CN115881933A - Lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material and preparation method thereof, and lithium ion battery cathode material - Google Patents
Lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material and preparation method thereof, and lithium ion battery cathode material Download PDFInfo
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- CN115881933A CN115881933A CN202211517239.7A CN202211517239A CN115881933A CN 115881933 A CN115881933 A CN 115881933A CN 202211517239 A CN202211517239 A CN 202211517239A CN 115881933 A CN115881933 A CN 115881933A
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000002620 silicon nanotube Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 229910021430 silicon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- -1 transition metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate Chemical group O.O.O.O.O.O.[Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical group Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
The invention relates to a lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material, which takes porous silicon as a matrix, mixes a mixed solution of a carbon source and a transition metal salt with the porous silicon, and grows carbon nanotubes on the surface of the silicon to form the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material. A preparation method of a silicon/carbon nanotube composite material comprises the steps of adding matrix porous silicon into a mixed solution of a carbon source/transition metal salt, uniformly stirring at room temperature, drying, heating to 900 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen, fully reacting, cooling to room temperature, and adding acid to remove transition metal elements to obtain the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material. The lithium ion battery cathode material comprises a silicon-based material, wherein the silicon-based material adopts the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material. The Si/CNTs composite material obtained by catalyzing and growing CNTs on the surface of the silicon material can greatly improve the conductivity of the silicon material and improve the multiplying power performance of an electrode, and in the raw materials and the preparation method, the composite material can be prepared without using water-based CNTs slurry, so that the production cost is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion battery cathode materials, in particular to a lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material.
Background
The silicon material has the highest theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh.g) in the lithium ion battery anode material studied at present -1 ) However, the extremely low intrinsic conductivity and the severe volume change during charging and discharging lead to extremely poor rate and cycle performance. Therefore, improving the conductivity of the silicon material and relieving the physical examination change in the charging and discharging processes are the main directions of the current silicon material research.
At present, 3-15% pre-lithiated silica/silicon carbon materials are doped in a graphite system in most commercialized batteries to improve the energy density of lithium batteries, and the silicon-doped negative electrodes are greatly different from the binding agent, the conductive agent, the homogenizing ratio and the homogenizing process of the common graphite negative electrode due to the performance of the materials. The current common process of silicon cathode material comprises the following steps: graphite and silicon materials are mixed according to a certain proportion, then an active material, a binder, a thickening agent and a conductive agent are used for homogenizing according to a certain proportion to prepare silicon negative electrode slurry, so that pole piece rebound and cyclic expansion are reduced, and the conductive capacity among the active materials is improved by adding a proper amount of single-walled carbon nanotube CNTs. Although the addition of single-walled carbon nanotubes remedies the problem of poor conductivity of the silicon material in the silicon/graphite hybrid negative electrode, the addition of carbon nanotubes also causes the following problems.
1. The water-based carbon nanotube slurry is generally dispersed by using a CMC dispersant, has a unique preparation process, short shelf life and limited productivity, and is very expensive.
2. The carbon nano tube is easy to agglomerate in the silicon negative electrode slurry, so that the conductivity of the pole piece is influenced;
3. under the condition of ensuring the same slurry viscosity, the solid content of the slurry can be greatly reduced by adding the carbon nano tube, so that the watermark can be coated, even the coating can not be carried out;
4. in the current process, the physical mixing of the carbon nanotubes can be distributed on the surface of the silicon/graphite without difference. Because the graphite has good conductivity, CNTs are excessively distributed on the surface of the graphite, the electronic conductivity of an electrode is higher than the ionic conductivity, lithium precipitation is accelerated, and the performance is deteriorated.
Therefore, there is a need for a composite material that grows covered CNTs directly on the silicon surface, reduces or eliminates the use of aqueous CNTs slurry in the preparation of negative electrode materials, and does not affect the performance of other materials while improving the conductivity of silicon materials.
Disclosure of Invention
An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material to solve the above technical problems.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material is characterized in that: and mixing the mixed solution of the carbon source and the transition metal salt with the porous silicon serving as a matrix to grow the carbon nano tube on the surface of the silicon to form the silicon/carbon nano tube composite material.
The lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material of claim 1, characterized in that: the carbon source is an organic carbon source.
Preferably, the organic carbon source is starch, and the gelatinized starch is mixed with a transition metal salt.
Preferably, the transition metal element of the transition metal salt is one of iron, cobalt and nickel.
Preferably, the transition metal salt is cobalt nitrate hexahydrate.
Preferably, the ratio of the amount of the transition metal salt substance to the weight of the organic carbon source is 1 to 10mmol/g.
Also provided is a preparation method of the lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material, which is characterized in that: adding matrix porous silicon into a carbon source/transition metal salt mixed solution, uniformly stirring at room temperature, drying, heating to 900 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen, fully reacting, cooling to room temperature, and adding acid to remove transition metal elements to obtain a silicon/carbon nanotube composite material;
preferably, the mixed solution of the carbon source/the transition metal salt is gelatinized starch/cobalt nitrate hexahydrate.
Preferably, the preparation method of the gelatinized starch/cobalt nitrate hexahydrate comprises the steps of dissolving starch in deionized water, adding cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, and stirring at 80 ℃ to form a gelatinized starch/transition metal salt mixed solution.
Preferably, the temperature is raised to 900 ℃ and the heating rate in the full reaction is 1 ℃/min.
Preferably, the acid for removing the transition metal element is hydrochloric acid.
The lithium ion battery anode material is characterized in that: comprising a silicon-based material employing the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material of any of the above examples.
The invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects: the Si/CNTs composite material obtained by catalytically growing CNTs on the surface of the silicon material can greatly improve the conductivity of the silicon material and improve the multiplying power performance of an electrode, and the Si/CNTs composite material can be prepared by raw materials and a preparation method without using aqueous CNTs slurry, so that the production cost is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an SEM photograph of a composite prepared from a blank set of examples;
FIG. 2 is a high magnification SEM photograph of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an SEM photograph of a composite prepared in example group c;
FIG. 4 is a high magnification SEM photograph of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is an SEM photograph of a composite prepared in group f of example;
fig. 6 is a SEM photograph at high magnification of fig. 5.
Detailed Description
Other advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification, wherein the following description is made for the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings and the preferred embodiments. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments are only for illustrating the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
The gelatinized starch is a transparent pasty solution with uniform viscosity, which is formed by mixing starch in water and heating to a certain temperature and swelling and collapsing starch grains.
Gram capacity refers to the ratio of the amount of capacitance that can be released by the active material inside the battery to the mass of the active material.
The transition metal refers to a series of metal elements in the d region of the periodic table of elements, and is also called transition element.
The solid electrolyte phase interface, abbreviated SEI, is formed from the surface of the anode of the electrochemical reduction electrolyte and plays a crucial role in long-term cycle performance of lithium-based batteries.
Examples
Step one, preparation of a carbon source/transition metal salt mixed solution:
taking 5 1L flasks, respectively weighing 5 groups of 10g starch, respectively dissolving the starch in 250mL deionized water, respectively adding 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100mmol transition metal salt cobalt nitrate hexahydrate solutions into the 5 groups of starch solutions, respectively stirring for 1h at 80 ℃ at 100r/min to obtain 5 groups of gelatinized starch/transition metal salt mixed solutions, and sequentially numbering as a group a, a group b, a group c, a group d, a group e and a group f.
Step two, preparing porous silicon:
porous silicon was prepared starting from a commercially available Si/Al alloy (mSi =20wt.%, particle size 1-2 μm). 50g of commercial Si/Al alloy powder and 5L of 2M hydrochloric acid solution are stirred for 24 hours for dealuminization, and then the porous silicon is obtained after filtration and washing for standby.
Wherein Al reacts with HCl according to the formula: 2Al +6HCl =3H 2 ↑+2AlCl 3 。
Step three, preparing the composite material
And respectively adding 6g of porous silicon into 5 groups of gelatinized starch/transition metal salt mixed solutions, stirring for 1h at room temperature, putting the mixture into a culture dish, drying, heating to 900 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, keeping for 1h, naturally cooling to room temperature, putting the mixture into 2M HCl, and removing Co elements to obtain the 5 groups of Si/CNTs composite materials.
Step four, material characterization and electrochemical test
1. Electrochemical testing
1. And 6 groups of the prepared Si/CNTs composite material and graphite are prepared to obtain a graphite/silicon cathode, and the graphite/silicon cathode is applied to a battery for electrochemical test.
2. And in the same step I, respectively adopting 30mmol of iron salt, 30mmol of nickel salt and 0mmol of cobalt salt as a g group, an h group and a blank group, sequentially preparing composite materials according to the step II and the step III, preparing the prepared composite materials and graphite to obtain a graphite/silicon cathode, and applying the graphite/silicon cathode to a battery for electrochemical test.
3. The results of the 9 sets of electrochemical tests are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 electrochemical test data
4. From the test results, the catalyst concentration in the 5 groups of data is from low to high, and the number and the density of the CNTs on the surface of the Si are from low to high;
a. the more CNTs, the higher the gram capacity is exerted, because the CNTs greatly improve the conductivity of the silicon material, and the improvement is most obvious when the weight ratio of the amount of the transition metal salt in the group c to the weight of the starch is 3 mmol/g.
b. CNTs increase, the lower the first effect:
1) The conductivity is improved, the side reaction is increased along with the conductivity,
2) The surface of the silicon has velvet CNTs which are more beneficial to the infiltration of electrolyte, and an SEI film is generated more completely; the catalyst is obviously reduced when 3mmol/g is added;
c. CNTs are increased, and the capacity retention rate is improved:
1) Under the condition that the silicon material has good conductivity, the lithium precipitation condition is greatly reduced;
2) A denser SEI film is formed during formation, so that the cycle performance is facilitated.
2. Material characterization
SEM photographs of the composite material prepared from the blank group are shown in the attached FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. It can be seen that the surface of the prepared Si particles showed an irregular mass shape with a particle size of about 1 μm.
SEM pictures of the composite material prepared in group c are shown in the attached FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. The tubular CNTs grow on the surface of the Si particles, the CNTs are mutually wound to form a coating layer with a cotton-shaped structure and are connected among the Si particles, and the pipe diameter is uniform.
SEM pictures of the composite materials prepared in group f are shown in detail in attached FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. The tubular CNTs grow on the surface of the Si, the CNTs are mutually wound to form a coating layer with a cotton-like structure, the pipe diameter is uniform, and a small amount of tubular CNTs are arranged relative to the group c to connect Si particles.
3. In conclusion, the invention does not adopt water-based CNTs slurry, directly catalyzes and grows the CNTs on the silicon material substrate to obtain the Si/CNTs composite material, can keep good electric conductivity, and can prepare the cathode material by compounding the Si/CNTs composite material with materials such as graphite and the like without causing negative effects on the graphite material.
The above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments for fully illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. The equivalent substitution or change made by the technical personnel in the technical field on the basis of the invention is all within the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (12)
1. The lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material is characterized in that: and (2) mixing the mixed solution of the carbon source and the transition metal salt with the porous silicon by taking the porous silicon as a matrix, and growing the carbon nano tube on the surface of the silicon to form the silicon/carbon nano tube composite material.
2. The lithium ion battery negative silicon/carbon nanotube composite material of claim 1, wherein: the carbon source is an organic carbon source.
3. The lithium ion battery negative silicon/carbon nanotube composite material of claim 2, wherein: the organic carbon source is starch, and the gelatinized starch is mixed with transition metal salt.
4. The silicon/carbon nanotube composite material for the negative electrode of a lithium ion battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the transition metal element of the transition metal salt is one of iron, cobalt and nickel.
5. The lithium ion battery negative silicon/carbon nanotube composite material of claim 4, wherein: the transition metal salt is cobalt nitrate hexahydrate.
6. The lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material of claim 5, characterized in that: the ratio of the amount of the transition metal salt substance to the weight of the organic carbon source is 1 to 10mmol/g.
7. A method for preparing the lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material of any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: adding matrix porous silicon into a mixed solution of a carbon source/transition metal salt, uniformly stirring at room temperature, drying, heating to 900 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen, fully reacting, cooling to room temperature, and adding acid to remove transition metal elements to obtain the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material.
8. The preparation method of the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material for the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery according to claim 7, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: the mixed solution of the carbon source/the transition metal salt is gelatinized starch/cobalt nitrate hexahydrate.
9. The preparation method of the lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material according to claim 8, characterized in that: the preparation method of the gelatinized starch/cobalt nitrate hexahydrate comprises the steps of dissolving starch in deionized water, adding cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, and stirring at 80 ℃ to form a gelatinized starch/transition metal salt mixed solution.
10. The preparation method of the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material for the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery according to claim 7, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: and the temperature is increased to 900 ℃ and the heating rate is 1 ℃/min during the full reaction.
11. The preparation method of the lithium ion battery cathode silicon/carbon nanotube composite material according to claim 7, characterized in that: the acid for removing the transition metal element is hydrochloric acid.
12. A lithium ion battery negative electrode material is characterized in that: comprising a silicon-based material using the silicon/carbon nanotube composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
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