CN115926305A - Preparation method of novel material for expansion sheet for vehicle - Google Patents
Preparation method of novel material for expansion sheet for vehicle Download PDFInfo
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- CN115926305A CN115926305A CN202310095963.3A CN202310095963A CN115926305A CN 115926305 A CN115926305 A CN 115926305A CN 202310095963 A CN202310095963 A CN 202310095963A CN 115926305 A CN115926305 A CN 115926305A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a novel material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle, and particularly relates to the field of plastic processing. According to the invention, by adding the polymer, the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in a comparison ratio, the electric conduction function of the expansion sheet is increased under the condition of ensuring the foaming temperature and the expansion rate of the expansion sheet, and the electric conduction property is before the lowest foaming temperature, so that the temperature signal of the expansion sheet can be effectively and quickly reminded by matching with the corresponding circuit design, namely the expansion sheet is suitable for the existing new energy automobile battery environment and the overall preparation cost is low.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plastic processing, in particular to a preparation method of a novel material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle.
Background
Gaps and cavities are reserved between various metal parts and non-metal parts of an existing car manufactured in China and assembled to enable the car to generate vibration and noise during operation, so that the use comfort of the car is influenced, noise pollution is caused to the surrounding environment, and the manufacturing level of the car in China and the grade of the car are limited to be further improved.
The prior publication discloses a method for preparing an embedded expandable sheet for a car, which comprises preparing foaming master batches by a double-roll open mill, mixing the foaming master batches with polyolefin matrix resin and a cross-linking agent by a mixer, and performing injection molding by an injection molding machine to obtain the expandable sheet. The foaming master batch comprises carrier resin, foaming agent, foaming auxiliary agent, dispersing agent and the like, the materials are mixed according to the component proportion of the foaming master batch, then a double-roller open mill is used for mixing, the temperature of the front roller and the rear roller of the double-roller open mill is set to be 100-135 ℃, the open mill time is about 10 minutes, the materials are uniformly mixed and sliced, the materials are cooled, and the materials are cut into uniform particles by a granulator; then uniformly mixing the materials in a high-speed mixer according to the mixing ratio of the components, wherein the mixing time is 5-10 minutes; and finally, injection molding is carried out by an injection molding machine, and the injection molding temperature of the injection molding machine is controlled to be 80-135 ℃. The expandable sheet prepared by injection molding has the foaming temperature of 165-180 ℃ and the expansion rate of more than or equal to 400 percent.
With the development of the automobile industry, the foaming temperature of the existing expansion sheet is 165-180 ℃, the expansion sheet belongs to a medium-temperature foaming material, the foaming speed is half an hour, the average expansion rate at 165-180 ℃ is only about 450%, and in the face of the development situation of new energy automobiles, the existing medium-temperature foaming material is difficult to meet the market requirement under the circuit environment formed by the internal structure of the automobile, especially long components of a battery pack, because once a foaming agent is foamed, the internal pore environment of the foaming agent can easily play a combustion supporting effect, but the preparation cost of the high-temperature foaming material is high, and the high-temperature foaming material is usually suitable for special components in high-precision industries, so that the invention designs an intelligent preparation method of the novel material for the expansion sheet for the automobile.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of a novel material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle, which solves the problems in the background art by adding a negative temperature inductance material and matching with a circuit design.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a preparation method of a new material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle comprises the following steps of preparing EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step one, mixing: mixing EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler according to a proportion, wherein the total proportion of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant is 84.5%, and the proportions of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant are 23%, 70%, 5%, 1,5% and 0,5%;
step two, high-speed stirring: placing the mixed materials of EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler into a high-speed stirrer for stirring;
step three, extrusion plasticity: performing high-temperature plasticity on the stirred material at 120-160 ℃ by using a plastic machine;
step four: and preparing an electrical interface before cooling the end part of the prepared expansion sheet, and then cooling to normal temperature.
In a preferred embodiment, the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder is used in an amount of 0.5% -1%, and the composite powder can be obtained by reacting metal powder, metal oxide powder, conductive polymer powder, a coupling agent and an auxiliary agent.
In a preferred embodiment, the polymer is used in an amount of 14% to 15%, and may be any one of polyethylene, polyethylene/vinyl acetate EVA, ethylene propylene terpolymer EPDM, chloroprene rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
In a preferred embodiment, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler are all common materials in the conventional negative temperature coefficient materials, and the specific proportion of the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in the embodiment is not more than 1%.
In a preferred embodiment, the plasticizer is any one of phthalic acid esters, polyesters, citric acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, and epoxidized soybean oil.
In a preferred embodiment, EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax and an antioxidant are added into a high-speed mixer and mixed at a low speed of 1000-2000 r/min for 2-5 minutes, heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder and a plasticizer are added, mixed at a low speed of 2000-5000 r/min for 2-5 minutes, and then other materials are added, and mixed at a high speed of 3000-8000 r/min for 5-15 minutes under a closed heating condition of 100-120 ℃; plasticating for 5-20 minutes by using an internal mixer or an extruder, granulating and molding to obtain the temperature sensing material with the negative temperature coefficient effect.
The invention has the technical effects and advantages that:
according to the invention, by adding the polymer, the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in a comparison ratio, the electric conduction function of the expansion sheet is increased under the condition of ensuring the foaming temperature and the expansion rate of the expansion sheet, and the electric conduction property is before the lowest foaming temperature, so that the temperature signal of the expansion sheet can be effectively and quickly reminded by matching with the corresponding circuit design.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The invention provides a preparation method of a novel material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle, which comprises the following steps of preparing EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), an AC (alternating current) foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler;
the dosage of the thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder is 0.5%, and the composite powder can be obtained by reacting metal powder, metal oxide powder, conductive polymer powder, a coupling agent and an auxiliary agent;
the polymer is 15% and can be any one of polyethylene, polyethylene/vinyl acetate EVA, ethylene propylene terpolymer EPDM, chloroprene rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride;
the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler are common materials in conventional negative temperature coefficient materials, and the specific proportion of the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in the embodiment is not more than 1%;
what should be specifically described in this embodiment is that the negative temperature coefficient material has a main characteristic that the negative temperature coefficient material has a conductive property, and the higher the temperature is, the better the conductive property is, and the conventional material can be at a temperature higher than 50 degrees centigrade, and the setting in this application is that the negative temperature coefficient material has a conductive property at a temperature of 150 degrees centigrade.
In addition, the specific principle is that the conductive filler is dispersed in the polymer, when the temperature is increased, the relaxation of the high molecular chain segment is accelerated, the mutual migration tendency of the conductive filler is increased, the contact chance of filler particles is increased, and the resistivity is reduced; when the temperature is lowered, the relaxation of the chain segments becomes slow, the tendency of the conductive fillers to migrate to each other is reduced, and the resistivity is increased.
This application all uses the resin as the carrier based on foaming granule and negative temperature material, utilizes a small amount of negative temperature material to increase the characteristic that current foamer possesses electrically conductive material, cooperates the whole temperature condition of temperature-sensing equipment control inflation piece again, in time feeds back the temperature information of inflation piece effectively.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
step one, mixing: mixing EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler according to a proportion, wherein the total proportion of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant is 84.5%, and the proportions of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant are respectively 23%, 70%, 5%, 1,5% and 0,5%;
the present example specifically illustrates the combined performance of the polymer, the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid, and the filler, which are added to the EVA-based rubber resin, and the foaming temperature value of the present example is indirectly increased due to the high temperature resistance of the polymer, the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid, and the filler.
Step two, high-speed stirring: placing the mixed materials of EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler into a high-speed stirrer for stirring;
wherein the plasticizer is any one of phthalate, polyester, citrate, phosphate and epoxy soybean oil
Step three, extruding plasticity: performing high-temperature plasticity on the stirred material at 120-160 ℃ by using a plastic machine;
step four: preparing an electrical interface before cooling the end part of the prepared expansion sheet, and then cooling to normal temperature;
specifically, EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax and an antioxidant are firstly added into a high-speed mixer and mixed for 2 to 5 minutes at a low speed of 1000 to 2000 r/min, heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder and a plasticizer are added, the mixture is mixed for 2 to 5 minutes at a low speed of 2000 to 5000 r/min, other materials are added, and the mixture is mixed for 5 to 15 minutes at a high speed of 3000 to 8000 r/min under a closed heating condition of 100 to 120 ℃; plasticating for 5-20 minutes by using an internal mixer or an extruder, granulating and molding to obtain the temperature sensing material with the negative temperature coefficient effect.
Experiments prove that the expansion sheet prepared by the embodiment has an expansion rate of 390 percent in an environment of 165 ℃ for half an hour, and the whole body has uniform air tightness and no conductivity;
the expansion sheet prepared by the implementation is in an environment of 175 ℃ for half an hour, the expansion rate is 420%, and the whole body is uniform in material airtightness and has weak conductivity;
the expansion sheet prepared by the embodiment has an expansion rate of 450% in an environment of 185 ℃ for half an hour, and the whole expansion sheet is uniform in air tightness and conductive.
Example 2
The invention provides a preparation method of a novel material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle, wherein foaming particles comprise EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), an AC (alternating current) foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler;
the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder accounts for 1 percent, and can be obtained by reacting metal powder, metal oxide powder, conductive polymer powder, a coupling agent and an auxiliary agent;
the polymer is 15% and can be any one of polyethylene, polyethylene/vinyl acetate EVA, ethylene propylene terpolymer EPDM, chloroprene rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride;
the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler are common materials in conventional negative temperature coefficient materials, and the specific proportion of the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in the embodiment is not more than 1%;
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step one, mixing: mixing EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler according to a proportion, wherein the total proportion of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant is 84%, and the proportions of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant are respectively 23%, 70%, 5%, 1,5% and 0,5%;
this example specifically illustrates the combination of the polymer, the thermo-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid, and the filler, and the foaming temperature resin of this example is indirectly increased due to the high temperature resistance of the polymer, the thermo-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid, and the filler
Step two, high-speed stirring: placing the mixed materials of EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler into a high-speed stirrer for stirring;
step three, extrusion plasticity: performing high-temperature plasticity on the stirred material at 120-160 ℃ by using a plastic machine;
step four: and preparing an electrical interface before cooling the end part of the prepared expansion sheet, and then cooling to normal temperature.
Experiments prove that the expansion sheet prepared by the embodiment has an expansion rate of 350% for half an hour at 165 ℃, and the whole expansion sheet is uniform in air tightness and has weak conductivity;
the expansion sheet prepared by the implementation is in an environment of 175 ℃ for half an hour, the expansion rate is 400%, and the whole body is uniform in material airtightness and has conductivity;
example 3
The invention provides a preparation method of a novel material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle, wherein foaming particles comprise EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), an AC (alternating current) foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler;
the dosage of the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder is 2 percent, and the composite powder can be obtained by the reaction of metal powder, metal oxide powder, conductive polymer powder, coupling agent and auxiliary agent;
the polymer is 15% and can be any one of polyethylene, polyethylene/vinyl acetate EVA, ethylene propylene terpolymer EPDM, chloroprene rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride;
the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler are common materials in conventional negative temperature coefficient materials, and the specific proportion of the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in the embodiment is not more than 1%;
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step one, mixing: mixing EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler according to a proportion, wherein the total proportion of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant is 83%, and the proportions of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant are respectively 23%, 70%, 5%, 1,5% and 0,5%;
this example specifically illustrates the combination of the polymer, the thermo-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid, and the filler, and the foaming temperature resin of this example is indirectly increased due to the high temperature resistance of the polymer, the thermo-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid, and the filler
Step two, high-speed stirring: placing the mixed materials of EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler into a high-speed stirrer for stirring;
step three, extrusion plasticity: performing high-temperature plasticity on the stirred material at 120-160 ℃ by using a plastic machine;
step four: and preparing an electrical interface before cooling the end part of the prepared expansion sheet, and then cooling to normal temperature.
Experiments prove that the expansion sheet prepared by the embodiment has an expansion rate of 0% in an environment of 165 ℃ for half an hour, and has disordered air tightness and conductive performance;
example 4
The invention provides a preparation method of a novel material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle, wherein foaming particles comprise EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), an AC (alternating current) foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler;
the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder accounts for 1 percent, and can be obtained by reacting metal powder, metal oxide powder, conductive polymer powder, a coupling agent and an auxiliary agent;
the polymer is 14% in amount, and can be any one of polyethylene, polyethylene/vinyl acetate EVA, ethylene-propylene terpolymer EPDM, chloroprene rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride;
the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler are common materials in conventional negative temperature coefficient materials, and the specific proportion of the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in the embodiment is not more than 1%;
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step one, mixing: mixing EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler according to a proportion, wherein the total proportion of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant is 85%, and the proportions of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant are respectively 23%, 70%, 5%, 1,5% and 0,5%;
the embodiment specifically illustrates the combined performance of the polymer, the thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler added with the EVA-based rubber resin, and the foaming temperature resin of the embodiment is indirectly increased due to the high temperature resistance of the polymer, the thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler
Step two, high-speed stirring: placing the mixed materials of EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler into a high-speed stirrer for stirring;
step three, extrusion plasticity: performing high-temperature plasticity on the stirred material at 120-160 ℃ by using a plastic machine;
step four: and preparing an electrical interface before cooling the end part of the prepared expansion sheet, and then cooling to normal temperature.
Experiments prove that the expansion sheet prepared by the embodiment has an expansion rate of 360 percent in an environment of 165 ℃ for half an hour, and the whole body is uniform in air tightness and has no conductivity;
the expansion sheet prepared by the embodiment has an expansion rate of 410% in an environment of 175 ℃ for half an hour, and the whole body is uniform in air tightness and has no conductivity;
the expansion sheet prepared by the embodiment has an expansion rate of 450% in an environment of 185 ℃ for half an hour, and the whole expansion sheet is uniform in air tightness and conductive.
And finally: the above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A preparation method of a new material for an expansion sheet for a vehicle is characterized by comprising the following steps: the composite material comprises EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, an antioxidant, a polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, a plasticizer, a stabilizer, a lubricant, a processing aid and a filler, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step one, mixing: mixing EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler according to a proportion, wherein the total proportion of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant is 84.5%, and the proportions of the EVA, the AC foaming agent, the lead stearate, the polyethylene wax and the antioxidant are 23%, 70%, 5%, 1,5% and 0,5%;
step two, high-speed stirring: placing the mixed materials of EVA, AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax, antioxidant, polymer, thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, processing aid and filler into a high-speed stirrer for stirring;
step three, extrusion plasticity: performing high-temperature plasticity on the stirred material at 120-160 ℃ by using a plastic machine;
step four: and preparing an electrical interface before cooling the end part of the prepared expansion sheet, and then cooling to normal temperature.
2. The method for preparing the novel material for the expansion sheet for the vehicle as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the heat-sensitive organic-inorganic composite powder is used in an amount of 0.5-1%, and can be obtained by reacting metal powder, metal oxide powder, conductive polymer powder, a coupling agent and an auxiliary agent.
3. The method for preparing the novel material for the expansion sheet for the vehicle as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the polymer is 14-15%, and can be any one of polyethylene, polyethylene/vinyl acetate EVA, ethylene-propylene terpolymer EPDM, chloroprene rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
4. The method for preparing the novel material for the expansion sheet for the vehicle as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler are common materials in conventional negative temperature coefficient materials, and the specific proportion of the plasticizer, the stabilizer, the lubricant, the processing aid and the filler in the embodiment is not more than 1%.
5. The method for preparing the novel material for the expansion sheet for the vehicle as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the plasticizer is any one of phthalate, polyester, citrate, phosphate and epoxy soybean oil.
6. The method for preparing the novel material for the expansion sheet for the vehicle as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: firstly, adding EVA, an AC foaming agent, lead stearate, polyethylene wax and an antioxidant into a high-speed mixer, mixing at a low speed of 1000-2000 r/min for 2-5 minutes, adding thermosensitive organic-inorganic composite powder and a plasticizer, mixing at a low speed of 2000-5000 r/min for 2-5 minutes, adding other materials, and mixing at a high speed of 3000-8000 r/min for 5-15 minutes under a closed heating condition of 100-120 ℃; plasticating for 5-20 minutes by using an internal mixer or an extruder, granulating and molding.
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Cited By (1)
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CN117565518A (en) * | 2023-11-30 | 2024-02-20 | 苏州宝富塑料制品有限公司 | Fireproof composite expansion sheet and preparation method thereof |
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