CN115882064A - Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing same - Google Patents
Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing same Download PDFInfo
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- CN115882064A CN115882064A CN202111146394.8A CN202111146394A CN115882064A CN 115882064 A CN115882064 A CN 115882064A CN 202111146394 A CN202111146394 A CN 202111146394A CN 115882064 A CN115882064 A CN 115882064A
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Abstract
The application relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte solution, which comprises an organic solvent, a lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive contains substituted or unsubstituted catechol sulfite and optional cyano-or cyanoalkoxy-substituted alkane. The application also relates to a lithium ion battery containing the non-aqueous electrolyte. The lithium ion battery can have better high-voltage stability, high-temperature performance and low-temperature performance.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery containing the same.
Background
The lithium ion battery is in line with the global green low-carbon development trend, and is widely applied to the aspects of digital products, electronic equipment, energy storage and the like as a clean energy. In recent years, with the rapid development of intelligent electronic products, the endurance time of the battery is short, which affects the user experience, and how to improve the endurance time of the battery becomes a very concern in the industry. At present, two strategies are mainly used for improving user experience, namely the development of a quick charge technology and the development of a high-energy density battery.
For the development of high-energy density batteries, the energy density can be effectively improved by increasing the upper limit voltage of the cathode material. Due to the improvement of the upper limit voltage of the anode material, on one hand, the structural stability of the anode material is poor, active oxygen is easily released, and electrolyte is oxidized to release gas. On the other hand, transition metal elements (such as nickel, cobalt, manganese and the like) in the positive electrode material are dissolved out by reduction reaction and deposited on an SEI film on the surface of the negative electrode, so that the SEI film is damaged, and the electrochemical performance of the battery is further deteriorated. Therefore, the development of an electrolyte having high voltage stability helps to alleviate or solve this problem.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the application is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery containing the same, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte can work normally for a long time under high voltage, and the excellent high-temperature storage performance, cycle performance and low-temperature performance of the battery are ensured.
In order to achieve the above object, a first aspect of the present application provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution including an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and an additive, wherein the additive contains a first additive and a second additive.
Further, the first additive is selected from cyclic sulfite compounds with the structure of formula (I), and the second additive is cyano-substituted alkane and/or cyanoalkoxy-substituted alkane.
in the formula (I): r 9 -R 12 Each independently is H, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, sulfonyl, fluorosulfonyl, sulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, saturated or unsaturated alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated haloalkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or fluoroalkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
Further, in the nonaqueous electrolyte, the content of the first additive is 0.01 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 3% by weight, and more preferably 0.3 to 2% by weight; the content of the second additive is 0.01-10%, preferably 1-5%, and more preferably 1-3%.
Further, the first additive is selected from one or more of the following compounds 1-1 to 1-5:
further, the second additive is selected from one or more of acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) ethane, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) propane, 1, 2-bis (3-cyanopropoxy) ethane, 1,3, 6-hexanetrinitrile, 1,2, 3-propanetrinitrile, 1,3, 5-pentanetrinitrile, 3-bis (cyanomethyl) glutaronitrile, 3-bis (cyanomethyl) adiponitrile, 1,2, 3-tris (2-cyanoethoxy) propane.
Further, the organic solvent is selected from carbonate and/or carboxylic ester, and the carbonate is selected from one or more of the following substituted or unsubstituted solvents: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate; the carboxylic ester is selected from one or more of the following substituted or unsubstituted solvents: propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, n-pentyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl n-butyrate.
Further, the lithium salt is selected from one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluorosulfonyl, lithium bis (trifluorosulfonyl) imide or lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide. Wherein, the content of the lithium salt is 9-20% by weight.
Furthermore, the nonaqueous electrolyte also contains vinylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate, wherein the vinylene carbonate and the fluoroethylene carbonate account for 0.1-20% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
Furthermore, the nonaqueous electrolyte also contains 1, 3-propane sultone, and the 1, 3-propane sultone accounts for 0.1-5% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
The second aspect of the present application provides a lithium ion battery, which includes a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material, and an electrolyte, where the electrolyte is the aforementioned nonaqueous electrolyte.
Further, the positive electrode material comprises lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, ternary materials and the like; the negative electrode material comprises soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon fiber, graphitized carbon microspheres, artificial graphite, natural graphite, silicon carbide, silicon-carbon composite material and the like.
Through the technical scheme, the lithium ion battery has better high-voltage stability, high-temperature performance and low-temperature performance through the synergistic effect of the first additive and the second additive.
Additional features and advantages of the present application will be described in detail in the detailed description which follows.
Detailed Description
The following describes in detail specific embodiments of the present application. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the present application, are given by way of illustration and explanation only, and are not intended to limit the present application.
The first aspect of the present application provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution comprising an organic solvent, a lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive contains a first additive and a second additive.
Specifically, the first additive is selected from cyclic sulfite compounds with the structure of formula (I), and the second additive is cyano-substituted alkane and/or cyano alkoxy-substituted alkane.
in formula (I): r 9 -R 12 Each independently is H, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, sulfonyl, fluorosulfonyl, sulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, saturated or unsaturated alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated haloalkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or fluoroalkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
Wherein, in the nonaqueous electrolyte, the content of the first additive is 0.01-10% by weight, preferably 0.1-2% by weight, and more preferably 0.3-2% by weight; the content of the second additive is 0.01% to 10%, preferably 0.1% to 6%, more preferably 2% to 4%. When the content of the first additive is preferably 0.3% -2% and the content of the second additive is preferably 2% -4%, the excellent modification effect of the positive electrode interface and the negative electrode interface is achieved, the SEI film can achieve a good protection effect, impedance cannot be increased due to the fact that the thickness is too thick, and transmission of lithium ions on the interface is prevented. Therefore, the battery can achieve better high voltage stability and balanced high-temperature performance and low-temperature performance.
The second additive is selected from one or more of acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) ethane, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) propane, 1, 2-bis (3-cyanopropoxy) ethane, 1,3, 6-hexanetrinitrile, 1,2, 3-propanetrinitrile, 1,3, 5-pentanetrinitrile, 3-bis (cyanomethyl) glutaronitrile, 3-bis (cyanomethyl) adiponitrile, 1,2, 3-tris (2-cyanoethoxy) propane.
The first additive has a lower LUMO orbit, so that electrons are reduced first, a stable, uniform, light and thin SEI film is formed on the surface of the negative electrode of the energy storage device, and the solvent in the electrolyte is prevented from being embedded into the negative electrode and reduced and decomposed. And the additive is reduced to produce lithium alkyl sulfate (ROSO) 2 Li) and lithium sulfite (Li) 2 SO 3 ) And an S element is introduced into the SEI film, so that the ionic conductivity of the SEI film is improved, and the direct current internal resistance of the battery is reduced. In addition, unsaturated bonds in the unsaturated sulfite compound can passivate the surface of the positive electrode, inhibit the dissolution of transition metal ions of the positive electrode and prevent the electrolyte from being oxidized and decomposed due to the direct contact with active substances of the positive electrode, so that the stability of the lithium ion battery under the high-temperature condition is improved; the cyano-group in the second additive can be complexed with transition metal ions on the surface of the anode material, and can be combined with HF to reduce the corrosion of HF on the surface of the anode material. Therefore, the second additive can effectively improve the stability of the positive electrode interface, so that the high-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery is improved; a first additive and a second additiveThe synergistic effect of the two components ensures that the SEI film of the negative electrode has lower impedance and the stability of the interface of the positive electrode, so that the lithium ion battery has better high-voltage stability and low-temperature performance.
The organic solvent is selected from carbonate and/or carboxylic ester, and the carbonate is selected from one or more of the following substituted or unsubstituted solvents: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate; the carboxylic ester is selected from one or more of the following substituted or unsubstituted solvents: propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, n-pentyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl n-butyrate.
The lithium salt is selected from one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluorosulfonyl, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide or lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide.
Preferably, the content of the lithium salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is 9 to 20% by weight. The concentration of the lithium salt is controlled to be around 1mol/L, and the conductivity of the electrolyte is at a high value. Can also be adjusted according to specific cost and use requirements, 9-20% is a wider range, and basically covers the concentration of lithium salt in a common formula.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present application, the composition of the electrolyte comprises: ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylene Carbonate (EC), catechol cyclic sulfite, lithium hexafluorophosphate. Wherein EC in the electrolyte is EMC + DEC =20% -40% and 60% -80% (mass ratio is 100% in total), in the preferred embodiment, lithium hexafluorophosphate has better dissociation capability, so that the electrolyte has better conductivity, and the viscosity of the electrolyte is more appropriate.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present application, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution further contains vinylene carbonate and/or fluoroethylene carbonate, and the vinylene carbonate and/or fluoroethylene carbonate accounts for 0.1-20%, preferably 0.2-10% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present application, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution further contains 1, 3-propane sultone, and the 1, 3-propane sultone accounts for 0.1 to 5%, preferably 1 to 4%, of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
In another aspect, the present application provides a lithium ion battery, which includes a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and the above non-aqueous electrolyte.
In an embodiment of the present application, the positive electrode material includes lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, ternary material, and the like; the negative electrode material comprises soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon fiber, graphitized carbon microspheres, artificial graphite, natural graphite, silicon carbide, silicon-carbon composite material and the like.
Particularly preferably, the electrolyte contains a first additive, a second additive, vinylene Carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate, (FEC), 1, 3-Propane Sultone (PS); in this preferable case, it is possible to achieve better high voltage stability and high and low temperature performance of the battery.
The present application is further illustrated below by means of comparative examples and examples, but the present application is not limited thereto in any way.
Comparative example 1
Preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte: the nonaqueous electrolytic solution was lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) at a concentration of 13.5wt% 6 ) The lithium salt is a mixture of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC), and the mixture is a nonaqueous organic solvent and is mixed according to the mass percentages of EC, EMC, DEC = 30. And Adiponitrile (ADN) is added, and the mass percentage of the adiponitrile is 3.0 percent.
Preparing a positive plate: liCoO as positive electrode active material 2 The positive plate is prepared by uniformly mixing a conductive agent CNT and a binding agent polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) according to the mass ratio of 97.6.
Preparing a negative plate: mixing a negative active material graphite, a conductive agent Super-P, a thickening agent CMC, a binder SBR and deionized water according to a mass ratio of 96.6.
Preparing a lithium ion battery: taking a PE porous polymer film as a separation film; stacking the prepared positive plate, the isolating film and the negative plate in sequence to enable the isolating film to be positioned between the positive plate and the negative plate, and winding to obtain a bare cell; placing a bare cell in an outer package, injecting the prepared non-aqueous electrolyte (the water content of the prepared electrolyte is less than 20ppm, and the acidity is less than 30 ppm) into the dried bare cell, packaging, standing, forming (charging to 3.4V at a constant current of 0.02C and then charging to 3.9V at a constant current of 0.1C), shaping, and testing the capacity to complete the preparation of the soft package lithium ion battery (the thickness of the soft package lithium ion battery is 4.3mm, the width of the soft package lithium ion battery is 6.3mm, and the length of the soft package lithium ion battery is 8.3 mm).
Comparative examples 2 to 7
Comparative examples 2 to 7 are for comparative illustration of the electrolyte, the battery and the method for manufacturing the same disclosed in the present application, including the operation steps of comparative example 1, which are different in that: the electrolyte additives shown in comparative examples 2 to 7 in table I were used.
Examples 1 to 18
Examples 1-18 are intended to illustrate by way of comparison the electrolytes, cells and methods of making the same disclosed herein, including the procedure of comparative example 1, with the exception that: the electrolyte additives shown in examples 1 to 18 in table I were used.
TABLE I additive composition and addition amount of nonaqueous electrolytic solutions of comparative examples 1 to 7 and examples 1 to 18
Performance testing
The lithium ion batteries prepared in comparative examples 1 to 7 and examples 1 to 18 were subjected to a performance test.
Low-temperature discharge performance: and (3) charging the formed lithium ion battery to 4.40V at normal temperature by using a 0.7C constant current and constant voltage, stopping the charging at 0.05C, then discharging to 3.0V at a 0.2C constant current, and repeating the steps twice, wherein the second discharge capacity is recorded as the normal-temperature initial capacity. The lithium ion battery is charged to 4.40V at normal temperature by using a 0.7C constant current and constant voltage, and is cut off at 0.05C. Then the cell was placed in a thermostat at-20 ℃ for 4 hours and discharged to 3.0V at a constant current of 0.2C. The capacity retention ratio of the lithium ion battery is tested (discharge capacity at 20 ℃ below zero/initial capacity at normal temperature multiplied by 100%).
High temperature storage performance: and (3) charging the formed lithium ion battery to 4.40V at normal temperature by using a 0.7C constant current and constant voltage, stopping the charging at 0.05C, then discharging to 3.0V at a 0.2C constant current, and repeating the steps twice, wherein the second discharge capacity is recorded as the normal-temperature initial capacity. Then the lithium ion battery is charged with 0.7C constant current and constant voltage to 4.40V at normal temperature, and the battery is cut off at 0.05C, and the full electric thickness is recorded (the test is carried out by using fixed force PPG). The fully charged lithium ion battery is placed in a constant temperature box at 60 ℃ for 28d storage, the thickness expansion rate after 28d storage ((storage 28d thickness-initial full thickness)/initial full thickness x 100%) is recorded, the lithium ion battery is discharged to 3.0V at 0.5C, and the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery (discharge capacity after 28d storage/normal temperature initial capacity x 100%) is tested.
High temperature cycle performance: placing the lithium ion battery after formation in a constant temperature box at 45 ℃ for 2h, charging at constant current and constant voltage of 1.3 ℃ to 4.20V, and cutting off at 0.7C; then the constant current and the constant voltage of 0.7C are increased to 4.40V, and the cut-off of 0.05C is realized. Standing for 5min, and discharging at constant current of 0.7C to 3.0V. This is one cycle. After the cycle is repeated for 600 times, the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery is recorded.
The test results are shown in table II:
TABLE II
It is understood from table II that the preferable content of the first additive is 0.3% to 2% and the content of the second additive is 2% to 4%, which enables the battery to achieve better high voltage stability and high and low temperature performance. In the case that the electrolyte preferably contains the first additive, the second additive, vinylene Carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate, (FEC), and 1, 3-Propane Sultone (PS), the battery can achieve better high-voltage stability and high-temperature and low-temperature performance.
The preferred embodiments of the present application have been described in detail above, but the present application is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various simple modifications can be made to the technical solution of the present application within the technical idea of the present application, and these simple modifications all belong to the protection scope of the present application.
It should be noted that, in the foregoing embodiments, various features described in the above embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner, and in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, various possible combinations are not described in the present application.
In addition, any combination of the various embodiments of the present application is also possible, and the same should be considered as disclosed in the present application as long as it does not depart from the idea of the present application.
Claims (12)
1. A nonaqueous electrolytic solution comprising an organic solvent, a lithium salt and an additive, characterized in that: the additive comprises a first additive and a second additive, wherein the first additive is a cyclic sulfite compound with a structure shown in a formula (I), and the second additive is cyano-substituted alkane and/or cyanoalkoxy-substituted alkane;
in formula (I): r 9 -R 12 Each independently is H, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, sulfonyl, fluorosulfonyl, sulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, saturated or unsaturated alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated haloalkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or fluoroalkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
2. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein, in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, by weight,
the content of the first additive is 0.01-10%; the content of the second additive is 0.01-10%.
3. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 2, wherein, in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, by weight,
the content of the first additive is 0.01-3%; the content of the second additive is 1% -6%.
4. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 3, wherein, in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, by weight,
the content of the first additive is 0.3% -2%; the content of the second additive is 2% -4%.
6. the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the second additive is selected from one or more of acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) ethane, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) propane, 1, 2-bis (3-cyanopropoxy) ethane, 1,3, 6-hexanetrinitrile, 1,2, 3-propanetrinitrile, 1,3, 5-pentanedinitrile, 3-bis (cyanomethyl) glutaronitrile, 3-bis (cyanomethyl) adiponitrile, 1,2, 3-tris (2-cyanoethoxy) propane.
7. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the organic solvent is selected from carbonates and/or carboxylates, and the carbonates are selected from one or more of the following substituted or unsubstituted solvents: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate; the carboxylic ester is selected from one or more of the following substituted or unsubstituted solvents: propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, n-pentyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl n-butyrate.
8. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a content of the lithium salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is 9 to 20% by weight.
9. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 8, wherein,
the lithium salt is selected from one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium trifluorosulfonyl, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide or lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide.
10. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising vinylene carbonate and/or fluoroethylene carbonate, wherein the vinylene carbonate and/or fluoroethylene carbonate accounts for 0.1-20% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
11. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the nonaqueous electrolytic solution further contains 1, 3-propane sultone, and the 1, 3-propane sultone accounts for 0.1 to 5% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
12. A lithium ion battery, characterized in that the electrolyte in the lithium ion battery is the nonaqueous electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 11.
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