proportion when calculating the reputation value, which can lead malicious nodes to carry out malicious actions after accumulating a certain reputation value, and the process is repeated, so that the network safety is endangered.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a PBFT consensus mechanism based on a reputation model, which is characterized in that an improved EigenTrust model is applied to a PBFT consensus algorithm, a node with a high reputation value is selected as a consensus node to carry out a PBFT consensus process, other nodes are slave nodes to receive the result of the consensus node, and the result of the consensus node is not participated in the consensus process, so that the time complexity is reduced, and the performance and the usability are improved;
in order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a reputation model-based PBFT consensus mechanism comprising the steps of:
calculating the reputation value of the node, and selecting the node with the reputation value of 10% in the blockchain network as a consensus node;
the client sends a REQUEST to a master node in the blockchain network, wherein the REQUEST comprises specific operation of the REQUEST, adding the client to a time stamp, a client identifier and a REQUEST message body when the REQUEST is sent, and the REQUEST message body comprises message content and a message abstract, wherein the client signs the REQUEST;
after the verification is passed, a number n is allocated, and a PRE-PREPARE message is sent to all other consensus nodes in the blockchain network, wherein the PRE-PREPARE message comprises a view number, a message content and a message abstract; after receiving the message, the consensus node verifies the message, and the signature, the view number and the message sequence number pass the verification;
the consensus node sends a PRE message to all other consensus nodes, and stores the PRE-PRE message and the PRE message in a message log of the consensus node; after receiving the PREPARE messages, other consensus nodes need to verify whether the signature, the view number, the message sequence number and the number of the received PREPARE messages accord with rules or not, and after the verification is passed;
the common node broadcasts the COMMIT message to other common nodes, the common node verifies the correctness of the signature, the view number and the message serial number after receiving the COMMIT message of other common nodes, and when the common node receives 2f+1 COMMIT messages, the common node returns a REPLY message to the main node;
when the client receives f+1 identical REPLY messages, it is stated that the REQUEST sent by the client has reached a consensus in the blockchain network.
Preferably, the reputation value of the node is composed of a local reputation value and a recommended reputation value.
Preferably, the local reputation value is:
s ij ＝sat(i,j)-unsat(i,j) (1)
wherein s in formula 1 ij Is the local reputation value of node i's evaluation of node j, sat (i, j) is the number of satisfaction in node i's and node j's historical transactions, and unsatisfied number of unsatisfied number in node i's and node j's historical transactions.
Preferably, the satisfactory number of times is:
wherein in formula 2
For any time period k, node i is satisfied with the number of transactions to node j, +.>
Attenuation factor for satisfactory transactions.
Preferably, the number of unsatisfied times is:
wherein in formula 3
For any time period k, the number of unsatisfactory transactions of node i to node j, +.>
Is an attenuation factor for unsatisfactory transactions.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: the local reputation value is normalized, and the normalized local reputation value is obtained as follows:
wherein C in formula 4 ij And (3) the local credit value of the normalized node i to the node j.
Preferably, the recommendation reputation value is:
t ik ＝∑ j C ij ·C jk (5)
wherein t in formula 5 ik Is the recommended reputation value of node i for node k, C jk Is the normalized local reputation value of node j for node k.
Preferably, in the initial state, some nodes are selected as pre-trust nodes; the reputation value of the node is:
wherein, p is a pre-trust node in formula 6, and α is an influencing factor.
Preferably, if a node performs malicious behavior, the blockchain network penalizes the node, reduces the local reputation value of the malicious node, and the reputation value of the malicious node is:
s′ ij ＝s ij /F k (7)
wherein s in formula 7 ij Is the local reputation value before the node performs malicious behavior, F k Is the kth item of a fibonacci number sequence, and after the node finishes the kth malicious activity, the reputation value is updated to be 1/F k And need to perform F k The sub-honest transaction can end the penalty.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) The invention distributes and dynamically calculates the unique credit value of the node, selects the node with higher credit value to participate in consensus, and other nodes are used as slave nodes to receive the consensus result of the consensus node, thereby reducing the communication time in the blockchain network, and being applicable to the blockchain network with a large number of nodes;
(2) The improvement of the EigenTrust reputation model considers the time attenuation of the transaction, the influence of the transaction evaluation which is closer to the current moment on the reputation value is larger, the influence of the transaction evaluation which is farther away from the current moment on the reputation value is smaller, the change of the reputation degree along with the change of time is reflected, the rationality of the reputation value calculation is improved, and the method is suitable for distributed blockchain network consensus;
(3) The method provided by the invention can stimulate the nodes to conduct the faithful transaction, punishs the nodes conducting the malicious behaviors, effectively inhibits the malicious behaviors of the nodes, and improves the safety of the block chain network.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a PBFT algorithm of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an improved EigenTrust reputation model of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and specific examples.
The invention discloses a PBFT consensus mechanism based on a reputation model, which comprises the following steps:
calculating the reputation value of the node, and selecting the node with the reputation value of 10% in the blockchain network as a consensus node;
specifically, as shown in fig. 2, the first 10% of nodes with higher reputation values in the blockchain network are selected as consensus nodes, other nodes are slave nodes, wherein the consensus nodes are the master nodes and a part of the slave nodes, the nodes with higher reputation values are selected as the consensus nodes to participate in consensus, the other nodes are the slave nodes to receive the consensus result of the master nodes and do not participate in the consensus flow, the time complexity is reduced, the performance and the usability are improved,
wherein the reputation value of the node is the global reputation value in fig. 2; the reputation value of the node is composed of a local reputation value and a recommended reputation value, the local reputation value is calculated by the node which has performed direct transaction according to the historical transaction evaluation, the recommended reputation value is obtained by the node which has not performed direct transaction by querying other nodes,
the node stores the historical transaction evaluation locally and calculates a local reputation value from the number of satisfactory transactions and the number of unsatisfactory transactions as follows:
s ij ＝sat(i,j)-unsat(i,j) (1)
wherein s in formula 1 ij Is the local reputation value of node i's evaluation of node j, sat (i, j) is the number of satisfaction in node i's and node j's historical transactions, and unsatisfied number of unsatisfied number in node i's and node j's historical transactions.
If node i is satisfied with the transaction to node j, then the number of times that is satisfied is calculated as follows:
wherein in formula 2
For any time period k, node i is satisfied with the number of transactions to node j, +.>
Attenuation factor for satisfactory transactions.
If node i is not satisfied with the transactions of node j, then the number of unsatisfied times is calculated as follows:
wherein in formula 3
For any time period k, the number of unsatisfactory transactions of node i to node j, +.>
Is an attenuation factor for unsatisfactory transactions.
Wherein the EigenTrust reputation model added with the time attenuation factor enables the calculation result of the reputation value to be more in accordance with the real situation, the transaction evaluation closer to the current moment has larger influence on the reputation value, the transaction evaluation farther away from the current moment has smaller influence on the reputation value, the change of the reputation degree along with the change of time is reflected, the rationality of the reputation value calculation is improved,
the local reputation value is normalized, and the normalized local reputation value is obtained as follows:
wherein C in formula 4 ij And (3) the local credit value of the normalized node i to the node j.
If no direct transaction is performed between the node i and the node k, when the reputation value of the node i to the node k is calculated, the evaluation of the node which performs the direct transaction with the node k to the node k is required to be inquired, and the local reputation value of the node i to the node j and the local reputation value of the node j to the node k are calculated by using the formula (4), so that the recommended reputation value is calculated, and the calculation method is as follows:
the recommendation reputation value is:
t ik ＝∑ j C ij ·C jk (5)
wherein t in formula 5 ik Is the recommended reputation value of node i for node k, C jk Is the normalized local reputation value of node j for node k.
In the initial state, some nodes are randomly selected as pre-trust nodes;
the obtained local reputation value and the pre-trust node are aggregated to obtain a global reputation value, and the calculation method is as follows:
the reputation value of the node is:
wherein, p is a pre-trust node in the formula 6, and alpha is an influence factor, and the influence factor is used for distributing the weight of the pre-trust node and other nodes to the credit value calculation.
In this embodiment, if a node performs a malicious action, the blockchain network penalizes the node, reduces the reputation value of the malicious node, and the reputation value of the malicious node is:
s′ ij ＝s ij /F k (7)
wherein s in formula 7 ij Is the local reputation value before the node performs malicious behavior, F k Is the kth item of a fibonacci number sequence, and after the node finishes the kth malicious activity, the reputation value is updated to be 1/F k And need to perform F k Punishment can be finished only by the secondary honest transaction, the nodes are stimulated to conduct honest transaction, malicious behaviors of the nodes are restrained, and the safety of the blockchain network is improved.
As shown in fig. 1, a client c sends a REQUEST to a master node in a blockchain network, the REQUEST including a specific operation o of the REQUEST, a client addition to a timestamp at the time of the REQUEST, a client identification, and a REQUEST message body containing a message content m and a message digest d, wherein the client signs the REQUEST;
a preparation stage: after the verification is passed, a number n is allocated, and a PRE-PREPARE message is sent to all other consensus nodes in the blockchain network, wherein the PRE-PREPARE message comprises a view number v, a message content m and a message abstract d; after receiving the message, the consensus node verifies the message, and if the signature, the view number and the message serial number pass verification, the consensus node enters a preparation stage;
the preparation stage: the consensus node sends a PRE message to all other consensus nodes, and stores the PRE-PREPARE message and the PREPARE message in a message log of the consensus node; after receiving the PREPARE messages, other consensus nodes need to verify whether the signature, the view number, the message sequence number and the number of the received PREPARE messages accord with rules, and if the verification is passed, the authentication stage is entered;
and (3) a confirmation stage: the common node broadcasts the COMMIT information to other common nodes, the common node verifies the correctness of the signature, the view number and the information sequence number after receiving the COMMIT information of other common nodes, and when the common node receives 2f+1 COMMIT information, a REPLY message is returned to the main node, wherein f is the number of the Bayesian nodes;
when the client receives f+1 identical REPLY messages, the client indicates that the REQUEST sent by the client has reached consensus in the blockchain network;
in fig. 1, "0" is a master node, "1" and "2" are common nodes, and "3" is a fault node in the common nodes.
Claims (9)
1. A reputation model-based PBFT consensus mechanism, comprising the steps of:
calculating the reputation value of the node, and selecting the node with the reputation value of 10% in the blockchain network as a consensus node;
the client sends a REQUEST to a master node in the blockchain network, wherein the REQUEST comprises specific operation of the REQUEST, adding the client to a time stamp, a client identifier and a REQUEST message body when the REQUEST is sent, and the REQUEST message body comprises message content and a message abstract, wherein the client signs the REQUEST;
after the verification is passed, a number n is allocated, and a PRE-PREPARE message is sent to all other consensus nodes in the blockchain network, wherein the PRE-PREPARE message comprises a view number, a message content and a message abstract; after receiving the message, the consensus node verifies the message, and the signature, the view number and the message sequence number pass the verification;
the consensus node sends a PRE message to all other consensus nodes, and stores the PRE-PRE message and the PRE message in a message log of the consensus node; after receiving the PREPARE messages, other consensus nodes need to verify whether the signature, the view number, the message sequence number and the number of the received PREPARE messages accord with rules or not, and after the verification is passed;
the common node broadcasts the COMMIT message to other common nodes, the common node verifies the correctness of the signature, the view number and the message serial number after receiving the COMMIT message of other common nodes, and when the common node receives 2f+1 COMMIT messages, the common node returns a REPLY message to the main node;
when the client receives f+1 identical REPLY messages, it is stated that the REQUEST sent by the client has reached a consensus in the blockchain network.
2. The PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model of claim 1, wherein the node's reputation value consists of a local reputation value and a recommended reputation value.
3. The PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model of claim 2, wherein the local reputation value is:
s ij ＝sat(i,j)-unsat(i,j) (1)
wherein s in formula 1 ij Is the local reputation value of node i's evaluation of node j, sat (i, j) is the number of satisfaction in node i's and node j's historical transactions, and unsatisfied number of unsatisfied number in node i's and node j's historical transactions.
4. The PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model of claim 3, wherein the number of satisfaction is:
wherein in formula 2
For any time period k, node i is satisfied with the number of transactions to node j, +.>
Attenuation factor for satisfactory transactions.
5. The PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model of claim 3, wherein the number of unsatisfied times is:
wherein in formula 3
For any time period k, the number of unsatisfactory transactions of node i to node j, +.>
Is an attenuation factor for unsatisfactory transactions.
6. The PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model of claim 3, wherein the local reputation value is normalized to obtain normalized local reputation value:
wherein C in formula 4 ij And (3) the local credit value of the normalized node i to the node j.
7. The PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model of claim 6, wherein the recommended reputation value is:
t ik ＝∑ j C ij ·C jk (5)
wherein t in formula 5 ik Is the recommended reputation value of node i for node k, C jk Is the normalized local reputation value of node j for node k.
8. A PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation models according to claim 2 or 7, characterized in that in the initial state some nodes are selected as pre-trusted nodes; the reputation value of the node is:
wherein, p is a pre-trust node in formula 6, and α is an influencing factor.
9. The PBFT consensus mechanism based on reputation model of claim 3, wherein if a node performs malicious behavior, the blockchain network penalizes it, reducing the local reputation value of the malicious node, the reputation value of the malicious node being:
s′ ij ＝s ij /F k (7)
wherein s in formula 7 ij Is the local reputation value before the node performs malicious behavior, F k Is the kth item of a fibonacci number sequence, and after the node finishes the kth malicious activity, the reputation value is updated to be 1/F k And need to perform F k The sub-honest transaction can end the penalty.
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