CN115801254A - Quantum key distribution method, transmitting terminal and quantum key distribution system - Google Patents
Quantum key distribution method, transmitting terminal and quantum key distribution system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a quantum key distribution method, a transmitting end and a quantum key distribution system, wherein optical interference and optical intensity marking are carried out on optical pulses input by a pulse laser through an optical interference structure, optical intensity marking information is output to a receiving end, one group of the optical pulses after the optical interference is split is input to a polarization beam combiner through time delay, the other group of the optical pulses is directly input to the polarization beam combiner, the polarization beam combiner combines two groups of the input optical pulses according to a set polarization state and processes the two groups of the input optical pulses through a post-positioned optical fiber structure to obtain optical pulses with single photon magnitude, and the detected polarization state information is output to the receiving end, so that the receiving end processes the received optical pulses with the single photon magnitude based on the optical intensity marking information and the polarization state information, and the key is rapidly coded on an optical quantum without being modulated at the transmitting end; meanwhile, the optical interference structure and the polarization beam combiner are arranged on a chip, so that the cost and the volume of the transmitting end and the quantum key distribution system where the transmitting end is located are reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of quantum information, in particular to a quantum key distribution method, a transmitting terminal and a quantum key distribution system.
Background
Quantum cryptography communication is secure communication achieved by combining quantum physics principles and modern communication technologies. In the specific implementation process of quantum cryptography communication, a secret key is encoded on a light quantum through a transmitting end of a quantum secret key distribution system, and the light quantum is decoded and measured through a receiving end of the quantum secret key distribution system.
The existing quantum key distribution system comprises a transmitting end and a receiving end, wherein the transmitting end is used for encoding a key on a light quantum, and the receiving end is used for decoding and measuring the light quantum. Because the optics and electronics in the transmitting end of the quantum key distribution system are realized based on discrete optical components and PCB circuit boards, the quantum key distribution system has higher cost and larger volume.
Therefore, there is a need for a transmitting end that can encode a key on a light quantum and reduce the cost and volume of a quantum key distribution system.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, embodiments of the present invention provide a quantum key distribution method, an emission end, and a quantum key distribution system, so as to achieve the purposes of encoding a key on a light quantum and reducing the cost and volume of the quantum key distribution system where the emission end is located.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the embodiments of the present invention provide the following technical solutions:
the first aspect of the embodiments of the present invention discloses a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, wherein the transmitting end includes: the device comprises a pulse laser, an optical interference structure, a polarization beam combiner and a rear optical fiber structure;
the optical interference structure and the polarization beam combiner are arranged on a chip;
the output end of the pulse laser is connected with the input end of the optical interference structure and used for generating and outputting optical pulses;
the optical interference structure consists of a 50;
the upper end of the output end of the optical interference structure is connected with the first input end of the polarization beam combiner, the lower end of the output end of the optical interference structure is connected with the second input end of the polarization beam combiner, and the optical interference structure is used for performing optical interference and light intensity marking on a group of input optical pulses, splitting the optical pulses, delaying the group of split optical pulses by a delay structure and then inputting the group of split optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner, directly inputting the other group of split optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner, and outputting the obtained light intensity marking information to a receiving end;
the output end of the polarization beam combiner is connected with the input end of the rear optical fiber structure and is used for combining two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses and outputting the combined optical pulses to the rear optical fiber structure;
the rear optical fiber structure is used for receiving the combined optical pulse, attenuating the combined optical pulse according to a set single photon magnitude, obtaining a single photon magnitude optical pulse, and outputting the single photon magnitude optical pulse to a receiving end.
Preferably, the optical interference structure composed of the 50: the optical fiber coupler comprises a first 50;
the light inlet of the first 50;
a first light inlet of the second 50;
the lower end of the output end of the second 50;
the output end of the high-speed photoelectric detector is connected with a receiving end and is used for detecting and marking the light intensity of the fifth light pulse and sending the obtained light intensity marking information of the fifth light pulse to the receiving end;
the first light inlet of the third 50.
Preferably, the rear optical fiber structure includes:
the device comprises an optical beam splitter, a polarization analysis module, a high-speed optical switch and an optical attenuation module;
the light inlet of the light beam splitter is connected with the output end of the polarization beam combiner and used for receiving the combined light pulses and dividing each light pulse in the combined light pulses according to a specific light energy proportion to obtain two groups of divided light pulses;
the input end of the polarization analysis module is connected with the lower end of the output end of the optical beam splitter and is used for receiving a group of divided optical pulses input through the waveguide and measuring the polarization state;
the input end of the high-speed optical switch is connected with the upper end of the output end of the optical beam splitter and is used for receiving another group of segmented optical pulses input through the waveguide and reserving effective optical pulses by closing the high-speed optical switch;
the input end of the light attenuation module is connected with the output end of the high-speed optical switch and used for receiving the effective light pulse input through the waveguide, carrying out attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the effective light pulse according to the set single-photon magnitude, and outputting the obtained single-photon magnitude light pulse and polarization state information to the receiving end.
Preferably, the optical splitter comprises a 90.
Preferably, any one or more of the pulse laser, the optical beam splitter, the polarization analysis module, the high-speed optical switch and the optical attenuation module are arranged on the chip.
Preferably, the polarization beam combiner comprises a two-dimensional grating;
the first incident end of the two-dimensional grating is connected with the upper end of the output end of the optical interference structure, the second incident end of the two-dimensional grating is connected with the lower end of the output end of the optical interference structure, the emergent end of the two-dimensional grating is connected with the input end of the rear optical fiber structure, and the two-dimensional grating is used for combining two input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses with random light intensity and random polarization states and outputting the combined optical pulses to the rear optical fiber structure.
Preferably, when a plurality of 50: a strength control module;
the intensity control module is connected to a waveguide which is connected with the lower end of the output end of any one 50.
Preferably, the 50.
The second aspect of the present invention discloses a quantum key distribution method, which is applied to the transmitting end disclosed in the first aspect of the present invention, and the transmitting end includes: the optical fiber laser comprises a pulse laser, an optical interference structure, a polarization beam combiner and a rear optical fiber structure, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
the pulse laser generates a group of light pulses and outputs the light pulses to the optical interference structure;
the optical interference structure performs optical interference and light intensity marking on the input group of optical pulses, splits the optical pulses, delays and inputs the split group of optical pulses into the polarization beam combiner, directly inputs the split other group of optical pulses into the polarization beam combiner, and outputs the obtained light intensity marking information to a receiving end;
the polarization beam combiner combines the two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses and outputs the combined optical pulses to the post-positioned optical fiber structure;
and the post-positioned optical fiber structure receives the combined optical pulse, performs attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the combined optical pulse according to a set single photon magnitude, and outputs the obtained single photon magnitude optical pulse and polarization state information to a receiving end.
Preferably, when the optical interference structure specifically includes: the polarization beam combiner comprises a first 50:
the first 50;
the second 50;
the second 50;
the high-speed photoelectric detector detects the light intensity of the group of fifth light pulses and marks the light intensity to obtain light intensity marking information of the fifth light pulses;
the third 50;
the third 50.
The third aspect of the embodiments of the present invention discloses a quantum key distribution system, including: the first aspect of the embodiments of the present invention discloses a transmitting end and a receiving end.
Based on the quantum key distribution method, the transmitting end and the quantum key distribution system provided by the embodiment of the invention, the transmitting end comprises a pulse laser, an optical interference structure, a polarization beam combiner and a rear optical fiber structure; the optical interference structure and the polarization beam combiner are arranged on a chip; the output end of the pulse laser is connected with the input end of the optical interference structure and used for generating and outputting optical pulses; the optical interference structure consists of a 50; the upper end of the output end of the optical interference structure is connected with the first input end of the polarization beam combiner, the lower end of the output end of the optical interference structure is connected with the second input end of the polarization beam combiner, and the optical interference structure is used for performing optical interference and light intensity marking on a group of input optical pulses, splitting the optical pulses, delaying the group of split optical pulses through a delay structure and then inputting the group of split optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner, outputting the obtained light intensity marking information to a receiving end, and directly inputting the other group of split optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner; the output end of the polarization beam combiner is connected with the input end of the rear optical fiber structure and is used for combining two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses and outputting the combined optical pulses to the rear optical fiber structure; the post-positioned optical fiber structure is used for receiving the combined optical pulse, carrying out attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the combined optical pulse according to a set single photon magnitude, and outputting the obtained single photon magnitude optical pulse and polarization state information to a receiving end.
In the embodiment of the invention, a group of optical pulses input by a pulse laser are subjected to optical interference and light intensity marking through an optical interference structure, the optical pulses are split, the split group of optical pulses are input to a polarization beam combiner after being delayed through a delay structure, the split other group of optical pulses are directly input to the polarization beam combiner, the obtained light intensity marking information is output to a receiving end, the polarization beam combiner combines the two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state, the combined optical pulses are input to a rear optical fiber structure, the rear optical fiber structure performs attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the combined optical pulses according to a set single photon magnitude, the obtained single photon magnitude optical pulses and polarization state information are output to the receiving end, so that the receiving end processes the received single photon magnitude optical pulses based on the light intensity marking information and the polarization state information, and the key is rapidly coded on an optical quantum without being modulated at a transmitting end, namely, on-chip rapid modulation is avoided; meanwhile, the optical interference structure and the polarization beam combiner are arranged on a chip, so that the transmitting end does not need to be completely realized based on discrete optical components and a PCB (printed Circuit Board), the cost and the volume of the transmitting end are reduced, and the cost and the volume of a quantum key distribution system where the transmitting end is located are further reduced.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a transmitting end for quantum key distribution according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of another transmitting end for quantum key distribution according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical interference structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a transmitting end for quantum key distribution according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a rear optical fiber structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 1, fig. 3 and fig. 5;
fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 1 and fig. 3;
fig. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a transmitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 2 and fig. 3;
fig. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 8;
fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 5 and 7;
fig. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 10;
fig. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 11;
fig. 13 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided based on fig. 12;
fig. 14 is a schematic structural diagram of a quantum key distribution system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In this application, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising a … …" does not exclude the presence of another identical element in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
Quantum key distribution systems typically comprise a transmitting end for encoding a key on a light quantum and a receiving end for decoding and measuring the light quantum. Therefore, for the transmitting end of the quantum key distribution system, it is generally necessary to modulate the light quantum into different states by using modulation means such as phase modulation or polarization modulation, and the different light quantum states represent different encoded information.
For the transmitting end of the quantum key distribution system, the encoding of the intensity and polarization state of the quantum state is required. For the polarization encoding of the quantum state, according to the specific operating communication protocol, such as BB84 protocol, six-state protocol, reference system independent protocol, etc., several polarization states of horizontal polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45 degree polarization state, -45 degree polarization state, left-handed circular polarization state, and right-handed circular polarization state need to be randomly prepared; for quantum state light intensity, the number of photons is generally 0 μ 1 And mu 2 These three photon number states (by adjusting the intensity of the light pulse) are randomly generated and the photon number state and the polarization state need to be randomly combined.
Therefore, if one transmitting end can meet the quantum state preparation conditions, the key can be encoded on the light quantum.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the emitting end includes: a pulse laser 101, an optical interference structure 102, a polarization beam combiner 103 and a post-fiber structure 104.
The optical interference structure 102 and the polarization beam combiner 103 are disposed on a chip.
The material of the chip can be common optical chip material such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI), indium phosphide (InP) and the like.
The pulsed laser 101 comprises an output, and the output of the pulsed laser 101 may be connected to the input of the optical interference structure 102 via a waveguide.
The pulse laser 101 is configured to generate and output a set of optical pulses through an output end of the pulse laser 101, and the set of optical pulses is input to the optical interference structure 102 via the waveguide.
Wherein a group of optical pulses includes M consecutive first optical pulses with random phases and the same optical intensity, that is, the phase of each of the M consecutive first optical pulses generated by the pulsed laser 101 is random, but the optical intensity is the same.
It should be noted that, since the pulse laser 101 needs an operating current to directly adjust the light state, that is, the gain of the pulse laser 101 is controlled by continuously injecting periodic current signals at equal intervals, so that the pulse laser 101 can continuously generate light pulses at a specific period. Thus, in this mode of operation, each optical pulse output by the pulsed laser 101 is initially established by the semiconductor spontaneous emission process, resulting in each optical pulse being randomly phased, but having substantially the same optical intensity.
In one embodiment of the present invention, when the material of the chip is indium phosphide (InP), the pulse laser 101 may be disposed on the chip.
The optical interference structure 102 is composed of a 50.
Wherein, the 50.
The delay structure may be a delay line.
The optical interference structure 102 includes an input end, an output end upper end and an output end lower end, the output end upper end of the optical interference structure 102 may be connected to the first input end of the polarization beam combiner 103 through a waveguide, and the output end lower end of the optical interference structure 102 may be connected to the second input end of the polarization beam combiner 103 through a waveguide.
The optical interference structure 102 is configured to perform optical interference and optical intensity marking on an input group of optical pulses, output obtained optical intensity marking information to a receiving end, split optical pulses after the optical interference, delay the split group of optical pulses through a delay structure, input the delayed group of optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner 103, and directly input another group of optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner 103.
Wherein the optical interference structure 102 performs optical interference on the input set of optical pulses by: in the optical interference structure 102, optical pulses with the same optical frequency simultaneously entering the 50.
The optical interference structure 102 optical intensity labeling the input set of optical pulses includes: and detecting the light intensity of the light pulse entering the high-speed photoelectric detector, marking the light intensity to obtain light intensity marking information indicating the light intensity of the light pulse, and outputting the obtained light intensity marking information to a receiving end.
It should be noted that the light pulse with the marker light intensity corresponds to the information contained in the light pulse that is subsequently split.
For example, the high-speed photodetector detects that the light intensity of the input light pulse is w1, w1 or w3, marks the light pulse and the light intensity thereof to obtain light intensity mark information of the corresponding light pulse, and outputs the light intensity mark information to the receiving end. And subsequently, in the process of processing the received single-photon-level light pulse at the receiving end, determining which light intensity of the single-photon-level light pulse accords with the light intensity in the pre-acquired light intensity marking information, and determining the light pulse which accords with the light intensity requirement based on the light intensity.
The polarization beam combiner 103 comprises a first input end, a second input end and an output end, and the output end of the polarization beam combiner 103 can be connected with the input end of the rear optical fiber structure 104 through a waveguide.
The polarization beam combiner 103 is configured to combine two groups of input optical pulses with random light intensity and random phase according to a set polarization state, obtain a combined optical pulse, and output the combined optical pulse to the rear optical fiber structure 104, where the combined optical pulse is an optical pulse with random light intensity and random polarization state. The polarization state set by the polarization beam combiner 103 may be a horizontal polarization state or a vertical polarization state. That is, the polarization propagation mode of the optical pulse input to the polarization beam combiner 103 may be set to a TE mode (parallel to the waveguide section) or a TM mode (perpendicular to the waveguide section).
In an embodiment of the present invention, the polarization beam combiner 103 may be configured to combine the optical pulse with the TE mode polarization input from the first input end and the optical pulse with the TE mode polarization input from the second input end at the same time to obtain a combined optical pulse.
The method specifically comprises the following steps: assuming that the light energy of the optical pulse input from the first input end of the polarization beam combiner 103 is T1, the polarization mode is TE mode, the light energy of the optical pulse input from the second input end of the polarization beam combiner 103 is T2, and the polarization mode is also TE mode, the optical field of the combined optical pulse is the superposition of the TE mode of the optical energy T1 and the TM mode of the optical energy T2.
The rear optical fiber structure 104 comprises an input end and an output end, the rear optical fiber structure 104 is used for receiving the combined optical pulse, attenuating the combined optical pulse according to a set single photon magnitude to obtain a single photon magnitude optical pulse, outputting the single photon magnitude optical pulse to a receiving end through the output end, measuring the polarization state of the combined optical pulse, and outputting the obtained polarization state information to the receiving end. The single photon magnitude set by the rear optical fiber structure 104 is determined by a specific operating communication protocol, and the specific set single photon magnitude may be different according to different communication protocols. Common communication protocols include BB84 protocol, six-state protocol, and reference frame independent protocol. It should be noted that, in the subsequent process of processing the received single-photon-level optical pulses at the receiving end, it is determined which light intensities of the single-photon-level optical pulses meet the light intensity in the pre-acquired light intensity marking information, and it is determined which polarization states of the single-photon-level optical pulses meet the polarization state required by the protocol based on the pre-acquired polarization state information, and the optical pulses meeting the light intensity requirement and the polarization state requirement are determined based on the determination.
In the embodiment of the invention, a group of optical pulses with random phases and the same light intensity input by a pulse laser are subjected to optical interference and light intensity marking through an optical interference structure, the obtained light intensity marking information is output to a receiving end, the optical pulses after the optical interference are split, the split group of optical pulses are delayed through a delay structure and then input to a polarization beam combiner, the split other group of optical pulses are directly input to the polarization beam combiner, the polarization beam combiner combines the two groups of input optical pulses according to the polarization state to obtain the combined optical pulses with random light intensity and random polarization state and input to a rear optical fiber structure through a waveguide, the rear optical fiber structure performs attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the input combined optical pulses, the obtained optical pulses with single photon magnitude and polarization state information are output to the receiving end, the receiving end processes the received optical pulses with single photon magnitude based on the light intensity and polarization state information, and therefore, a secret key can be rapidly encoded on an optical quantum without being modulated at a transmitting end, namely on-chip rapid modulation is avoided; meanwhile, the optical interference structure and the polarization beam combiner are arranged on a chip, so that the transmitting end is not required to be realized completely based on discrete optical components and a PCB (printed Circuit Board), the cost and the volume of the transmitting end are reduced, and the cost and the volume of a quantum key distribution system where the transmitting end is located are further reduced.
Based on the transmitting terminal provided by the above embodiments of the present invention, further, in a specific waveguide material, for example, an SOI waveguide material, the polarization beam combiner includes a two-dimensional grating. At this time, as shown in fig. 2, a schematic structural diagram of another transmitting end for quantum key distribution according to an embodiment of the present invention is provided, where the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 201, an optical interference structure 202, a two-dimensional grating 203, and a rear optical fiber structure 204.
The two-dimensional grating 203 includes a first incident end, a second incident end, and an exit end.
The first incident end of the two-dimensional grating 203 may be connected to the upper end of the output end of the optical interference structure 202 through a waveguide, the second incident end of the two-dimensional grating 203 may be connected to the lower end of the output end of the optical interference structure 202 through a waveguide, and the exit end of the two-dimensional grating 203 may be connected to the input end of the rear optical fiber structure 204 through a waveguide.
The specific implementation processes of the pulse laser 201, the optical interference structure 202, and the rear optical fiber structure 204 are the same as the specific implementation processes of the pulse laser 101, the optical interference structure 102, and the rear optical fiber structure 104 shown in fig. 1, and refer to the above details, which are not described herein again.
The two-dimensional grating 203 is configured to combine two input optical pulses with random phases and the same light intensity according to a set polarization state, obtain a combined optical pulse with random light intensity and random polarization state, and output the combined optical pulse to the post-fiber structure 204.
In the embodiment of the invention, the key can be quickly coded on the optical quantum through the transmitting end consisting of the pulse laser, the optical interference structure, the two-dimensional grating and the rear optical fiber structure; and the optical interference structure and the two-dimensional grating are arranged on a chip, so that the transmitting end does not need to be completely realized based on a discrete optical component and a PCB (printed Circuit Board), the cost and the volume of the transmitting end are reduced, and the cost and the volume of a quantum key distribution system where the transmitting end is located are further reduced.
Based on the transmitting end provided by the above embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 3, the optical interference structure composed of a 50: the values of a first 50.
It should be noted that a set of optical pulses generated by the pulse laser is a set of first optical pulses.
The first 50.
The first 50.
After each first light pulse in a group of first light pulses is divided into two second light pulses, one second light pulse is output from the upper end of the output end of the first 50.
The second 50.
The first light inlet of the second 50.
The second 50; the second 50 c optical splitter 303 is also configured to receive another set of second optical pulses input via the waveguide through the second optical input port.
The phase and the light intensity of each of the group of third light pulses are the same as those of each of the group of second light pulses corresponding to the group of second light pulses before delay, except that the time for each of the group of third light pulses to reach the first light inlet of the second 50 optical beam splitter 303 is N bit later than the time for each of the group of second light pulses before delay to reach the first light inlet of the second 50 optical beam splitter 303.
Thus, the time for each of the third light pulses in one set of third light pulses to reach the first light input port of the second 50 light beam splitter 303 is N bits later than the time for each of the corresponding second light pulses in the other set of second light pulses to reach the second light input port of the second 50 light beam splitter 303.
For example, the time for a second optical pulse output from the lower end of the output end of the first 50.
The N-bit delay line 302 is a long waveguide.
In one embodiment of the invention, the waveguides of the N-bit delay line 302 are the waveguides of the 1-bit delay line. Wherein the time of each second optical pulse propagating in the waveguide of the 1-bit delay line is exactly equal to 1 clock cycle of the first optical pulse emitted by the pulse laser.
The second 50.
The second 50. A third light pulse and a second light pulse of a set of third light pulses are combined only when a third light pulse of another set of second light pulses simultaneously enter the second 50.
That is, the fourth light pulse in the group of fourth light pulses may be obtained by combining the one third light pulse and the one second light pulse, or may be the second light pulse or the third light pulse which is not combined.
The lower end of the output end of the second 50. The output end of the high-speed photodetector 304 is connected to the receiving end, and is configured to perform light intensity detection on a group of fifth light pulses, perform light intensity labeling, and send obtained light intensity labeling information of the fifth light pulses to the receiving end.
The high-speed photodetector 304 may be a PIN structure, among others.
Specifically, the high-speed photodetector 304 receives a group of fifth light pulses input via the waveguide and converts light energy of each fifth light pulse in the group of fifth light pulses into an electrical pulse to be output, so as to implement light intensity detection on the input group of fifth light pulses, perform light intensity labeling, and output obtained light intensity labeling information of the fifth light pulses to a receiving end.
The third 50.
The third 50.
It should be noted that the light intensity of a group of fifth light pulses input to the third 50 optical splitter 305 is known by the high-speed photodetector 304, and the light intensity of another group of fifth light pulses can be inferred according to the group of fifth light pulses input to the high-speed photodetector 304, based on this, the subsequent receiving end can process the received single-photon-level light pulses according to the light intensity marking information output by the high-speed photodetector 304, that is, the receiving end processes the received single-photon-level light pulses based on the obtained light intensity marking information, so that after the transmitting end is free from modulation, key distribution can still be achieved.
Here, the two sets of sixth optical pulses correspond to the two sets of beam-split optical pulses obtained after passing through the optical interference structure.
The third 50. And the time of each sixth light pulse in one group of sixth light pulses reaching the first input end of the polarization beam combiner is 2N bits later than the time of each corresponding sixth light pulse in the other group of sixth light pulses reaching the second input end of the polarization beam combiner.
For example: a sixth optical pulse output from the lower end of the output end of the third 50.
The 2N-bit delay line 306 is a long waveguide formed by two N-bit delay lines 302.
In one embodiment of the invention, the waveguide of the 2N bit delay line 306 is a waveguide of a 2 bit delay line.
In the embodiment of the present invention, a first 50 optical beam splitter splits a group of first optical pulses with random phases and the same optical intensity according to a 50 optical energy ratio to obtain two groups of second optical pulses, and then a second 50.
In order to make the present application clearer, the operation principle of the transmitting end will be described in detail by using a specific example.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a transmitting end for quantum key distribution according to an embodiment of the present invention, where a group of first optical pulses generated by a pulsed laser 401 are pulse 1, pulse 2, pulse 3, and pulse 4, respectively.
First, pulse 1, pulse 2, pulse 3, and pulse 4 would enter the first 50.
Because the upper end of the output end of the first 50.
Therefore, when the second 50.
For single light pulse interference, the light intensity of the light pulses emitted by the output end upper end and the output end lower end of the second 50:
and has I 1 +I 2 =I up +I down ，I 1 、I 2 、I up 、I down And
the optical energy of the optical pulse entering the second 50 optical splitter 404 from the first optical inlet, the optical energy of the optical pulse entering the second 50 optical splitter 404 from the second optical inlet, the optical intensity of the optical pulse exiting from the upper end of the output end of the second 50 optical splitter 404, the optical intensity of the optical pulse exiting from the lower end of the output end of the second 50 optical splitter 404, and the phase difference between the optical pulses entering the second 50 optical splitter 404 from the first optical inlet and the second optical inlet, respectively.
As can be seen from this, for each interference, the light intensity of the light pulse entering the first light inlet and the second light inlet of the second 50 up Is randomly varied, but I can be measured by a high speed photodetector 405 down Then calculating to obtain I up 。
Specifically, the high-speed photodetector 405 detects the light intensity of the input light pulse, marks the light intensity, and outputs the obtained light intensity mark information to the receiving end.
Since the phases of the optical pulses output from the lower end of the output end of the second 50.
As can be seen from fig. 4, the middle three light pulses are interference pulses after the positional misalignment interference, and the front and rear two light pulses do not interfere (if only the pulse laser 401 generates pulse 1, pulse 2, pulse 3, and pulse 4).
Continuing with fig. 4, the 5 consecutive light pulses output from the upper end of the output of the second 50. The framed light pulses are subsequently filtered out using the post-fiber structure 409. We therefore consider only the light pulse framed in the middle, which is the superposition of the first four light pulses (pulse 1, pulse 2, pulse 3 and pulse 4). Namely, 7 optical pulses output by the polarization beam combiner 408 are input to the rear optical fiber structure 409, the framed optical pulses are filtered out by the rear optical fiber structure 409, and the framed optical pulses are attenuated according to a set single photon magnitude to obtain single photon magnitude optical pulses and output to the receiving end.
As can be seen from the above description, the polarization beam combiner 408 (including the two-dimensional grating) is used to combine two optical pulses input from the first input end and the second input end according to their polarization states, where the polarization states of the first input end and the second input end are both TE modes (i.e., horizontal polarization states), and the polarization state of the optical pulse combined by the polarization beam combiner 408 can be determined by its polar angle and azimuth angle on the poincare sphere, respectively:
and the light intensity of the output light pulse is I out = I 3 + I 4 In which I 3 Light intensity of interference pulse, I, which is delayed pulse 3 and divided pulse 4 4 Is a stem of delayed pulse 1 and divided pulse 2Involving the light intensity of the pulse, of
And
it is the corresponding phase, so it can be seen that the polarization state and the light intensity of the optical pulse output by the polarization beam combiner 408 are both randomly changed at this time, and the polarization state of the optical pulse output by the polarization beam combiner 408 can be analyzed through the post-fiber structure 409, so as to obtain the polarization state of the polarized light combined by the polarization beam combiner 408.
After the above working states, it can be seen that the transmitting end can output random light energy and light pulses in random polarization states, the light energy range is 0 to 2I, and any polarization state can be output, so that the polarization states that can be output certainly include all polarization states such as horizontal polarization state, vertical polarization state, +45 degree polarization state, -45 degree polarization state, left-handed circular polarization state, right-handed circular polarization state, and the like required by polarization encoding. Where I is the light intensity of the light pulses (pulse 1, pulse 2, pulse 3, and pulse 4) generated by the pulse laser 401, and is typically 1mW.
Therefore, the post-fiber structure 409 can complete the random combination state of various specific intensities and polarizations required by polarization encoding, that is, the so-called state generation selection, by merely selecting the required light intensity and polarization state according to the requirements of the running protocol and discarding the non-conforming ones in the communication process. In order to improve the operating efficiency of the transmitting end and to reduce the probability of discarding the light pulses, in practice a range of states is selected for both the polarization state and the photon number, specifically for the original photon number μ 2 The actual number of photons corresponding to
That is, the sum of θ for a particular polarization state
Angle, selection in the actual transmitting end corresponds to
And
that is, herein
、
And
the selection is made according to the actual situation of the transmitting end.
Based on the transmitting terminal provided by the above embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 5, the rear optical fiber structure includes an optical splitter 501, a polarization analysis module 502, a high-speed optical switch 503, and an optical attenuation module 504.
Any one or more of the optical beam splitter 501, the polarization analysis module 502, the high-speed optical switch 503, and the optical attenuation module 504 may be disposed on a chip.
In one embodiment of the present invention, if the optical beam splitter 501 is disposed on a chip, the optical beam splitter 501 may be a direct coupler or a multi-mode interferometer (MMI) according to the material of the chip.
The light inlet of the optical splitter 501 may be connected to the output of the polarization beam combiner through a waveguide.
The optical splitter 501 enables splitting of optical energy. Specifically, the optical splitter 501 receives the combined optical pulses input via the waveguide, and divides each of the combined optical pulses at a specific optical energy ratio to obtain two groups of divided optical pulses.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the beam splitter 501 may be a 90.
When the optical splitter 501 is a 90; when the optical splitter 501 is a 99; when the optical splitter 501 is the fourth 50 optical splitter, the optical splitter 501 can divide each input combined optical pulse according to the light energy ratio of 50.
The input end of the polarization analysis module 502 may be connected to the lower end of the output end of the optical splitter 501 through a waveguide.
The polarization analysis module 502 may be a polarization analyzer for receiving a set of divided optical pulses input via the waveguide and performing polarization state measurement on each of the set of divided optical pulses, resulting in polarization state information indicating the polarization state of the optical pulses.
For example, the polarization states required by the protocol are 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees, the polarization analysis module 502 measures the polarization states of a set of input divided optical pulses, and sends the obtained polarization state information indicating the polarization states of the optical pulses to the receiving end, so that the receiving end processes the received single-photon-level optical pulses based on the polarization state information to determine the optical pulses meeting the polarization state requirements, that is, performs subsequent decoding and measurement. The input end of the high-speed optical switch 503 may be connected to the upper end of the output end of the optical splitter 501 through a waveguide.
The high-speed optical switch 503 is used for receiving another group of segmented optical pulses input through the waveguide, and effective optical pulses, namely optical pulses superposed by initial optical pulses, are reserved by closing the high-speed optical switch 503.
The effective optical pulse may be an optical pulse resulting from the superposition of a set of optical pulses input by a pulsed laser.
For example, when a group of pulses of light input by the pulsed laser is 4 pulses of light, the valid pulses of light retained by turning off the high-speed optical switch 503 may be the framed pulses of light shown in fig. 4.
The input of the optical attenuation module 504 may be connected to the output of the high speed optical switch 503 by a waveguide.
The optical attenuation module 504 may be an optical attenuator, and is configured to receive an effective optical pulse input through the waveguide, perform attenuation processing on the effective optical pulse according to a set single-photon magnitude, obtain a single-photon magnitude optical pulse, and output the single-photon magnitude optical pulse.
In the embodiment of the invention, each optical pulse in the combined optical pulses is divided according to a specific light energy proportion through an optical beam splitter to obtain two groups of divided optical pulses, a polarization analysis module measures the polarization state of the group of divided optical pulses output by the lower end of the output end of the optical beam splitter and outputs the obtained polarization state information to a receiving end; in addition, the high-speed optical switch is closed to screen out effective optical pulses in another group of divided optical pulses output by the upper end of the output end of the optical beam splitter, and the optical attenuation module attenuates each optical pulse in the effective optical pulses according to the set single photon magnitude to obtain the single photon magnitude optical pulses and outputs the single photon magnitude optical pulses to the receiving end.
Based on the transmitting terminal provided in the above embodiment of the present invention, further, when the optical interference structure includes a plurality of 50: and an intensity control module.
The intensity control module includes an intensity modulator, specifically, the intensity modulator may be an equal-arm Mech-Zehnder interferometer, and it should be noted that, because of the existence of the structure of the similar unequal-arm interferometer (i.e., the lengths of the waveguides of the upper and lower arms are different), the intensity control module is generally disposed on the shorter waveguide.
In practical application of the present invention, the intensity control module is connected to the waveguide, where the lower end of the output end of any one 50.
In addition, the intensity control module can be further connected to the waveguide, in which the lower end of the output end of the 50.
The intensity control module is used for carrying out attenuation compensation on the corresponding optical pulse.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the intensity control module includes a first intensity control module and a second intensity control module, the first intensity control module is connected to the waveguide to which the lower end of the output end of the first 50.
In one embodiment of the invention, the intensity control module may be disposed on a chip.
Based on fig. 1, fig. 3 and fig. 5, when the optical interference structure includes the intensity control module, as shown in fig. 6, a schematic structural diagram of an emitting end for quantum key distribution provided in an embodiment of the present invention is shown, where the emitting end includes: a pulse laser 601, a first 50 optical beam splitter 602, an N bit delay line 603, an intensity control module 604, a second 50 optical beam splitter 605, a high-speed photodetector 606, a third 50 optical beam splitter 607, a 2N bit delay line 608, polarization beam combiners 609, and 90.
The first 50.
Based on fig. 1 and fig. 3, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, as shown in fig. 7, the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 701, a first 50.
The first 50.
Based on fig. 2 and fig. 3, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, as shown in fig. 8, the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 801, a first 50.
The first 50.
Based on fig. 8, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, as shown in fig. 9, the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 901, a first 50.
The first 50.
Based on fig. 5 and fig. 7, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, as shown in fig. 10, the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 1001, a first 50.
The first 50.
Based on fig. 10, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, as shown in fig. 11, the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 1101, a first 50.
The first 50.
Based on fig. 11, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, as shown in fig. 12, the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 1201, a first 50.
The first 50.
Based on fig. 12, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a transmitting end for quantum key distribution, as shown in fig. 13, the transmitting end includes a pulse laser 1301, a first 50.
In one embodiment of the invention, the chip is an optical chip of InP material.
As can be seen from fig. 4 and fig. 6 to 13, by at least disposing the first 50.
Based on all the transmitting terminals for quantum key distribution provided by the embodiments of the present invention, embodiments of the present invention further provide a quantum key distribution method, where the quantum key distribution method includes:
s11: the pulse laser generates a set of optical pulses and outputs the set of optical pulses to the optical interference structure.
In S11, a group of optical pulses generated by the pulse laser is a group of first optical pulses, and the group of first optical pulses includes M first optical pulses with random phases and the same optical intensity.
S12: the optical interference structure performs optical interference and light intensity marking on the input group of optical pulses, outputs the obtained light intensity marking information to a receiving end, splits the optical pulses, delays and inputs the split group of optical pulses into the polarization beam combiner, and directly inputs the split other group of optical pulses into the polarization beam combiner.
S13: the polarization beam combiner combines the two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses and inputs the combined optical pulses to the post-positioned optical fiber structure.
S14: and the post-positioned optical fiber structure receives the combined optical pulse, and carries out attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the combined optical pulse according to the set single photon magnitude, so as to obtain the single photon magnitude optical pulse and polarization state information and output the single photon magnitude optical pulse and polarization state information to a receiving end.
In the embodiment of the invention, the optical interference structure performs optical interference and optical intensity marking on a group of optical pulses with random phases and the same optical intensity generated by a pulse laser to obtain two groups of light pulses with random phases and random optical intensities, delays the one group of light pulses by a delay structure and inputs the delayed one group of light pulses to a polarization beam combiner, inputs the other group of light pulses to the polarization beam combiner through a waveguide, outputs the obtained optical intensity marking information to a receiving end, combines the two groups of input optical pulses according to a polarization state by the polarization beam combiner to obtain the combined optical pulses with random optical intensities and random polarization states and inputs the combined optical pulses to a rear optical fiber structure through the waveguide, the rear optical fiber structure performs attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the input combined optical pulses, outputs the obtained optical pulses with single photon magnitude and polarization state information to the receiving end, and enables the subsequent receiving end to process the received optical pulses with single photon magnitude based on the optical intensity marking information and polarization state information, thereby achieving the purpose of rapidly encoding a secret key on an optical quantum, namely avoiding rapid modulation on a chip.
Based on the quantum key distribution method provided by the above embodiment of the present invention, further, when the optical interference structure specifically includes: the quantum key distribution method comprises a first 50:
s21: the pulse laser generates a set of first light pulses and outputs the set of first light pulses to the optical interference structure.
S22: the first 50.
S23: the second 50.
In S23, the set of third optical pulses is a set of second optical pulses transmitted with a waveguide delay having an N-bit delay line.
S24: the second 50.
S25: and the high-speed photoelectric detector measures the light intensity of the group of fifth light pulses and marks the light intensity to obtain light intensity marking information.
S26: the third 50.
S27: the third 50.
S28: the polarization beam combiner combines the two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses and outputs the combined optical pulses to the post-positioned optical fiber structure.
S29: and the post-positioned optical fiber structure receives the combined optical pulse, performs attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the combined optical pulse according to a set single photon magnitude, and outputs the obtained single photon magnitude optical pulse and polarization state information to a receiving end.
In the embodiment of the invention, at least a first 50.
Based on all the transmitting terminals for quantum key distribution provided in the above embodiments of the present invention, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a quantum key distribution system, as shown in fig. 14, where the quantum key distribution system includes a transmitting terminal 141 and a receiving terminal 142.
The transmitting terminal 141 and the receiving terminal 142 may be connected by a waveguide, and the transmitting terminal 141 is configured to output the light intensity marking information, the polarization state information, and the generated single-photon-level light pulse to the receiving terminal.
The receiving end 142 is configured to receive the light intensity marking information and the polarization state information to decode and measure the single photon-level light pulse.
The transmitting terminal 141 shown in fig. 14 is one of the structures. The transmitting terminal 141 may also be any one of the transmitting terminals provided in the above embodiments of the present invention.
The receiving end can be any one of the existing receiving ends which are matched with the transmitting end provided by the invention.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the receiving end 142 includes a 50.
The transmitting terminal 141 performs optical interference and optical intensity marking on input optical pulses, outputs optical intensity marking information to the receiving terminal, the transmitting terminal 141 performs polarization state measurement on the optical pulses after optical interference, outputs the obtained polarization state information to the receiving terminal, transmits the generated single-photon-level optical pulses through a waveguide and then enters a 50. After the corresponding single-photon detector sends out a detection response, the detection result is recorded, and then the key distribution work can be completed through the base pair and error code estimation of the transmitting terminal 141 and the corresponding post-processing process.
In the embodiment of the invention, the light intensity marking information, the polarization state information and the single photon magnitude optical pulse are output to the receiving end through the transmitting end, so that the receiving end can decode the received single photon magnitude optical pulse based on the light intensity marking information and the polarization state information, and the key can be quickly encoded on the light quantum without being modulated at the transmitting end, namely, the receiving and the transmitting of the quantum key distribution system which avoids on-chip quick modulation are completed; furthermore, as part or all of the devices of the transmitting end are arranged on a chip, the cost and the volume of the quantum distribution system are greatly reduced.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (11)
1. A transmitting end for quantum key distribution, the transmitting end comprising: the device comprises a pulse laser, an optical interference structure, a polarization beam combiner and a rear optical fiber structure;
the optical interference structure and the polarization beam combiner are arranged on a chip;
the output end of the pulse laser is connected with the input end of the optical interference structure and used for generating and outputting optical pulses;
the optical interference structure consists of a 50;
the upper end of the output end of the optical interference structure is connected with the first input end of the polarization beam combiner, the lower end of the output end of the optical interference structure is connected with the second input end of the polarization beam combiner, and the optical interference structure is used for performing optical interference and light intensity marking on a group of input optical pulses, splitting the optical pulses, delaying the group of split optical pulses by a delay structure and then inputting the group of split optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner, directly inputting the other group of split optical pulses to the polarization beam combiner, and outputting the obtained light intensity marking information to a receiving end;
the output end of the polarization beam combiner is connected with the input end of the rear optical fiber structure and is used for combining two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses and outputting the combined optical pulses to the rear optical fiber structure;
the post-positioned optical fiber structure is used for receiving the combined optical pulse, carrying out attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the combined optical pulse according to a set single photon magnitude, and outputting the obtained single photon magnitude optical pulse and polarization state information to a receiving end.
2. The transmitting end according to claim 1, wherein the optical interference structure composed of a 50: the optical fiber coupler comprises a first 50;
the light inlet of the first 50;
a first light inlet of the second 50;
the lower end of the output end of the second 50;
the output end of the high-speed photoelectric detector is connected with a receiving end and is used for detecting and marking the light intensity of the fifth light pulse and sending the obtained light intensity marking information of the fifth light pulse to the receiving end;
a first light inlet of the third 50.
3. The launch end of claim 1 wherein the rear fiber structure comprises:
the device comprises an optical beam splitter, a polarization analysis module, a high-speed optical switch and an optical attenuation module;
the light inlet of the light beam splitter is connected with the output end of the polarization beam combiner and used for receiving the combined light pulses and dividing each light pulse in the combined light pulses according to a specific light energy proportion to obtain two groups of divided light pulses;
the input end of the polarization analysis module is connected with the lower end of the output end of the optical beam splitter and is used for receiving a group of divided optical pulses input through the waveguide and measuring the polarization state;
the input end of the high-speed optical switch is connected with the upper end of the output end of the optical beam splitter and is used for receiving another group of segmented optical pulses input through the waveguide and reserving effective optical pulses by closing the high-speed optical switch;
the input end of the light attenuation module is connected with the output end of the high-speed optical switch and used for receiving the effective light pulse input through the waveguide, carrying out attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the effective light pulse according to the set single-photon magnitude, and outputting the obtained single-photon magnitude light pulse and polarization state information to the receiving end.
4. The transmitting end of claim 3, wherein the optical splitter comprises a 90.
5. The transmitter end according to claim 3, wherein any one or more of the pulsed laser, the optical beam splitter, the polarization analysis module, the high-speed optical switch and the optical attenuation module are disposed on the chip.
6. The transmitting end according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the polarization beam combiner comprises a two-dimensional grating;
the first incident end of the two-dimensional grating is connected with the upper end of the output end of the optical interference structure, the second incident end of the two-dimensional grating is connected with the lower end of the output end of the optical interference structure, the emergent end of the two-dimensional grating is connected with the input end of the rear optical fiber structure, and the two-dimensional grating is used for combining two input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses with random light intensity and random polarization states and outputting the combined optical pulses to the rear optical fiber structure.
7. The transmitting end of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein when a plurality of 50: a strength control module;
the intensity control module is connected to a waveguide which is connected with the lower end of the output end of any one 50.
8. The transmitting end according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the 50.
9. A quantum key distribution method applied to the transmitting end of any one of claims 1 to 8, the transmitting end comprising: the device comprises a pulse laser, an optical interference structure, a polarization beam combiner and a rear optical fiber structure, and the method comprises the following steps:
the pulse laser generates a group of light pulses and outputs the light pulses to the optical interference structure;
the optical interference structure performs optical interference and light intensity marking on the input group of optical pulses, splits the optical pulses, delays and inputs the split group of optical pulses into the polarization beam combiner, directly inputs the split other group of optical pulses into the polarization beam combiner, and outputs the obtained light intensity marking information to a receiving end;
the polarization beam combiner combines the two groups of input optical pulses according to a set polarization state to obtain combined optical pulses and inputs the combined optical pulses to the post-positioned optical fiber structure;
and the post-positioned optical fiber structure receives the combined optical pulse, performs attenuation processing and polarization state measurement on the combined optical pulse according to a set single photon magnitude, and outputs the obtained single photon magnitude optical pulse and polarization state information to a receiving end.
10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that when said optical interference structure comprises in particular: the first 50:
the first 50;
the second 50;
the second 50;
the high-speed photoelectric detector detects the light intensity of the group of fifth light pulses and marks the light intensity to obtain light intensity marking information of the fifth light pulses;
the third 50;
the third 50.
11. A quantum key distribution system, comprising: the transmitting end and the receiving end of any one of claims 1 to 8.
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