CN115872778B - Method for realizing lubrication and ultralow abrasion of Wen Youliang at temperature of more than 900 DEG C - Google Patents
Method for realizing lubrication and ultralow abrasion of Wen Youliang at temperature of more than 900 DEG C Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical group [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 5
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910004261 CaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 Si 3 N 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910016036 BaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002111 aluminum magnesium boride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011153 ceramic matrix composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001887 electron backscatter diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052961 molybdenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- MHLYOTJKDAAHGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver molybdate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MHLYOTJKDAAHGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAVDHKVWJUPFPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver;oxido(dioxo)vanadium Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-][V](=O)=O RAVDHKVWJUPFPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- JTCWXISSLCZBQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribol Natural products CC(CO)CCC1OC2(O)CC3C4CC=C5CC(CCC5(C)C4CCC3(C)C2C1C)OC6OC(CO)C(OC7OC(C)C(O)C(O)C7O)C(O)C6OC8OC(C)C(O)C(O)C8O JTCWXISSLCZBQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
The application relates to a method for realizing lubrication and ultra-low abrasion of Wen Youliang with the temperature of more than 900℃, which uses AlMgB 14 The ceramic is used as a lubricating material, the ceramic material or the nickel-based superalloy material is used as a matched material, friction is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ in the atmospheric environment, and AlMgB 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic is 0.02-0.24, and the surface is almost free from abrasion; friction is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ under the vacuum environment, and AlMgB 14 The ceramic friction coefficient is between 0.14 and 0.24, and the wear rate is 10 ‑7 mm 3 On the order of/Nm. The application is simple and easy to operate, breaks through the high-temperature lubrication performance limit of the existing material, and opens up a new high-temperature lubrication design method.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of high-temperature tribology and lubricating wear-resistant materials, in particular to a method for realizing lubrication of Wen Youliang with the temperature of more than 900 ℃ and ultralow abrasion.
Background
Friction and wear are central factors that lead to failure and high energy consumption of mechanical motion transmission systems. Under high temperature extreme conditions, conventional liquid lubricants such as grease are prone to volatilization or oxidation failure, so developing materials with both excellent lubricating properties and ultra-low wear characteristics at high temperatures has been an international problem in the tribology field.
Currently, the modern high-end equipment manufacturing industry is advancing to high-end, intelligent and green transformation, the efficiency of a mechanical system is greatly improved, the service environment is more complex and harsh, the core index tends to be extremely maximized, and one typical challenge is lubrication and abrasion problems at extremely high temperature of more than 900 ℃. Currently, it is stillNo material can achieve or realize lubrication under the limit high temperature working condition, under the working condition, most metal materials face the bottleneck problems of drastically reduced mechanical and oxidation resistance, while traditional ceramic materials such as Si 3 N 4 、SiC、ZrO 2 The Salion ceramic has excellent high-temperature hardness, creep resistance and oxidation resistance, but has a large friction coefficient above 600 DEG C>0.4 High (10) -5 mm 3 On the order of/Nm); even the novel ceramic matrix composite material prepared by adopting the solid lubricant design has the friction coefficient of more than 0.2 and the abrasion rate of less than 10 -6 mm 3 On the order of/Nm, and research has focused on the high temperature environment of the atmosphere, the lubrication performance under the high temperature environment of the vacuum is reported very little. Patent CN 109354502A discloses Si prepared by spark plasma sintering 3 N 4 -Ti 2 SnC self-lubricating composite ceramic with friction coefficients of 0.52 and 0.57 at 600 ℃ and 800 ℃ respectively and wear rates of 3.5 multiplied by 10 respectively in atmospheric environment -5 mm 3 Nm and 4.8X10 -6 mm 3 /Nm. Patent CN 103073268A discloses an alumina layered ceramic self-lubricating composite material (the surface layer is an alumina/iron oxide/titanium oxide layer, the spacer layer is an alumina/zirconia/iron oxide/titanium oxide layer), the material is prepared by a layering-cold pressing-hot pressing process, and the friction coefficient of the material at 800 ℃ is 0.52 under the atmospheric environment. Patent CN 103540821A discloses a ZrO prepared by hot-pressed sintering 2 -Mo-BaF 2 -CaF 2 The high-temperature self-lubricating block material has friction coefficient of 0.24-0.32 at 800-1000 deg.c in atmospheric environment. Patent CN 109336615A discloses a sialon-tin wear-resistant composite material, and under the atmospheric environment, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the optimal component material of the system at 800 ℃ are respectively 0.68 and 4.32X10 -5 mm 3 /Nm. Patent CN 106811645A discloses a SiC-Mo-CaF 2 The composite ceramic material has friction coefficient of 0.17-0.35 at 800-1000 deg.c and wear rate of 3.53-9.17 x 10 in atmospheric environment -6 mm 3 /Nm. Based on the above analysis, new high temperature lubricating ceramic systems and methods must be developed to achieve temperatures above 900 DEG CLubrication at extremely high temperatures and ultra low wear.
In recent years, the induction of tribochemical reactions to generate lubricating substances in situ through the fine design of material components is considered as an effective way to achieve high temperature lubrication. The U.S. air force laboratory designed YSZ/Au/MoS2/DLC, YSZ/Ag/Mo/MoS in 2000 with this concept 2 Self-adaptive lubricating coatings such as VN/Ag and the like, low-temperature lubrication depends on soft metal and a dithio metal compound, and low friction and low abrasion are obtained by means of silver molybdate and silver vanadate generated by tribochemical reaction at high temperature (Surf Coat Technol, 2009, 204:962-968). Based on the above, the inventors of the present application considered whether a new ceramic material can be found to achieve the effect similar to liquid lubrication by oxidizing an oxide with a low melting point generated at the interface of a friction surface in an atmospheric environment, and provide liquid lubrication by diffusing and migrating a metal with a low melting point to the friction interface at a high temperature in a vacuum environment, thereby achieving lubrication at a very high temperature and ultra-low wear. Through investigation, the melting point of boron oxide formed by oxidation of boride ceramic at high temperature is only 450 ℃, and the boron oxide is the ceramic material which is most likely to realize high-temperature liquid lubrication in the atmospheric environment, but a boride ceramic system capable of realizing the property is not found at present, and reported TiB 2 The friction coefficient in the atmosphere at a high temperature of 800 ℃ is about 0.4 (J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 101, 461), zrB 2 -20vol.% 5SiC has a coefficient of friction in an atmospheric environment at 800 ℃ of between 0.5 and 0.6 (bear, 2021,464-465, 203534), possibly due to the insufficient boron content of these boride ceramics. Although the related literature reports an AlMgB 14 -30wt.%TiB 2 The friction coefficient of the composite ceramic in the high temperature 800 ℃ and the atmospheric environment can be gradually reduced from 0.4 to 0.8 (the high friction coefficient stage is up to 5 min) to 0.12, but the friction coefficient is mainly caused by the lubricating titanium dioxide generated at the high temperature (Tribol Lett, 2014, 56:435-442).
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the application is to provide a simple and easy method for realizing lubrication of Wen Youliang with the temperature of more than 900 ℃ and ultra-low abrasion.
To solve the problems, the applicationThe method for realizing lubrication at a temperature of higher than 900 ℃ and ultra-low abrasion of Wen Youliang is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method uses AlMgB 14 The ceramic is used as a lubricating material, the ceramic material or the nickel-based superalloy material is used as a matched material, friction is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ in the atmospheric environment, and AlMgB 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic is 0.02-0.24, and the surface is almost free from abrasion; friction is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ under the vacuum environment, and AlMgB 14 The ceramic friction coefficient is between 0.14 and 0.24, and the wear rate is 10 -7 mm 3 On the order of/Nm.
The ceramic material is Si 3 N 4 、Al 2 O 3 One of SiC.
The sliding speed is 0.2-m/s to 1-m/s during friction, the contact stress of the friction pair is 1-2 GPa, and the movement mode is sliding or rolling friction.
Compared with the prior art, the application has the following advantages:
1. the application selects an AlMgB 14 The ceramic realizes liquid lubrication at the extremely high temperature of more than 900 ℃ and ultra-low abrasion, and the AlMgB is in the atmospheric environment 14 The low-melting-point boron oxide generated by the oxidation of the ceramic surface is in liquid state and migrates to the friction surface to provide excellent liquid lubrication, and the alumina and the magnesia form a compact layer to play roles in supporting a lubricating film and limiting serious oxidation, so that the excellent lubrication and extremely low abrasion are realized by the synergistic effect of the alumina and the magnesia; the AlMgB is in vacuum environment 14 Atomic Al and Mg in the ceramic can migrate and diffuse to a friction interface in the vacuum high-temperature process to provide liquid lubrication. While the method is carried out on AlMgB 14 The first discovery and the first proposal in ceramics.
2. AlMgB according to the application 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic in the atmospheric environment at the high temperature of more than 900 ℃ is within the range of 0.02-0.24, and the friction surface presents near zero abrasion; the friction coefficient of the vacuum environment and the high temperature of more than 900 ℃ is between 0.14 and 0.24, and the wear rate is 10 -7 mm 3 The Nm level, thereby realizing the breakthrough in high-temperature lubrication and performance in the true sense and solving the lubrication and wear resistance problems of the high-end equipment mechanical system motion transmission system in the extremely high temperature range of more than 900 ℃.
3. The application provides a new mechanism for high-temperature oxidation induced spontaneous liquid lubrication in the atmospheric environment and high-temperature diffusion induced metal liquid lubrication in the vacuum environment, breaks through the high-temperature lubrication performance limit of the existing material, and opens up a new high-temperature lubrication design method.
Drawings
The following describes the embodiments of the present application in further detail with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is an AlMgB of example 1 of the present application 14 EBSD histology (a) and grain size (b) of the ceramic material.
FIG. 2 is AlMgB according to example 1 of the present application 14 Ceramic material reacts with Si in atmospheric environment at 900-1200 DEG C 3 N 4 The friction coefficient (a) of the ceramic matching pair and the abrasion three-dimensional morphology (b) after 900 ℃ test.
FIG. 3 is AlMgB according to example 1 of the present application 14 Element surface distribution diagram of abrasion interface of ceramic after being tested at 900 ℃ in atmosphere environment.
FIG. 4 is AlMgB according to example 2 of the present application 14 The ceramic material reacts with Si in vacuum environment at 900 DEG C 3 N 4 Coefficient of friction of the ceramic pair.
FIG. 5 is AlMgB according to example 2 of the present application 14 Element surface distribution diagram of abrasion interface of ceramic after vacuum environment and 900 ℃. Wherein: a, a transmission electron microscope morphology graph of the friction layer; b elemental surface profile of the friction layer.
FIG. 6 is AlMgB according to example 3 of the present application 14 The ceramic material is mixed with Al in vacuum environment at 900 DEG C 2 O 3 Coefficient of friction of the ceramic pair.
Detailed Description
A method for realizing lubrication and ultra-low abrasion of Wen Youliang with temperature higher than 900 ℃ comprises the steps of using AlMgB 14 The ceramic is used as a lubricating material, the ceramic material or the nickel-based superalloy material is used as a matched material, friction is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ in the atmospheric environment, and AlMgB 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic is 0.02-0.24, and the surface is almost free from abrasion; is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ under vacuum environmentFriction, alMgB 14 The ceramic friction coefficient is between 0.14 and 0.24, and the wear rate is 10 -7 mm 3 On the order of/Nm.
Wherein: the ceramic material is Si 3 N 4 、Al 2 O 3 One of SiC.
The sliding speed is 0.2-m/s to 1-m/s during friction, the contact stress of the friction pair is 1-2 GPa, and the movement mode is sliding or rolling friction.
The lubrication mechanism in the atmospheric environment is mainly high-temperature oxidation induced liquid lubrication, namely: high temperature of 900℃ AlMgB 14 The low-melting-point boron oxide generated by the oxidation of the ceramic surface shows liquid migration to the friction surface to provide excellent liquid lubrication, and the compact layer formed by the aluminum oxide and the magnesium oxide plays roles in supporting a lubricating film and limiting serious oxidation, and the aluminum oxide and the magnesium oxide cooperate to realize excellent lubrication and extremely low abrasion.
The lubrication mechanism in the vacuum environment is mainly high-temperature diffusion induced liquid metal lubrication, namely: alMgB 14 Atomic aluminum and magnesium in the crystal lattice are broken and migrated to the friction surface by atomic or ionic bonds at high temperature to play a role in liquid lubrication.
Example 1
The lower sample is AlMgB 14 Ceramic disk (average grain size 12.4 μm, FIG. 1), si was used as the upper sample 3 N 4 Ceramic, alMgB is tested by using HT-1000 rotary sliding friction tester 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic in the atmospheric environment at 900-1000 ℃; alMgB test by GF-I type reciprocating sliding friction tester 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic is 1100-1200 ℃ in the atmosphere. The sliding speed is 0.2 m/s, the contact stress of the friction pair is 1-2 GPa, and the time is 30 min. AlMgB testing by using MicroXAM-800 non-contact three-dimensional profiler 14 The three-dimensional morphology of the ceramic wear surface was analyzed for the friction layer structure and composition of AlMgB14 ceramic using focused ion beam-transmission electron microscopy (FIB-TEM) techniques.
As shown in FIG. 2, alMgB is in an atmospheric environment 14 The ceramic has a friction coefficient of 0.02-0.17 at 900 ℃, a friction coefficient of 0.12-0.24 at 1000 ℃ and a friction coefficient of 0.027-0.199 at 1200 ℃, and is groundThe damaged surface is almost free from abrasion.
As shown in FIG. 3, FIB-TEM analysis shows AlMgB 14 The thickness of the friction layer of the ceramic at 900 ℃ is about 350 nm, the outermost layer is rich in B, O elements, the inner layer is rich in Al, mg and O elements, and direct evidence is provided for high-temperature oxidation induced boron oxide liquid lubrication.
Example 2 AlMgB was used as the sample 14 Ceramic disk, upper sample is Si 3 N 4 Ceramic, alMgB is tested by using GHT-1000E rotary sliding high-temperature vacuum friction tester 14 Coefficient of friction of ceramics in vacuum environment at 900 ℃. The sliding speed is 0.2 m/s, the contact stress of the friction pair is 1-2 GPa, and the time is 30 min. AlMgB testing by using MicroXAM-800 non-contact three-dimensional profiler 14 Three-dimensional morphology of ceramic wear surface, analysis of AlMgB by FIB-TEM technique 14 The friction layer structure and composition of the ceramic.
As shown in FIG. 4, alMgB was prepared in a vacuum atmosphere at 900 ℃ 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic can be stabilized between 0.14 and 0.24, and the wear rate is 9.67 multiplied by 10 -7 mm 3 /Nm。
As shown in FIG. 5, FIB-TEM analysis shows AlMgB 14 The thickness of the friction layer of the ceramic at the temperature of 900 ℃ under vacuum is about 160 nm, and the ceramic is rich in Al and Mg elements, so that direct evidence is provided for lubrication of the friction interface Al and Mg liquid metal under vacuum high temperature.
Example 3 AlMgB was used as the sample 14 Ceramic disk, upper sample is Al 2 O 3 Ceramic, alMgB is tested by using GHT-1000E rotary sliding high-temperature vacuum friction tester 14 Coefficient of friction of ceramics in a vacuum environment at 900 ℃. The sliding speed is 0.2 m/s, the contact stress of the friction pair is 1-2 GPa, and the time is 30 min.
The test result shows that AlMgB is in vacuum environment at 900 DEG C 14 The coefficient of friction of the ceramic is between 0.11 and 0.24 (fig. 6).
Claims (1)
1. A method for realizing lubrication and ultra-low wear of Wen Youliang with a temperature above 900 ℃, which is characterized in that: the method uses AlMgB 14 The ceramic is used as a lubricating material and is made of ceramic material or nickel-based superThe alloy material is a matched material, friction is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ in the atmospheric environment, and AlMgB 14 The friction coefficient of the ceramic is between 0.02 and 0.24; friction is carried out at the temperature of 900-1200 ℃ under the vacuum environment, and AlMgB 14 The ceramic friction coefficient is between 0.14 and 0.24, and the wear rate is 10 -7 mm 3 Magnitude of/Nm; the ceramic material is Si 3 N 4 、Al 2 O 3 One of SiC; the sliding speed is 0.2-m/s to 1-m/s during friction, the contact stress of the friction pair is 1-2 GPa, and the movement mode is sliding or rolling friction.
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