CN115829195A - Regional power grid development level evaluation method and device based on matter element method - Google Patents
Regional power grid development level evaluation method and device based on matter element method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A regional power grid development level evaluation method and a device thereof based on a matter element method comprise the following steps: constructing a power grid development level multi-level index system: obtaining basic index data related in an index layer of an index system; constructing an object element representation matrix; calculating the weight W of the index layer and the standard layer; calculating a correlation matrix K; and evaluating the calculation result. The invention combines a matter element analysis method to classify and process indexes, quantizes the evaluation grade according to the actual operation basic data of the indexes, judges the development status and the conversion trend of each index according to the positive and negative characteristics and the numerical value of the index correlation degree, changes the evaluation mode from static state to dynamic state, realizes the state control and the change prediction of the power grid, can find the weak links of the power grid in time and the key factors restricting the optimization of the power grid, and provides an improvement method and a development suggestion aiming at the specific indexes. The method is more suitable for planning problems.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a big data technology, in particular to a regional power grid development level evaluation method and device based on a matter element method.
Background
Electric energy is closely related to human productive life and is an indispensable component in energy networks. The power grid is a carrier for electric energy transmission and distribution and is an important intermediate link of a power system. The development level of the power grid directly influences the reliability and the operation flexibility of power supply, and is related to the development of regional economy. With the development of electric power technology, the power grid of China goes through the stages of high-speed development and rolling adjustment, the scale of the urban and rural power grid is gradually enlarged, the construction level is improved to some extent, and the regional networking is continuously strengthened. However, the development level of power grids in various regions of China is uneven at present, and the problems of weak structure, low equipment level, low utilization efficiency and the like of the power grids in partial regions still exist, so that the reformation and optimization of the power grids and the rapid development of regional economy are limited.
With the proposition and popularization of the strategy in China, the construction of the rural power internet of things becomes a key work of the current power grid development, which puts higher requirements on the development planning and investment construction arrangement of the power grid. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the development level of the power grid, judge the overall situation of the power grid, diagnose the existing problems of the power grid, predict the future development trend of the power grid, and provide theoretical support for the construction and planning of the power grid. However, the currently proposed rural power grid development level related evaluation system lacks data support and scientific evaluation means. The development level of the rural power grid cannot be objectively evaluated according to various power data.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention discloses a regional power grid development level evaluation method based on a matter element method, which comprises the following technical scheme:
a regional power grid development level evaluation method based on a matter element method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: constructing a power grid development level multi-level index system:
step 2: obtaining basic index data related in an index layer of an index system;
and step 3: constructing a material element representation matrix;
and 4, step 4: calculating the weight W of an index layer and a standard layer;
and 5: calculating a correlation matrix K;
step 6: and evaluating the calculation result.
The invention also discloses an electronic device which is characterized by comprising a processor and a memory; the memory is stored with computer readable instructions, and the processor is used for executing the computer readable instructions, wherein the computer readable instructions execute the method.
Advantageous effects
The method considers 7 dimensions of power grid development speed coordination, power grid development scale coordination, power grid structure coordination, power grid safety and reliability, equipment level, power grid utilization efficiency and power grid development benefit, and belongs to integrity evaluation. Has stronger direct guidance on the omnibearing power grid planning.
According to the method, index screening and clustering are completed through index demand analysis, index relevance analysis, index application scene analysis and sorting of coupling conditions and incidence relations among indexes, and the target form and the calculation mode of each index in an index system have excellent applicability and feasibility.
The invention combines a matter element analysis method to classify and process indexes, quantifies evaluation grades according to actual operation basic data of the indexes, judges the development status and the conversion trend of each index according to the positive and negative characteristics and the numerical value of the index correlation degree, changes the evaluation mode from static state to dynamic state, realizes the control and the change prediction of the state of a power grid, can find weak links of the power grid in time and restrict key factors of the optimization of the power grid, and provides an improvement method and a development suggestion aiming at specific indexes. And is more suitable for planning problems.
According to the method, a power grid development level comprehensive evaluation model is established by combining an index weighting method, a weighted composite operation principle of the relevance degrees of indexes of all levels is determined, an overall evaluation result is displayed in the form of an evaluation level relevance degree matrix, an evaluation interval is expanded and refined, the problem that membership degree similarity cannot be judged in a traditional evaluation method is solved, power grid development level comprehensive evaluation and comparison and sequencing among different power grids in an area are more accurately realized, and geographical positions, climatic conditions and economic development can be combined.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a regional power grid development level evaluation method based on an object element method;
fig. 2 is a power grid development level multi-level index system diagram constructed by the invention.
Detailed Description
A regional power grid development level evaluation method based on a matter element method comprises the following steps:
step 1: construction of power grid development level multi-level index system
The power grid development level is divided into 7 dimensions, namely power grid development speed coordination, power grid development scale coordination, power grid structure coordination, power grid safety and reliability, equipment level, power grid utilization efficiency and power grid development benefit, and a hierarchical analysis structure model is utilized to construct a power grid development level multi-level index system.
a. Power grid development speed coordination
The development speed coordination dimension of the power grid is provided by comprehensively considering the conditions of GDP, power supply installation, load and electric quantity increase, and whether the construction speed of the power grid is matched with economic development and social progress or not is reflected.
The dimension of the development speed coordination of the power grid comprises 5 indexes of GDP (graphics data processing) annual growth rate, power supply installed annual average growth rate, highest power load annual average growth rate, global power consumption annual average growth rate and volume annual average growth rate.
The annual growth rate of GDP provided by the invention refers to the annual average change condition of the percentage of the total production value from one time interval to the next, and is calculated by the statistics of government yearbook:
in the formula, k 1 Is the GDP annual growth rate at the end of the statistical period; n represents the statistical year; g i 、G i+N Representing the total value produced in the statistical region at the beginning of the statistical period and at the end of the statistical period, respectively.
The installed capacity provided by the invention is the sum of rated powers of all generator sets in the system, and is one of main characterization indexes of the power generation capacity of the power system. The power supply installation includes a conventional power supply and a distributed power supply. The annual average growth rate of the installed power supply reflects the situation that the area is connected with 750-10 kilovolt voltage levels in a statistical time period and the situation that the installed power grid is changed in structure and quantity is increased.
The maximum power load provided by the invention is the maximum load instantly reached by a power user end, can reflect the regional power demand condition, and is generally in units of ten thousand kilowatts. The annual average growth rate of the highest electrical load reflects the growth characteristics of the electrical load within the statistical time period.
In the formula, k 2 Is the annual average growth rate of the highest electrical load within the statistical time period; n represents the statistical year; p is i 、P i+N Representing the annual maximum usage at the beginning of the statistical period and at the end of the statistical period, respectivelyAn electrical load.
The electricity consumption of the whole society, which is provided by the invention, is used for representing the electricity consumption in all industrial fields of the whole society, including the ranges of agriculture, industry, commerce, civilian use and the like, and is generally taken as a unit in hundred million kilowatt hours. The annual average increase rate of the power consumption of the whole society reflects the increase condition of the power consumption demand in the statistical time period.
In the formula, k 3 The annual average increase rate of the power consumption of the whole society in the statistical time period; n represents the statistical years; e i 、E i+N Representing the total social electricity usage at the beginning of the statistical time period and at the end of the statistical time period, respectively.
The electricity selling amount provided by the invention is the amount of electricity supplied by the power grid to power consumers, and determines the income condition of power transmission and distribution of the power grid, and the income condition is usually set in hundred million kilowatt hours. The electricity selling quantity is influenced by the whole economic situation trend and the related electricity price policy, and the company operating condition can be reflected. The annual average increase rate of the electricity sales reflects the increase condition of electricity sales in the statistical time period.
In the formula, k 4 Is the annual average growth rate of the electricity sold in the statistical time period; n represents the statistical year; s i 、S i+N Respectively representing the annual electricity sales at the beginning of the statistical time interval and at the end of the statistical time interval.
b. Power grid development scale coordination
The method comprehensively considers the capacity-load ratio of the power grid and the ratio of the capacity of the extensible main transformer to construct the power grid development scale coordination dimension, analyzes whether the construction of each level of power grid can meet the current load power supply requirement on scale, and analyzes the adaptability of the power grid transmission line and the power transformation construction to the load increase. The power grid development scale coordination dimension comprises 4 indexes of 500kV power grid capacity-load ratio, 220kV power grid capacity-load ratio, 500kV extensible main transformer capacity-load ratio and 220kV extensible main transformer capacity-load ratio.
The capacity-load ratio provided by the invention is a ratio of the total installation capacity of the transformer in a certain area to the maximum load of the area, reflects the power supply capacity of a regional power grid and the standby capacity of the power transformation equipment, and can be used for analyzing the reasonable degree of the power grid construction scale. The different voltage grades should be calculated separately, and the capacities of the large-capacity step-up transformer of the power station, the large-scale special transformer user transformer, the interconnection transformer and the direct supply load in the current voltage grade need to be removed.
In the formula, R S The average capacity-to-load ratio of the power grid with different voltage levels is usually expressed in kilovolt-ampere/kilowatt units; p is max Represents the annual maximum load daily maximum load value at this level, usually in units of ten thousand kilowatts; s l The total main transformer capacity, typically in units of ten thousand volt-amperes, representing the next year the maximum load is put into operation on a daily basis at this level.
The difference exists between the current production capacity and the planned final capacity of the substation, and the value represents the expandable margin of the substation, and is usually in units of thousands of volt-amperes. The ratio of the extensible main transformer capacity under a certain level is the ratio of the reserved difference value to the current production capacity, and is suitable for 750, 500 (330), 220, 110 (66) and 35 kV voltage levels.
In the formula, alpha T The capacity ratio of the extensible main transformer under different voltage levels is determined; s p Represents the planned main transformer capacity at this level, usually in units of ten thousand volt-amperes; s. the l Representing the already-commissioned primary transformation capacity at this level, typically in units of ten thousand volt-amperes.
c. Grid structure coordination
The power grid structure coordination dimension provided by the invention describes the power grid structure form by using the line interconnection rate index and analyzes the power grid connection condition. The line interconnection rate refers to the ratio of all lines in the area, which satisfy the interconnection structure. And the interconnection rate of the power grid lines is only counted on the public lines during calculation.
Wherein f is the interconnection rate of the lines; q l Representing the number of lines meeting the requirement of the interconnection structure in the evaluation area; q represents the total number of lines in the area of evaluation.
d. Safety and reliability of power grid
The safety and reliability of the power grid provided by the invention are combined with the number of potential safety hazards which may cause various accidents on the premise of considering the power grid power conversion capability, and the safety and stability and the power supply reliability of the power grid with different voltage levels are analyzed. The dimensions of the safety and reliability of the power grid comprise 8 indexes, namely 500kVN-1 passing rate, 500kV double-circuit N-2 passing rate on the same tower, 220kVN-1 passing rate, 220kV double-circuit N-2 passing rate on the same tower, 500kV short-circuit current exceeding 80% of switch interruption capacity, bus node ratio, 220kV short-circuit current exceeding 80% of switch interruption capacity, 220-larger accident potential and 220-common accident potential.
The N-1 principle provided by the invention is one of the safety judgment criteria of the power system, and is also called as a single fault safety criterion of the power system. According to the principle of N-1, for a system with N elements, after any one element is removed due to a fault, other lines cannot cause power failure of a user due to overload tripping, and the system stability cannot be damaged, so that serious consequences such as voltage breakdown and the like are caused. In practical engineering, except for a bus, if all loads of a certain line or a certain element can be transferred to other lines or elements for power supply through twice or less operations, the line or element is called as a line or element meeting N-1.
In the formula, k N-1 Is the N-1 passage; q N-1 Representing the number of elements satisfying N-1 in the evaluation area; q represents the total number of elements in the evaluation area.
The same-tower double-circuit line provided by the invention refers to a line with two circuits arranged on one electric power tower in a regional power grid. The concept of the same-tower double-circuit N-2 passing rate is similar to the concept of the N-1 passing rate, namely after any two lines or elements are cut off, the power supply capacity of a power grid is not affected, and the lines or elements meeting the requirements are called as the lines or elements meeting the N-2.
In the formula, k N-2 Is the same tower double loop N-2 passing rate; q N-2 Representing the number of elements satisfying N-2 in the evaluation area; q represents the total number of elements in the evaluation area.
The breaking capacity of the switch provided by the invention refers to the short-circuit current which can be cut off by a high-voltage circuit breaker element when a short-circuit condition occurs in a system. In actual use, the short-circuit current of the system must be smaller than the interruption capacity so as to ensure that the short-circuit fault can be successfully removed, and the large-range power failure cannot be caused to influence the power supply reliability. Under the full-wiring operation mode of the power grid, the proportion of bus nodes with short-circuit current exceeding 80% of the interruption capacity of the switch reflects the margin of the interruption capacity and the reliability of system power supply.
In the formula, alpha N The bus node proportion exceeds 80% of the switch breaking capacity; n is a radical of 80％ Representing the number of bus nodes exceeding 80% of the breaking capacity of the switch in the evaluation area; and N represents the total number of bus nodes in the evaluation area.
The accident potential provided by the invention refers to the number of potential hazards that a power system may have large accidents and general accidents under special operation modes such as N-2, N-1 and the like. In the electric power safety accident regulations issued by the state department, the accident grade is divided according to the judgment items such as the supply and reduction load proportion, the power failure range and the like, and the definition is given to major accidents and general accidents. The accident potential can be focused and the specific situation is described, and the existing safety potential in the actual engineering must be solved.
e. Level of the equipment
The horizontal dimension of the equipment provided by the invention comprises 6 indexes of the forced outage rate of the equipment, the available coefficient of the transformer, the available coefficient of the line, the occupation ratio of old equipment of the transformer, the occupation ratio of old equipment of the line and the proportion of the intelligent substation, and the influence of the level of the equipment on the operation of a power grid is reflected integrally. The forced outage rate and the available coefficient of the equipment reflect the operation and maintenance level of the equipment, the percentage of old equipment reflects the old degree of the main equipment, and the proportion of the intelligent substation reflects the equipment level.
The forced equipment outage rate provided by the invention is the probability of forced outage of electrical equipment, reflects the possibility of equipment failure, and is the ratio of the outage times to the total commissioning times.
In the formula, alpha s Is the equipment forced outage rate; n is a radical of s Representing the forced shutdown times of the equipment in the evaluation area in the statistical time period; and N represents the total operation times of the equipment in the evaluation area in the statistical time period.
The states of the transformer and the line provided by the invention are divided into an operation state, a planned shutdown state and an unplanned shutdown state. The equipment availability factor reflects the proportion of the operating state.
Where ρ is a device availability factor; t is t p Representing the device availability hours within the statistical time period; t is t ps Representing the planned outage hours of the equipment within the statistical time period; t is t ops Representing the number of unplanned outage hours within the statistical period.
When the statistical period is one year,
the occupation ratio of old equipment of the transformer and the line provided by the invention is a more visual equipment level index. As the age increases, the performance of the device may continue to decline. According to different materials, voltage grades and use environments, the transformer and the line have strict design service life standards. Transformers and lines that exceed the design lifetime are referred to as legacy equipment. In actual engineering, the operating life of equipment is counted according to different voltage levels from different power supply areas, the operating life is divided into four sections of 10 years or less, 10 years to 20 years, 20 years to 30 years, and 30 years to more, and equipment of 31 years or more is defined as old equipment.
In the formula, alpha f Is the ratio of old equipment; n is a radical of s Representing the number of old equipment in the evaluation area; n represents the total number of devices in the area of evaluation.
The number of the intelligent substations reflects the advanced evolution level of the equipment of the power grid in the region.
In the formula, alpha a Is the proportion of the intelligent substation; n is a radical of a Representing the number of intelligent substations in the evaluation area; n represents the total number of substations within the selected range.
f. Efficiency of power grid utilization
The power grid utilization efficiency dimension provided by the invention comprises 2 indexes of the maximum load rate of the transformer and the maximum load rate of the line, reflects the utilization rate of main power transmission and transformation equipment in the power grid, and embodies the realization level of a power grid enterprise for improving the service efficiency of the existing assets. In actual engineering, equipment with a load factor not meeting the requirement is analyzed and adjusted from the aspects of equipment operation life, equipment functions and the like.
In the formula, delta Tmlr Is the maximum load factor of the transformer; p max Representing the annual maximum load of the transformer, usually in units of ten thousand kilowatts; s t Representing the transformer capacity, typically in units of ten thousand volt-amperes.
In the formula, delta Lmlr Is the line maximum load rate; p is max Represents the maximum active power of a line year, and is usually in units of ten thousand kilowatts; and P represents the economic transmission power of the line, usually in units of ten thousand kilowatts, is the optimal transmission power of economic benefit, and is obtained correspondingly by the sectional area of the lead determined by economic current density in actual calculation according to relevant regulations of an electric power system design manual.
g. Benefits of power grid development
The power grid development benefit dimension provided by the invention comprises 4 indexes of unit power grid investment supply load, unit power grid investment electricity sales amount, line loss rate and unit power grid asset electricity sales income. The unit power grid investment supply load increase, the unit power grid investment electricity sales increase and the unit power grid asset electricity sales income reflect the pertinence, the reasonability and the effectiveness of the power grid investment from the perspective of the operational benefit, and the line loss rate reflects the economical efficiency of the power grid operation from the perspective of the energy loss.
The unit power grid investment increase load provided by the invention means that the electric quantity supply brought by each unit power grid investment is increased, and the effectiveness of the power grid investment and the actual increase effect are reflected.
In the formula, L p The investment and the supply load of a unit power grid are increased; l is t The highest power load is regulated in this year, and the highest power load is usually in kilowatt; l is a radical of an alcohol l Representing the highest power load of the prior year of the overall regulation, which is usually in kilowatt unit; i is l Representing the power grid investment of the previous year, and is generally in ten thousand yuan.
The unit power grid investment electricity sales amount provided by the invention is the electricity sales amount of each unit of power grid investment, and is usually in kilowatt-hour/unit.
In the formula, W p % is unit power grid investment electricity sales volume; w represents the electricity sold in the statistical time period, and is generally taken in kilowatt-hour as a unit; i represents the grid investment in the statistical period, usually in units of elements.
The comprehensive line loss rate provided by the invention represents the electric energy loss condition in the power transmission and distribution process, and is one of effective indexes for embodying the power grid benefit. In the actual engineering, the line loss rate of 500 kilovolts and the line loss rate of a distribution network of 10 kilovolts or below are calculated respectively.
Wherein η is the line loss rate; w is a group of ip Representing the input electric quantity of an evaluation area in a statistical time period; w op Representing the output electric quantity of the evaluation area in the calculation time.
The unit power grid asset electricity selling income provided by the invention is obtained by selling electricity of each unit of power grid investment, and is usually in units of element/element.
In the formula, R p Is unit power grid asset electricity selling and collectingEntering; r represents the income of electricity sale in a statistical time period, and is generally in units of yuan; a. The f Represents a fixed asset of the grid, usually in units of elements.
Step 2: obtaining base data
The invention needs to obtain 30 basic index data related in the index layer of the index system. At present, methods and technologies for data extraction, integration and calculation in an actual power grid are greatly improved and developed. With the advance of new infrastructure, the construction of the electric power internet of things is gradually improved, the digitization level, the intellectualization level and the informatization level of an electric power system are continuously improved, the data sources are continuously increased, an electric power big data platform is gradually built, and the access integration of different types of data and the automatic generation of statistical results can be realized. For example, a power grid planning And analyzing platform can be used to obtain planning Data such as power grid scale, power grid topology, power consumption load, and the like, and a Data Acquisition And monitoring Control System (SCADA) for links such as generation, transmission, transformation, configuration, usage, regulation, and the like, an Energy Management System (EMS), a power Acquisition System, a power consumption information Acquisition System, a Management Information System (MIS), an electric power equipment online monitoring System, and the like can be integrated to complete Acquisition of various kinds of operation Data. Meanwhile, aggregation schemes suitable for the power internet of things and smart grids have been proposed, such as Dynamic Member Data Aggregation (DMDA). In addition, various intelligent algorithms aiming at big data are widely applied to power systems, such as artificial immune algorithms, ant colony optimization algorithms, particle swarm algorithms, genetic algorithms and the like. Through the acquisition, management and calculation platform, the characteristics of huge data volume and various types of large data inside and outside the power grid are matched, and the rapid cleaning and the ordered extraction are completed, so that reliable and effective data support can be provided for the research and application of the matter element analysis method in the comprehensive evaluation of power grid planning.
And step 3: constructing a representation matrix of object elements
The application of the matter element analysis method in the comprehensive evaluation of the power grid development level needs to establish a reasonable comprehensive evaluation index system as a premise. According to the invention, an index system comprising 7 dimensions of power grid development speed harmony, power grid development scale harmony, power grid structure harmony, power grid safety and reliability, equipment level, power grid utilization efficiency and power grid development benefit is constructed according to the requirements and characteristics of power grid development level comprehensive evaluation. On the basis, in order to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis on the development level of the power grid and require the relation between a single index and an evaluation interval in a quantitative index system, the invention is realized by using a matter element model and an association function in matter element analysis.
The object model provided by the invention describes a research object by the name N, the feature c and the value v of a given object, and the constructed object R = (N, c, v) is the most basic unit for characterizing the object feature. If there is one thing N, have a plurality of characteristics c 1 、c 2 ···c n Each feature corresponds to a magnitude v 1 、v 2 ···v n May then be represented as
The evaluation results of all indexes are divided into five grades of excellent, good, medium, qualified and poor, and three expression forms of classical domain matter elements, section domain matter elements and matter elements to be evaluated are established.
a. Classical domain matter element
The classical domain matter element provided by the invention represents the value interval of each grade characteristic of the power grid development level, and the classical domain matter element is specifically represented as follows:
in the formula, N j The power grid development level is the first grade; c. C 1 -c n Indexes of j level; (a) n ,b n ) Indicating c at the grid development level of the j-th level n The value range of (2).
b. Zone-saving matter element
The section domain matter element provided by the invention represents the value interval of the whole characteristics of the power grid development level, and is specifically represented as follows:
in the formula, N is the development level of the whole-grade power grid; c. C 1 -c n Indexes of the overall grade; (c) n ,d n ) Indicating the grid development level at the whole level n The value range of (2).
c. Object to be evaluated
The object element to be evaluated provided by the invention represents the measurement data of each index of the power grid development level to be evaluated, and the measurement data is specifically represented as follows:
in the formula, N 0 The power grid development level to be evaluated is obtained; c. C 1 -c n The indexes in the power grid level to be evaluated are obtained; x is the number of n Is shown by c n The measured data of (2).
It can be seen that the classical domain object elements and the section domain object elements in the object element model represent evaluation class information such as evaluation levels, evaluation intervals and the like which are determined in advance in the comprehensive evaluation model, the object elements to be evaluated represent effective information contained in actual index values, the comprehensive evaluation process is to quantify the relation between the object elements to be evaluated and the classical domain object elements and the section domain object elements, and specific values are obtained to indicate the level and the position of a main body to be evaluated.
And 4, step 4: calculating the weights W of the index layer and the criterion layer
a. Constructing a hierarchical index system containing n indexes
b. Forming a decision matrix
When judging the matrix A = (a) ij ) n×n In (a) ij Represents the relative importance of the index i to the index j in the n indexes. The judgment matrix is usually formed by using the AHP1-9 scaling method, and the specific meaning is shown in the following AHP1-9 scaling meaning.
Index j of n indexesRelative degree of importance with respect to index i
c. -sexual test
Determination matrix a = (a) ij ) n×n The eigenvectors of (a) are the found index weights. As the formation process of the judgment matrix is to carry out pairwise comparison on the indexes, the overall result may have contradiction results, namely the situation of non-consistency, due to unreasonable scale judgment. Therefore, a consistency check on the weight results is required. The determination matrix a = (a) can be obtained by a tool such as Matlab ij ) n×n Maximum eigenvalue λ of max The index of consistency is
Wherein n is the judgment matrix a = (a) ij ) n×n The human subjective interference of the expert increases with increasing n.
A consistency ratio of
Wherein, RI is a fixed random consistency index, and is only equal to the judgment matrix a = (a) ij ) n×n In the following table: and judging the random consistency index of the matrix.
When the consistency ratio CR<At 0.1, the judgment matrix is considered to be consistent and acceptable, i.e. the formed index weight is generalAnd (5) passing the inspection, and meeting the requirements. In the figure, RI is a fixed random consistency index and is only associated with the determination matrix a = (a) ij ) n×n Is related to the order n of (a).
d. Total ordering of layers
Let the number of layers of the hierarchical index system be k, if the weight of m indexes in the k-1 layer to the target layer is [ theta ] 1 ,θ 2 ,L,θ m ]The weight of the n index in the k layer to the j index in the k-1 layer is [ p ] 1j ,p 2j ,L,p nj ]Then the weight of n indexes in the k layer to the target layer is
And 5: calculating a matrix K of relevance
The calculation method of the correlation function is related to the value of each object element and the type of each index. (a) n ,b n ) Index c under power grid development level of j level in classical domain matter element n A value range of (c) 1 -c n Index c in all-level power grid development level in expression section domain matter element n A value range of (a), x n Index c in object to be evaluated n Actual measurement data of (a).
When the values of the indexes are different, different influences can be caused on the evaluation result, and different effects are brought. In the interval (a) n ,b n ) In the range, an index value always exists to ensure that the evaluation result is optimal, and at the moment, the index value is called as the optimal value for obtaining the optimal effect. When X is 0 = (a, b), X = (c, d) and
when the optimal value for obtaining the best effect is set as x0, then the correlation function
Wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
the intermediate function rho (x, x) 0 ,X 0 ) And the optimal value x for obtaining the best effect 0 It is related. If the optimal value x 0 At the leftmost end of the interval (a, b), i.e. X 0 = a, when the left side distance formula is used
If the optimal value x 0 At the rightmost end of the interval (a, b), i.e. X 0 = b, in this case using the formula for right side distance
In the actual engineering, the optimal value x with the best effect is obtained 0 The value of (b) is determined by the nature of the index.
Assuming that each index layer weight vector obtained through calculation is W = [ W ] 1 ,w 2 ,L w n ]The association degree of the criterion layer and the target layer can be obtained by weighting calculation:
K A ＝W B ·K B (34)
wherein, K A Represents the degree of correlation of the upper layer, K B Representing the degree of correlation of the lower layer, W B Representing the weight vector corresponding to the lower-layer relevance.
Examples
The invention adopts the actual data of the power grid of a certain province of China collected, counted and processed by the national power grid company to carry out calculation, and after the basic data is verified and verified, the reliable, real and effective data source can be ensured, and the follow-up comprehensive evaluation calculation and analysis can be supported. The actual data related to the power saving network index is shown in table 5.
TABLE 5
(1) Establishment of physical element model
According to the comprehensive evaluation model constructed by the invention, each evaluation grade and the corresponding index range are required to be determined, and the material element representation form is established. The invention divides the evaluation result into k 1 、k 2 、k 3 、k 4 、k 5 Five grades, respectively representing "poor", "qualified", "medium", "good" and "excellent", are shown in table 6.
TABLE 6
a. Classical domain matter element R j The index value range of each grade is shown,
the meaning of the symbols is illustrated below:
R 1 the form of the matter elements of an evaluation interval with the power grid development level being 'poor'; n represents the name of the thing, "evaluation interval with grid development level' poor"; c. C 11 The first feature that represents things is "GDP annual growth rate"; (0,3) represents thing N 1 In respect of c 11 The range of the characteristic is in the interval of 0 to 3.
b. Node domain matter element R p An index value interval representing the overall grade,
the meaning of the symbols is illustrated below:
n represents the name of the thing, namely a power grid development level overall evaluation interval; c11 denotes the first characteristic of things as "GDP annual growth rate"; (0,15) indicates that the overall evaluation range of the thing "GDP annual growth rate" is in the interval of 0 to 15.
c. The object to be evaluated R reflects the actual values of all indexes to be evaluated,
the meaning of the symbols is illustrated below:
N 0 the name indicating the thing is "measurement data to be evaluated"; c. C 11 Characteristic "GDP annual growth rate" representing things; 11.37 shows the measured value of the annual GDP growth rate.
(2) Weight determination
In the invention, considering that the comprehensive evaluation of the power grid development level is mainly applied to actual engineering practice, the evaluation result is required to have high goodness of fit with the actual situation, and the reliability and universality of an evaluation system are required to be ensured, therefore, the analytic method provided by the invention is combined with the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the index weight determination method and the application scene, and the analytic hierarchy process is adopted to carry out weighting calculation for verifying the accuracy of the evaluation method. According to the scale criteria shown in the figure, the judgment matrixes of the index layer to the criterion layer and the criterion layer to the target layer can be given according to the evaluation scores of experts. Taking the "power grid development scale coordination" criterion as an example, the judgment matrix of the index layer to the criterion layer is as follows:
the conformity index can be obtained by substituting the formula (26)
CI＝0.0020
As shown in the figure, when n =4, the index of random consistency is
RI＝0.89
Consistency ratio
CI＝0.0020＜0.1
The consistency check passed.
The judgment matrix characteristic vector is obtained by utilizing a square root method to obtain a weight vector
Through the above calculation process, the weights of the other dimension index layers to the criterion layer and the weights of the criterion layer to the target layer can be obtained by the same method, and the results are shown in table 7.
TABLE 7
(3) Correlation function computation
According to the classification of each index type in the invention, 30 indexes can be divided into cost type, benefit type and moderate type indexes, and the calculation formula of the used correlation function is determined according to the indexes. The three constructed object models are respectively substituted into the formulas (17) - (33), and the associated function values of each index related to different evaluation levels can be obtained.
The correlation function of the "GDP annual growth rate" index to the "poor" evaluation level is calculated as an example. Actual data x =1.37, classical domain interval (a, b) = (0,3), nodal domain interval (c, d) = (0,15). The index is benefit type index, and is calculated by right side distance formula of formula, and intermediate function
Correlation function
By using Matlab programming and taking the above calculation steps as the basic idea of a single cycle, the correlation function values of 3 indexes for 5 evaluation levels of "poor", "qualified", "medium", "good" and "excellent" can be obtained, and the results are shown in table 8.
TABLE 8
Each weight vector obtained by calculation in the invention and the calculation result of the relevance degree of the index layer in the table 8 are substituted into a formula (34), and the relevance function of the overall power grid development level of the province can be obtained as follows:
K＝[-0.52722 -0.36133 -0.14197 -0.20462 -0.1482]
and after calculation is carried out according to the steps, the obtained final evaluation result is presented in the form of a correlation function matrix. The results of the association degrees of the provincial overall power grid development level to 5 evaluation grades of 'poor', 'qualified', 'medium', 'good' and 'excellent' are-0.52722, -0.36133, -0.14197, -0.20462 and-0.1482 respectively. The comprehensive evaluation model established in the method follows the principle of maximum relevance, and the maximum value in the relevance result is-0.14197, so that the evaluation grade of the power saving network is 'middle' from the perspective of the overall development level.
The evaluation grade of each index in the province can be respectively obtained according to the positive number correlation degree of each index in the evaluation result. Taking a certain provincial power grid introduced in detail in the arithmetic example as an example, the weak link of the provincial power grid in the construction of the power internet of things can be judged according to the index positive number correlation function value. For example, the construction of the power internet of things requires the realization of the interconnection of power and information, but the evaluation result of the "line interconnection rate" index of the power saving network is only "medium". The method is matched with the practical conditions that the configuration of the contact node 220kV transformer substation in the province is insufficient, the distribution range of the 110kV line is too large, and the power supply distance is long. Meanwhile, the construction of the power internet of things takes the safety and reliability of a power grid as basic requirements, but the index evaluation result of the power-saving grid that the 500kV short-circuit current exceeds 80% of the switch breaking capacity and the bus node accounts for only "qualified". The evaluation result is that the power-saving network is planned to be a contact main channel for networking in northeast, north China and China, and the 500kV line is still in an initial adjustment stage for networking with the Tianjin power grid and the China power grid, so that the operation modes of multiple lines are limited, the short-circuit capacity is greatly increased, the switch interruption capacity is insufficient, and the index problem is obvious.
The existing technology provides a complete evaluation model and an evaluation method aiming at the research work of a certain attribute of a power grid, but the evaluation angle is single, the evaluation is only concentrated in a specific field, the development condition of the power grid on a certain aspect can be reflected, and the overall evaluation is lacked. The method takes the 7 dimensions of power grid development speed coordination, power grid development scale coordination, power grid structure coordination, power grid safety and reliability, equipment level, power grid utilization efficiency and power grid development benefit into consideration, constructs a multi-index and multi-attribute index system which meets the comprehensive evaluation of the power grid development level, gives the target form and the calculation mode of each index in the index system in detail, has direct guidance on the omnibearing power grid planning, and can completely meet all requirements of power internet of things construction.
Most of evaluation methods proposed by the prior art can only statically present the current development status of objects, cannot reflect the change trend of each index, and are not suitable for planning problems. The comprehensive evaluation method based on the matter element method classifies and processes the indexes, quantifies the evaluation grade according to the actual operation basic data of the indexes, judges the development status and the transformation trend of each index according to the positive and negative characteristics and the numerical value of the index correlation degree, changes the evaluation mode from static state to dynamic state, realizes the control and the change prediction of the state of the power grid, can find the weak links of the power grid in time and the key factors restricting the optimization of the power grid, and provides an improvement method and a development suggestion for specific indexes.
According to the invention, a comprehensive evaluation model of the power grid development level is constructed by combining an index weighting method, a weighted composite operation principle of the index relevance of each level is determined, an overall evaluation result is displayed in the form of an evaluation level relevance matrix, an evaluation interval is expanded and refined, the problem that membership similarity cannot be judged in the traditional evaluation method is solved, the comprehensive evaluation of the power grid development level and comparison and sequencing among different power grids in a region are more accurately realized, the power grids of each region can be classified by combining external factors such as geographic positions, weather conditions and economic development conditions, and the development planning of the overall power grid is formulated from a macroscopic perspective.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, but various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A regional power grid development level evaluation method based on a matter element method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: constructing a power grid development level multi-level index system:
step 2: obtaining basic index data related in an index layer of an index system;
and step 3: constructing a material element representation matrix;
and 4, step 4: calculating the weight W of an index layer and a standard layer;
and 5: calculating a correlation matrix K;
step 6: the calculation results were evaluated.
2. The method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the step 1 further comprises the following steps: the power grid development level is divided into 7 dimensions, namely power grid development speed coordination, power grid development scale coordination, power grid structure coordination, power grid safety and reliability, equipment level, power grid utilization efficiency and power grid development benefit, and a hierarchical analysis structure model is utilized to construct a power grid development level multi-level index system.
3. The method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, characterized by comprising the following steps: the dimensionality of the power grid development speed coordination comprises 5 indexes of GDP (graphics data processing) annual growth rate, power supply installed annual average growth rate, highest power load annual average growth rate, power consumption annual average growth rate of the whole society and power sale annual average growth rate; wherein: the annual GDP growth rate refers to the annual average change of percentage of the total production value from one time period to the next, and is accounted by the government according to yearbook statistics:
in the formula, k 1 Is the GDP annual growth rate at the end of the statistical period; n represents the statistical year; g i 、G i+N Respectively representing the total value produced in the statistical area when the statistical time interval begins and ends;
the power supply installation comprises a conventional power supply and a distributed power supply; the annual average growth rate of the installed power supply reflects the situation that 750-10 kV voltage levels are accessed in the region within a statistical time period and the situation that the composition of the installed power supply of the power grid changes and the quantity of the installed power supply increases;
the annual average growth rate of the highest electrical load reflects the growth characteristics of the electrical load within a statistical time period:
in the formula, k 2 Is the annual average growth rate of the highest electrical load within the statistical time period; n represents the statistical year; p is i 、P i+N Representing the start of a statistical period and the end of a statistical period, respectivelyAnnual maximum electrical load;
the annual average increase rate of the power consumption of the whole society reflects the increase condition of the power consumption demand in the statistical time period:
in the formula, k 3 The annual average increase rate of the power consumption of the whole society in the statistical time period; n represents the statistical year; e i 、E i+N Respectively representing the total social electricity consumption at the beginning of the statistical time interval and at the end of the statistical time interval;
the annual average increase rate of the electricity sales reflects the increase condition of electricity sales in a statistical time period;
in the formula, k 4 Is the annual average growth rate of the electricity sold in the statistical time period; n represents the statistical year; s i 、S i+N Representing the annual electricity sales at the beginning of the statistical period and at the end of the statistical period, respectively.
4. The method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the dimensionality of the power grid development scale coordination comprises 4 indexes of 500kV power grid capacity-load ratio, 220kV power grid capacity-load ratio, 500kV extensible main transformer capacity-load ratio and 220kV extensible main transformer capacity-load ratio;
the capacity-load ratio is the ratio of the total installation capacity of the transformer in a certain area to the maximum load of the area, reflects the power supply capacity of a regional power grid and the standby capacity of the power transformation equipment, and can be used for analyzing the reasonable degree of the construction scale of the power grid; different voltage grades are calculated separately, and the capacities of a large-capacity step-up transformer of a power station, a large-scale special transformer user transformer, a communication transformer and a direct supply load in the current voltage grade need to be removed:
in the formula, R S The average capacity-to-load ratio of the power grid with different voltage levels is usually expressed in kilovolt-ampere/kilowatt units; p max Represents the annual maximum load daily maximum load value at this level, typically in units of ten thousand kilowatts; s l Representing the total capacity of the main transformer which is put into operation at the next year with the maximum load on a daily basis, and taking thousands of volt-amperes as a unit;
the method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: and the dimension of the power grid structure coordination describes the power grid structure form by using the line interconnection rate index, and analyzes the power grid connection condition. The line interconnection rate refers to the ratio of all lines in the area, which meet the interconnection structure; the grid line interconnection rate is only counted on the public line during calculation:
wherein f is the interconnection rate of the lines; q l Representing the number of lines meeting the requirement of the interconnection structure in the evaluation area; q represents the total number of lines in the area of evaluation.
5. The method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: on the premise that the power grid transfer capability is considered, the safety and reliability of the power grid are analyzed by combining the number of potential safety hazards causing various accidents, and the safety and stability and the power supply reliability of the power grid with different voltage levels are analyzed; the dimensionality of the safety and reliability of the power grid comprises 8 indexes of 500kVN-1 passing rate, 500kV double-circuit N-2 passing rate on the same tower, 220kVN-1 passing rate, 220kV double-circuit N-2 passing rate on the same tower, 500kV short-circuit current exceeding 80% of switch interruption capacity and bus node ratio, 220-large accident potential and 220-common accident potential;
the N-1 principle is one of the safety judgment criteria of the power system, which is also called a single fault safety criterion of the power system, according to the N-1 principle, for a system with N elements, when any one element is cut off due to a fault, other lines cannot cause power failure of a user due to overload tripping, and further cannot damage the stability of the system, so that serious consequences such as voltage collapse are caused; in practical engineering, except for a bus, if all loads of a certain line or a certain element can be transferred to other lines or elements for supplying power after twice or twice operations, the line or element is called as a line or element meeting N-1:
in the formula, k N-1 Is the N-1 passage; q N-1 Representing the number of elements satisfying N-1 in the evaluation area; q represents the total number of elements in the evaluation area;
the same-tower double-circuit line refers to a line with two circuits arranged on a certain power tower in a regional power grid; the concept of the same-tower double-circuit N-2 passing rate is similar to the N-1 passing rate, namely after any two lines or elements are cut off, the power supply capacity of a power grid is not affected, and the lines or elements meeting the requirements are called as the lines or elements meeting the N-2 requirement:
in the formula, k N-2 Is the same tower double loop N-2 passing rate; q N-2 Representing the number of elements satisfying N-2 in the evaluation area; q represents the total number of elements in the evaluation area;
the switch interruption capacity refers to short-circuit current which can be cut off when a short circuit occurs in a system of the high-voltage circuit breaker element; in actual use, the short-circuit current of the system must be smaller than the interruption capacity so as to ensure that the short-circuit fault can be successfully removed, and the large-range power failure cannot be caused to influence the power supply reliability. Under the full-wiring operation mode of a power grid, the proportion of bus nodes with short-circuit current exceeding 80% of the interruption capacity of a switch reflects the margin of the interruption capacity and the reliability of system power supply:
in the formula, alpha N The bus node proportion exceeds 80% of the switch breaking capacity; n is a radical of 80％ Representing the number of bus nodes exceeding 80% of the breaking capacity of the switch in the evaluation area; and N represents the total number of bus nodes in the evaluation area.
6. The method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the horizontal dimension of the equipment comprises 6 indexes of forced equipment outage rate, transformer availability factor, line availability factor, transformer old equipment proportion, line old equipment proportion and intelligent substation proportion, and the influence of the equipment level on the operation of the power grid is reflected integrally; the forced outage rate and the available coefficient of the equipment reflect the operation and maintenance level of the equipment, the occupation ratio of old equipment reflects the old degree of the main equipment, and the proportion of the intelligent substation reflects the equipment level; the forced equipment outage rate is the probability of forced outage of the electrical equipment, represents the possibility of equipment failure, and is the ratio of outage times to total commissioning times:
in the formula, alpha s Is the equipment forced outage rate; n is a radical of s Representing the forced shutdown times of the equipment in the evaluation area in the statistical time period; n represents the total operation times of the equipment in the evaluation area in the statistical time period;
the states of the transformer and the line are divided into an operation state, a planned shutdown state and an unplanned shutdown state, and the available coefficient of the equipment reflects the proportion of the operation state:
where ρ is a device availability factor; t is t p Representing the device availability hours within the statistical time period; t is t ps Representing the planned outage hours of the equipment in the statistical time period; t is t ops Representing the number of unplanned outage hours within a statistical time period;
the occupation ratio of old equipment of the transformer and the line is a more visual equipment level index, the performance of the equipment can be continuously reduced along with the increase of the service life, the transformer and the line have strict design service life standards according to the difference of materials, voltage grades and use environments, and the transformer and the line which exceed the design service life are called as old equipment; in actual engineering, the operating life of equipment is counted according to different voltage levels from different power supply areas, the operating life is divided into four sections of less than 10 years, less than 10 years and more than 20 years, less than 20 years and more than 20 years and less than 30 years, and more than 30 years, and equipment of 31 years and more is defined as old equipment:
in the formula, alpha f Is the ratio of old equipment; n is a radical of s Representing the number of old equipment in the evaluation area; n represents the total number of devices in the evaluation area;
the number of the intelligent substations reflects the advanced evolution level of the equipment of the power grid in the area:
in the formula, alpha a Is the proportion of the intelligent substation; n is a radical of hydrogen a Representing the number of intelligent substations in the evaluation area; n represents the total number of substations within the selected range.
7. The method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the dimensionality of the utilization efficiency of the power grid comprises 2 indexes of the maximum load rate of the transformer and the maximum load rate of the line; in actual engineering, for equipment with unsatisfactory load rate, the equipment is analyzed and adjusted from the aspects of equipment operation life, equipment functions and the like:
in the formula, delta Tmlr Is the maximum load factor of the transformer; p is max Represents the annual maximum load of the transformer, usually in units of ten thousand kilowatts; s t Represents the transformer capacity, typically in units of ten thousand volt-amperes;
in the formula, delta Lmlr Is the line maximum load rate; p max Represents the maximum active power of a line year, and is usually in units of ten thousand kilowatts; and P represents the economic transmission power of the line, which is the optimal transmission power of economic benefit in ten thousand watts, and is obtained correspondingly by the sectional area of the lead determined by economic current density according to relevant regulations of an electric power system design manual in actual calculation.
8. The method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the step 3 further comprises the following steps:
the object model describes a research object by the name N, the feature c and the value v of a given object, and the constructed object R = (N, c, v) is the most basic unit for characterizing the object feature; if there is one thing N, have a plurality of characteristics c 1 、c 2 ···c n Each feature corresponds to a magnitude v 1 、v 2 ···v n Can be represented as
Dividing the evaluation result of each index into five grades of excellent, good, medium, qualified and poor, and establishing three expression forms of classical domain matter elements, section domain matter elements and matter elements to be evaluated:
a. classical domain matter element
The value interval of each grade characteristic of the power grid development level is specifically represented as follows:
in the formula, N j The power grid development level is the first grade; c. C 1 -c n Indexes of j level; (a) n ,b n ) Indicating c at the grid development level of the j-th level n The value range of (1);
b. region-saving matter element
The value interval of the whole characteristics of the power grid development level is specifically expressed as follows:
in the formula, N is the development level of the whole-grade power grid; c. C 1 -c n Indexes of the overall grade; (c) n ,d n ) Showing the development level of the whole-class power grid n The value range of (1);
c. object to be evaluated
The method specifically comprises the following steps of representing measurement data of each index of the power grid development level to be evaluated, wherein the measurement data are specifically represented as follows:
in the formula, N 0 The power grid development level to be evaluated is obtained; c. C 1 -c n The indexes in the power grid level to be evaluated are obtained; x is the number of n Denotes c n The measured data of (a);
the method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, characterized by comprising the following steps: the step 4 further comprises the following steps: calculating the weights W of the index layer and the criterion layer
a. Constructing a hierarchical index system containing n indexes;
b. forming a judgment matrix:
when judging the matrix A = (a) ij ) n×n In (a) ij Represents the relative importance of the index i to the index j in the n indexes. The decision matrix is often formed using the AHP1-9 scaling,
c. -sexual test
Determination matrix a = (a) ij ) n×n The eigenvectors of (a) are the found index weights. As the formation process of the judgment matrix is to carry out pairwise comparison on the indexes, the overall result may have contradiction results due to unreasonable scale judgment, namely the condition of inconsistency; therefore, it is necessary to check the consistency of the weight results, and the determination matrix a = (a) can be obtained by a tool such as Matlab ij ) n×n Maximum eigenvalue λ of max The consistency index is:
wherein n is the judgment matrix A = (a) ij ) n×n The man-made subjective interference of the expert increases with the increase of n;
a consistency ratio of
Wherein, RI is a fixed random consistency index, and is only equal to the judgment matrix a = (a) ij ) n×n Is related to the order n;
d. total ordering of layers
If the number of layers of the hierarchical index system is k, the weight of m indexes in the k-1 layer to the target layer is [ theta ] 1 ,θ 2 ,L,θ m ]The weight of the n index in the k layer to the j index in the k-1 layer is [ p ] 1j ,p 2j ,L,p nj ]Then, the weight of the n indexes in the k-th layer to the target layer is:
9. the method for evaluating the development level of the regional power grid based on the matter element method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the step 5 further comprises the following steps: calculating a matrix K of relevance
Is provided with (a) n ,b n ) Index c under power grid development level of j level in classical domain matter element n A value range of (c) 1 -c n Index c in all-level power grid development level in expression section domain matter element n A value range of (a), x n Index c in object to be evaluated n Actual measurement data of (a); when the values of the indexes are different, different influences can be caused on the evaluation result, and different effects are brought. In the interval (a) n ,b n ) Within the range, there always exists an index value to make the evaluation result optimal, which is called as the optimal value for obtaining the optimal effect, when X is 0 = (a, b), X = (c, d) and
when the optimal value for obtaining the best effect is set as x 0 Then the correlation function:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the intermediate function rho (x, x) 0 ,X 0 ) And the optimal value x for obtaining the best effect 0 (ii) related; if the optimal value x 0 At the leftmost end of the interval (a, b), i.e. X 0 = a, then the left side distance formula is used:
if the optimal value x 0 At the rightmost end of the interval (a, b), i.e. X 0 = b, in this case using the formula for right side distance
In the actual engineering, the value of the optimal value x0 with the best effect is obtained and is determined by the property of the index;
assuming that each index layer weight vector obtained through calculation is W = [ W ] 1 ,w 2 ,L w n ]The association degree of the criterion layer and the target layer can be obtained by weighting calculation:
K A ＝W B ·K B (34)
wherein, K A Represents the degree of correlation of the upper layer, K B Representing the degree of correlation of the lower layer, W B Representing the weight vector corresponding to the lower-layer relevance.
10. An electronic device comprising a processor and a memory; the memory has stored therein computer readable instructions for execution by the processor, wherein the computer readable instructions when executed perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 9.
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