CN115765518A - Friction nanometer generator, power generation method and flexible sensor - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a friction nano generator, a power generation method and a flexible sensor, which are used for providing the friction nano generator capable of directly outputting direct current so as to avoid the problem of electric energy loss caused by converting alternating current into direct current through a rectifier in the prior art. The friction nano-generator comprises: a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, a friction layer; the friction layer is arranged between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, is attached to the surface of the first electrode layer, and is provided with a fluid layer flowing through the surface of one side, opposite to the second electrode layer.

Description

Friction nanometer generator, power generation method and flexible sensor

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of friction nano generators, in particular to a friction nano generator, a power generation method and a flexible sensor.

Background

At present, in order to deal with the energy crisis and the environmental pollution problem caused by the combustion of fossil energy, renewable energy (such as wind energy, ocean energy, tidal energy, and bio-mechanical energy) is collected and utilized, and the method becomes the current main development field. There are two main ways of collecting renewable energy, one is to collect high frequency energy by faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and combining with the physical characteristics of the energy itself. And the other one aims at low-frequency and ultralow-frequency energy sources, and mechanical energy is converted into electric energy through the principles of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction coupling to be output.

The second mode is obtained by generating electricity through the friction nano generator, and due to the electrostatic induction principle, the friction nano generator actually moves back and forth between the two electrodes through electric charges in the working process, so that the obtained electric energy is in an alternating current form after the friction nano generator finishes electric energy conversion. Therefore, the friction nano generator is also externally connected with a rectifier to convert alternating current into direct current for output, so as to supply energy to an energy storage device or directly drive a small electronic device. However, the external rectifier device not only causes the output electric energy loss of the friction nano generator, but also causes the nano generator to be difficult to be applied to flexible electronic devices due to the larger rigidity and volume of the rectifier. Therefore, the prior art lacks a friction nanometer generator capable of directly outputting direct current so as to avoid the problem of electric energy loss caused by using a rectifier device.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a friction nano generator, a power generation method and a flexible sensor, which are used for providing the friction nano generator capable of directly outputting direct current, so that the problem of electric energy loss caused by the fact that alternating current is converted into direct current through a rectifier in the prior art is solved.

In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a friction nano-generator, including:

a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, a friction layer; the friction layer is arranged between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, is attached to the surface of the first electrode layer, and is provided with a fluid layer flowing through the surface of one side, opposite to the second electrode layer.

Among the friction nano generator that this application embodiment provided, be greater than the characteristic of contact displacement current far away through ion drive current for this nano generator can export the direct current that the second electrode layer flows to the first electrode layer all the time in view of the above. Meanwhile, in the working process of the nano generator, the friction layer supplements charges in situ through the fluid layer flowing through the surface, so that the loss of the friction layer caused by abrasion is avoided, and meanwhile, the nano generator is ensured to output larger short-circuit current (not lower than 20 muA) under the frequency of relative motion of 1.0Hz, namely, the nano generator has higher energy output rate.

In a possible embodiment, the friction layer is staggered with respect to the second electrode layer, such that the fluid layer completely covers a side surface of the friction layer opposite to the second electrode layer.

In one possible embodiment, the thickness of the friction layer is not greater than 1mm.

In one possible embodiment, the material of the first electrode layer and the material of the second electrode layer are each independently selected from: at least one of an alloy conductive material, a composite metal material, a carbon material, and an organic conductive material.

In a possible embodiment, the material of the friction layer is selected from: at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene, fluororubber, polyvinyl fluoride, polyimide, polyethylene, polystyrene, urethane rubber, cellulose, polypropylene, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic fiber, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and perfluoroethylene propylene copolymer.

In one possible embodiment, the fluidic layer is selected from: at least one of deionized water, charged deionized water, a lithium chloride aqueous solution, a hydrogen chloride aqueous solution, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride aqueous solution and an organic solution.

In one possible embodiment, a side surface of the rubbing layer opposite to the second electrode layer is a hydrophilic surface; preferably, a surface of the friction layer on a side opposite to the second electrode layer is the hydrophilic surface obtained by plasma sputtering treatment and/or laser engraving treatment.

In one possible embodiment, the fluid layer is subjected to ultrasonic vibration at a frequency of not less than 500Hz, such that the positive charge content in the fluid layer is increased.

In a second aspect, the present application provides a method for generating power based on the friction nano generator in the first aspect and any possible implementation manner, including:

enabling the frequency of the relative motion between the friction layer and the second electrode layer of the friction nano generator to be not more than 10Hz so as to output direct current; wherein the content of the first and second substances,

the frequency of the relative movement refers to the frequency of the periodic contact and separation of the friction layer and the second electrode layer; when the friction layer is separated from the second electrode layer, a fluid layer flows on the surface of one side of the friction layer, which is opposite to the second electrode layer, and the fluid layer is not in contact with the second electrode layer; when the friction layer is in contact with the second electrode layer, the surface of the friction layer coincides with the surface of the second electrode layer.

In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a flexible sensor, including:

the triboelectric nanogenerator of the first aspect and any one of the possible embodiments.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional structural view of a friction nano-generator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a state of a friction nano-generator in a power generation process according to an embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional structural diagram of another friction nano-generator provided in an embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a variable supercapacitor structure based DC triboelectric nanogenerator provided by the application;

FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a prior art triboelectric nanogenerator;

fig. 6 is a diagram of a dc signal obtained by performing a short-circuit current test on example 1 at a relative motion frequency of 1.0Hz, which is provided in an embodiment of the present application;

fig. 7 is a diagram of a dc signal obtained by performing a short-circuit current test on example 2 at a relative motion frequency of 1.0Hz, which is provided in an embodiment of the present application;

fig. 8 is a diagram of a dc signal obtained by performing a short-circuit current test on example 3 at a relative motion frequency of 1.0Hz, which is provided in an embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of a DC signal obtained by performing a short-circuit current test on example 4 at a relative motion frequency of 1.0Hz according to an embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of DC signals obtained by testing the short-circuit current of example 4 at a relative motion frequency of 10.0Hz according to the present disclosure;

among them, 100 — the first electrode layer; 200-a second motor layer; 300-a friction layer; 400-fluid layer; 500-a device to be powered; 600-an alternating current power supply; 700-a variable supercapacitor; 800-variable capacitor.

Detailed Description

In view of the lack of a nanogenerator directly outputting direct current in the prior art, an embodiment of the present application provides a triboelectric nanogenerator, please refer to fig. 1. The friction nanogenerator includes a first electrode layer 100, a second electrode layer 200, and a friction layer 300.

The friction layer is disposed between the first electrode layer 100 and the second electrode layer 200, the friction layer 300 is attached to the surface of the first electrode layer 100, and a fluid layer flows through the friction layer 300 on a side surface of the second electrode layer 200. The surface area of the friction layer 300 on the side opposite to the surface of the second electrode layer 200 is the same as the surface area of the second electrode layer 200 on the side opposite to the friction layer 300. Preferably, the areas of the contact surfaces between the friction layer 300 and the first electrode layer 100 are the same.

In the above friction nanogenerator, the friction layer 300 is made of an electronegative material, and when the solution 400 flows over the surface of the friction layer 300, the surface of the friction layer 300 absorbs the positive charges in the fluid layer 400. While the fluid layer 400 continues to flow over the surface of the friction layer 300, the surface of the friction layer 300 will be enriched with a laminar positive charge. Correspondingly, above the positive charges arranged in layers, negative charges are enriched, and the negative charges are also arranged in layers. Thus, an "electric double layer" structure is formed on the interface between the friction layer 300 and the fluid layer 400, and a built-in electric field is formed between the friction layer 300 and the fluid layer 400, as shown in fig. 1. It is evident that the longer the fluid layer 400 continues to flow across the surface of the friction layer 300, the more positive and negative charges, respectively, in the electric double layer, and the greater the field strength of the built-in electric field there between.

Further, when the second electrode layer 200 and the friction layer 300 perform a relative motion, the second electrode layer 200 contacts the surface of the friction layer 300, please refer to fig. 2. When the fluid layer 400 no longer flows through the friction layer 300, the built-in electric field is destroyed, the negatively charged layer in the "double layer" structure disappears, and the positive charges are transferred to the contact surface of the second electrode layer 200 and the friction layer 300 by ion diffusion, so that an ion-driven current is formed, i.e., the positive charges are directionally moved from the second electrode layer 200 to the first electrode layer 100 through an external circuit.

Meanwhile, since the friction layer 300 is made of an electronegative material, the friction layer 300 has a stronger electron-capturing capability during the contact electrification process with the second electrode layer 200, so that under the contact electrification effect, a layer of electron layer is enriched on the surface of the friction layer 300, and thus, a contact displacement current occurs between the first electrode layer 100 and the second electrode layer 200. The direction of the contact displacement current flows out from the first electrode layer 100, and flows to the second electrode layer 200 through an external circuit.

It should be noted that although the ion driving current and the contact displacement current are opposite in direction, the ion driving current is much higher than the contact displacement current (the ratio of the former to the latter is about 50.

Further, when the rubbing layer 300 is separated from the second electrode layer 200 again, since the rubbing layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200 have substantially completed ion diffusion at the contact stage, the rubbing layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200 are separated without charge transfer due to the same number of positive surface charges, i.e., no ion driving current is generated. The separation displacement current is generated in the opposite direction to the contact displacement current only under the action of electrostatic induction. Therefore, only a separation displacement current is generated at a separation stage after the contact between the friction layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200, and the direction is the same as the contact stage current direction: all flow out from the second electrode layer 200 to the first electrode layer 100 through the external circuit and the device 500 to be powered.

The friction layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200 may be disposed opposite to each other, and the distance between the friction layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200 is greater than the thickness of the fluid layer 400, so as to ensure that a potential difference is generated between the friction layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200 at the stage of separating the friction layer 300 from the second electrode layer 200, and the second electrode layer 200 is not affected by the built-in electric field between the friction layer 300 and the fluid layer 400.

Further, in the embodiment of the present application, the friction nano-generator mainly generates electricity by contact and separation between the friction layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200. Therefore, in an embodiment of the present application, the rubbing layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200 can be alternatively disposed, so that the fluid layer 400 completely covers a surface of the rubbing layer opposite to the second electrode layer 200, as shown in fig. 3.

Further, the first electrode layer 100 and the second electrode layer 200 are both conductors. In one embodiment of the present application, the first electrode layer 100 and the second electrode layer 200 are each independently selected from: at least one of an alloy conductive material, a composite metal material, a carbon material, and an organic conductive material.

Further, the material of the friction layer 300 is selected from: at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene, fluororubber, polyvinyl fluoride, polyimide, polyethylene, polystyrene, urethane rubber, cellulose, polypropylene, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic fiber, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and perfluoroethylene propylene copolymer. The cellulose may be a copy paper. The thickness of the friction layer is not more than 1mm.

Further, the fluid layer 400 is selected from: at least one of deionized water, charged deionized water, an aqueous lithium chloride solution, an aqueous hydrogen chloride solution, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, an aqueous 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride salt solution, and an organic solution.

Further, when the fluid layer 400 flows through the friction layer 300, increasing the hydrophilicity of the friction layer 300 is beneficial to increase the positive charge adsorption capacity of the friction layer, and is also beneficial to enhance the electron-capturing capacity of the friction layer 300 during the contact electrification process, so as to increase the current provided by the friction nano-generator per unit time. Therefore, in an embodiment of the present application, a surface of the friction layer 300 opposite to the second electrode layer 200 is a hydrophilic surface, and the hydrophilic surface may be obtained by a plasma sputtering process and/or a laser engraving process.

Further, in order to promote the friction layer 300 to obtain more positive charges from the fluid layer 400 per unit time when the fluid layer 400 flows, in an embodiment of the present application, the fluid layer 400 is subjected to ultrasonic vibration at a frequency of not less than 500Hz, so that the solution or solvent corresponding to the fluid layer 400 can be in more sufficient contact with air, thereby generating a triboelectric phenomenon between the fluid layer 400 and the air, and increasing the content of the positive charges in the fluid layer 400. The ultrasonic vibration frequency here is preferably 2000Hz.

Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the application also provides a power generation method based on the friction nano-generator, and the method comprises the following steps:

the frequency of the relative motion between the friction layer 300 and the second electrode layer 200 of the friction nanogenerator is not more than 10Hz to output direct current.

Wherein, the frequency of the relative movement refers to the frequency of the friction layer 300 periodically contacting and separating with the second electrode layer 200; when the friction layer 300 is separated from the second electrode layer 200, the fluid layer 400 flows on the surface of the friction layer 300 opposite to the second electrode layer 200, and there is no contact between the fluid layer 400 and the second electrode layer 200, please refer to fig. 1 or fig. 3.

When the friction layer 300 is in contact with the second electrode layer 200, the surface of the friction layer 300 is overlapped with the surface of the second electrode layer 200; i.e. full coverage, see fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is an equivalent circuit model in which the nano-generator is equivalent. Fig. 5 is an equivalent circuit model of a common friction nano-generator in the prior art. As can be seen from a comparison between fig. 4 and fig. 5, in the equivalent circuit model corresponding to the friction nano-generator provided in the embodiment of the present application, the output current of the variable super-capacitor 700 is higher than the output current of the variable capacitor 800 in the equivalent circuit diagram of the friction nano-generator in the prior art.

In the embodiment of the present application, the amount of charges residing on the surface of the friction layer 300 can be controlled by controlling the time that the fluid layer 400 continuously flows on the friction layer 300 and the amount of charges in the fluid layer 400, so as to regulate and control the amount of positive charges transferred when the friction layer 300 contacts the second electrode layer 200, thereby controlling the magnitude of the ion driving current, and controlling the magnitude of the dc current provided to the device 500 to be powered; and the durability and stability of the power generation of the friction generator can be improved based on the above.

The time for the control fluid layer 400 to continuously flow on the friction layer 300 corresponds to the magnitude of the relative motion frequency, and it is obvious that the smaller the relative frequency, the longer the time for completing 1 cycle of separation and contact motion between the fluid layer 400 and the friction layer 300 in the triboelectric nanogenerator. Accordingly, the longer the fluid layer 400 resides on the surface of the friction layer 300, the more number of charges can be adsorbed by the friction layer 300, thereby achieving a higher dc output. The friction nano generator not only can effectively solve the problem that the friction nano generator in the prior art is difficult to use at high efficiency and even utilize low-frequency or ultralow-frequency energy as the motion frequency increases to increase the current output, but also has higher direct current output capability.

Further, the first electrode layer 100 and the second electrode layer 200 can be both thin film electrodes or obtained by printing technology. The friction layer 300 may be formed of a thin film of a corresponding material or may be formed by a printing technique, and the thickness of the fluid layer 400 may be controlled by controlling a flow rate or a placement angle of the friction nanogenerator. Based on this, the thickness of the friction nanometer generator can be reduced to be less than 3mm, and therefore the flexibility is effectively improved.

Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the present application further provides a flexible device, such as a flexible sensor, a flexible electronic skin, and the like, which includes the above-mentioned friction nano-generator.

In summary, the friction nano-generator is used for generating electricity and directly outputting direct current, so that the problems of current loss and increased size burden of the friction nano-generator caused by a method of converting alternating current into direct current by using a rectifier in the prior art can be solved. Meanwhile, the fluid layer supplements charges for the friction layer in situ, so that the loss of devices (particularly the surface of the friction layer) caused by generating electricity by utilizing triboelectrification in the prior art is avoided.

In addition, the fluid layer flows through the surface of the friction layer, so that the dielectric constant of the internal capacitance of the friction nano generator can be effectively improved, and the friction nano generator is reducedInternal resistance of the generator. According to P = I ² And R, the friction nano generator can avoid the loss of energy (namely current) through a friction layer in the power generation process, thereby enhancing the energy output rate.

The details are described below in examples 1 to 4.

Example 1

The first motor layer and the second electrode layer are carbon electrode plates, the friction layer is a polytetrafluoroethylene film with the thickness of 100 mu m, and the fluid layer is deionized water flow. The maximum separation distance between the friction layer and the second electrode layer was 30mm.

Wind power is collected through wind catching devices such as a wind cup and a wind wheel, or water flow energy is collected through devices such as a water wheel and the like, so that relative motion between the friction layer and the second electrode layer is driven, the friction layer and the second electrode layer move relatively at 1.0Hz, namely the time for completing the separation and the contact period is 1s, and the cycle is repeated, so that the purpose of supplying energy to the device to be supplied with power is achieved.

For the above friction nano-generator, short-circuit current test is performed at a frequency of 1.0Hz relative motion, and a direct current signal diagram is obtained as shown in fig. 6.

Example 2

The first motor layer and the second electrode layer are carbon electrode plates, the friction layer is a polytetrafluoroethylene film with the thickness of 100 mu m, and the fluid layer is a high-humidity water vapor fluid layer formed by deionized water through high-frequency (2000 Hz) ultrasonic vibration. The maximum separation distance between the friction layer and the second electrode layer was 30mm.

In the embodiment, the fluid layer is covered on the surface of the friction layer in a sputtering mode, wind power is collected through wind catching devices such as wind cups and wind wheels, or water flow energy is collected through devices such as water wheels, so that the relative motion between the friction layer and the second electrode layer is driven, the friction layer and the second electrode layer move relatively at 1.00Hz, the time of completing the separation and contact period is 1s, and the cycle is repeated, so that the purpose of supplying energy to the device to be supplied with power is achieved.

For the above friction nano-generator, the short-circuit current was measured at a relative motion frequency of 1.0Hz, and the dc signal diagram obtained is shown in fig. 7.

Example 3

The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are carbon electrode plates, the friction layer is a polytetrafluoroethylene film with the thickness of 100 micrometers, and the friction layer is obtained by laser engraving treatment with the power of 2W, so that the surface hydrophilicity of the polytetrafluoroethylene film is improved; the fluid layer is a stream of deionized water. The maximum separation distance between the friction layer and the second electrode layer was 30mm.

Wind power is collected through wind catching devices such as wind cups and wind wheels, or water flow energy is collected through devices such as water wheels and the like, the wind catching devices are used for driving the friction layer and the second electrode layer to move relatively at 1.00Hz, namely, the separation and the contact are completed within 1s of one period, and the circulation is carried out, so that the purpose of supplying energy to the device to be supplied is achieved.

For the above friction nano-generator, the short-circuit current was measured at a relative motion frequency of 1.0Hz, and the dc signal diagram obtained is shown in fig. 8.

Example 4

The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are carbon electrode plates, the friction layer is a polytetrafluoroethylene film with the thickness of 100 mu m, and the friction layer is obtained by performing plasma sputtering treatment with the power of 50W for 10 seconds, so that the surface hydrophilicity of the polytetrafluoroethylene film is improved; the fluid layer is a stream of deionized water. The maximum separation distance between the friction layer and the second electrode layer was 30mm, and the frequency of motion was.

Wind power is collected through wind catching devices such as a wind cup and a wind wheel, or water flow energy is collected through devices such as a water wheel and the like, the wind catching devices are used for driving the relative motion between the friction layer and the second electrode layer, the friction layer and the second electrode layer move relatively at 1.0Hz, namely the time of completing the separation and the contact period is 1s, and the circulation is carried out, so that the purpose of supplying energy to the device to be supplied with power is achieved.

The short-circuit current was measured for the above-mentioned triboelectric nanogenerator at a relative motion frequency of 1.0Hz, and a direct current signal diagram was obtained as shown in fig. 9. The dc signal plot obtained from the test at a frequency of 10.0Hz for relative motion is shown in fig. 10.

As can be seen from fig. 6 to 10, the direction of the current generated by the friction nano-generator provided by the present application during the contact and separation is always the short-circuit current flowing from the second electrode to the first electrode through the external circuit, i.e. always keeping the same direction, so as to generate the direct current as shown in fig. 6 to 10.

Further from fig. 9, in example 4, the friction nano-generator with an area of only 1 square centimeter can generate a short-circuit current exceeding 20 μ a under the condition of 1.0Hz, and the power density is much higher than that of the common friction nano-generator in the prior art.

With continued reference to fig. 10, in the embodiment of the present application, the friction nano-generator can still output direct current when the frequency of the relative motion is 10 Hz.

Further comparing fig. 9 and 10, it can be seen that as the frequency decreases, the positive charge accumulated on the friction layer will increase, which will further improve the output performance of the triboelectric nanogenerator provided by the present application. Namely, the output current of the friction nanometer generator in the embodiment of the application is increased along with the reduction of the frequency, so that the purposes of fully utilizing low-frequency and ultralow-frequency energy and finishing high-energy current output by utilizing the low-frequency or ultralow-frequency energy are achieved.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present application without departing from the spirit and scope of the application. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present application fall within the scope of the claims of the present application and their equivalents, the present application is intended to include such modifications and variations as well.

Claims (10)

1. A triboelectric nanogenerator, comprising:

a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, a friction layer; the friction layer is arranged between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, is attached to the surface of the first electrode layer, and is provided with a fluid layer flowing through the surface of one side, opposite to the second electrode layer.

2. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1, wherein the friction layer is staggered with respect to the second electrode layer such that the fluid layer completely covers a surface of the friction layer opposite to the second electrode layer.

3. A triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the thickness of the tribolayer is not more than 1mm.

4. The tribo nanogenerator of claim 3, wherein the material of the first electrode layer and the material of the second electrode layer are each independently selected from the group consisting of: at least one of an alloy conductive material, a composite metal material, a carbon material, and an organic conductive material.

5. A triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 3, wherein the material of the tribolayer is selected from the group consisting of: at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene, fluororubber, polyvinyl fluoride, polyimide, polyethylene, polystyrene, urethane rubber, cellulose, polypropylene, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic fiber, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride, or perfluoroethylene propylene copolymer.

6. A triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 3, wherein the fluid layer is selected from the group consisting of: at least one of deionized water, charged deionized water, a lithium chloride aqueous solution, a hydrogen chloride aqueous solution, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride aqueous solution and an organic solution.

7. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 3, wherein a side surface of the friction layer opposite to the second electrode layer is a hydrophilic surface;

preferably, a surface of the friction layer on a side opposite to the second electrode layer is the hydrophilic surface obtained by plasma sputtering treatment and/or laser engraving treatment.

8. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 3, wherein the fluid layer is subjected to ultrasonic vibration at a frequency of not less than 500Hz such that the positive charge content in the fluid layer is increased.

9. A method of generating electricity based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising:

enabling the frequency of the relative motion between the friction layer and the second electrode layer of the friction nano generator to be not more than 10Hz so as to output direct current; wherein the content of the first and second substances,

the frequency of the relative movement refers to the frequency of the periodic contact and separation of the friction layer and the second electrode layer; when the friction layer is separated from the second electrode layer, a fluid layer flows on the surface of one side of the friction layer, which is opposite to the second electrode layer, and the fluid layer is not in contact with the second electrode layer; when the friction layer is in contact with the second electrode layer, the surface of the friction layer coincides with the surface of the second electrode layer.

10. A flexible sensor, comprising:

the triboelectric nanogenerator of any one of claims 1-8.

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